mo-45 mudpiles and beyond; closing the gap
TRANSCRIPT
(+)Stephen J. Traub, MD, FACEP Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
MUDPILES and Beyond: Closing the Gap Emergency physicians are familiar with the pneumonic MUDPILES in the evaluation of the patient with high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Challenging cases will be presented to elevate the diagnosis and management of metabolic acidosis and help get your head out of the mud. • Review the approach to patients with metabolic acidosis. • Present challenging cases of patients with metabolic
acidosis. • Review the treatment of causes of metabolic acidosis. • Outline a stepwise approach to the work up of anion gap
acidosis. MO-45 Monday, October 5, 2009 3:00 PM - 3:50 PM Boston Convention & Exhibition Center (+)No significant financial relationships to disclose
GGooaallss
•• RReevviieeww ((aanndd ddiissccaarrdd)) MMUUDDPPIILLEESS •• DDeerriivvee aanndd ddiissccuussss aann aalltteerrnnaattiivvee aapppprrooaacchh ((KKUULLTT)) ttoo aann eelleevvaatteedd aanniioonn--ggaapp
aacciiddoossiiss •• UUttiilliizzee aa ccaassee--bbaasseedd aapppprrooaacchh ttoo eevvaalluuaattee ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh aann eelleevvaatteedd aanniioonn ggaapp
aacciiddoossiiss •• DDiissccuussss sseelleecctteedd aacciidd--bbaassee aabbnnoorrmmaalliittiieess
TTrraaddiittiioonnaall TTeeaacchhiinngg:: MMUUDDPPIILLEESS
•• MMeetthhaannooll •• UUrreemmiiaa •• DDKKAA •• PPaarraallddeehhyyddee •• IINNHH •• LLaaccttaattee •• EEtthhyylleennee GGllyyccooll •• SSaalliiccyyllaatteess
AAnniioonnss aanndd CCaattiioonnss
IIoonnss:: cchhaarrggeedd ssppeecciieess •• IInn hhuummaann bblloooodd,, aanniioonnss == ccaattiioonnss CCaattiioonnss •• MMaajjoorr:: SSooddiiuumm ((NNaa++)) •• MMiinnoorr:: PPoottaassssiiuumm ((KK++)) AAnniioonnss •• MMaajjoorr:: CChhlloorriiddee ((CCll--)),, BBiiccaarrbboonnaattee ((HHCCOO33
--)) •• MMiinnoorr:: PPhhoossppaattee,, SSuullffaattee,, UUrraattee,, LLaaccttaattee
WWhhaatt iiss tthhee AAnniioonn GGaapp?? •• UUsseeffuull rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp aammoonngg mmaajjoorr iioonnss •• NNaa++ -- ((CCll-- ++ HHCCOO33
--)) :: TThhee AANNIIOONN GGAAPP •• UUssuuaallllyy 1122--1144 mmeeqq//LL
BBuuffffeerriinngg aanndd tthhee AAnniioonn GGaapp
•• EEnnddooggeennoouuss aacciiddss aarree nnoorrmmaallllyy eelliimmiinnaatteedd •• WWhheenn eelliimmiinnaattiioonn iiss oovveerrwwhheellmmeedd,, bbuuffffeerrss pprreesseerrvvee aacciidd--bbaassee bbaallaannccee •• BBiiccaarrbboonnaattee ssyysstteemm mmoosstt iimmppoorrttaanntt •• ((HHCCOO33
--)) ++ ((HH++)) CCOO22 ++ HH22OO oo NNoottee tthhee lloossss ooff bbiiccaarrbboonnaattee iioonn
•• DDeeccrreeaassee iinn bbiiccaarrbboonnaattee == eelleevvaatteedd ggaapp •• AAnniioonn ggaapp == NNaa++ -- ((CCll-- ++ HHCCOO33
--))
TTrraaddiittiioonnaall TTeeaacchhiinngg:: MMUUDDPPIILLEESS •• MMeetthhaannooll •• UUrreemmiiaa •• DDKKAA •• PPaarraallddeehhyyddee •• IINNHH •• LLaaccttaattee •• EEtthhyylleennee GGllyyccooll •• SSaalliiccyyllaatteess
MMUUDDPPIILLEESS:: PPoossiittiivveess
•• EEaassyy ttoo rreemmeemmbbeerr MMUUDDPPIILLEESS:: NNeeggaattiivveess
•• MMaakkeess yyoouu tthhiinnkk ooff mmeetthhaannooll ffiirrsstt oo HHooww oofftteenn ddoo yyoouu rreeaallllyy sseeee tthhiiss??
•• IInnccoommpplleettee oo WWhheerree iiss aallccoohhoolliicc kkeettooaacciiddoossiiss??
•• SSoommeewwhhaatt mmiisslleeaaddiinngg oo IINNHH pprroodduucceess aacciiddoossiiss vviiaa llaaccttaattee
•• NNoo tthhoouugghhtt ttoo ppaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggyy,, nnoo ddiirreeccttiioonn ttoo wwoorrkkuupp
MMUUDDPPIILLEESS RReevviissiitteedd •• MMeetthhaannooll TTooxxiinn •• UUrreemmiiaa UUrreemmiiaa •• DDKKAA KKeettoonneess •• PPaarraallddeehhyyddee TTooxxiinn •• IINNHH LLaaccttaattee •• LLaaccttaattee LLaaccttaattee •• EEtthhyylleennee GGllyyccooll TTooxxiinn •• SSaalliiccyyllaatteess TTooxxiinn
AA ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppprrooaacchh .. .. ..
•• KKeettoonneess oo DDiiaabbeettiicc,, AAllccoohhoolliicc aanndd SSttaarrvvaattiioonn KKeettooaacciiddoossiiss
AAcceettooaacceettaattee,, BBeettaa--hhyyddrrooxxyybbuuttyyrraattee •• UUrreemmiiaa
oo RReennaall ffaaiilluurree ((uussuuaallllyy ccrreeaattiinniinnee >> 55 mmgg//ddLL)) PPhhoosspphhaatteess,, ssuullffaatteess,, ootthheerr oorrggaanniicc aacciiddss
•• LLaaccttaattee oo SSeeppssiiss,, tthheenn ootthheerr ((lloonngg)) ddiiffffeerreennttiiaall ddiiaaggnnoossiiss
•• TTooxxiinnss** oo TTooxxiicc aallccoohhoollss,, aassppiirriinn
FFoorrmmiicc aacciidd aanndd ooxxaalliicc aacciidd;; ssaalliiccyylliicc aacciidd
TThhee KKUULLTT WWoorrkkuupp •• IIss tthhee ppaattiieenntt kkeettoottiicc??
oo UUrriinnee ddiippssttiicckk oorr bblloooodd tteessttiinngg •• IIss tthhee ppaattiieenntt uurreemmiicc??
oo SSeerruumm ccrreeaattiinniinnee •• DDooeess tthhee ppaattiieenntt hhaavvee aann eelleevvaatteedd llaaccttaattee??
oo SSeerruumm llaaccttaattee tteessttiinngg •• IIss tthhiiss ttooxxiicc aallccoohhooll oorr ssaalliiccyyllaattee ppooiissoonniinngg??
oo DDiirreecctt tteessttiinngg
TThhee KKUULLTT WWoorrkkuupp •• AArrtteerriiaall oorr VVeennoouuss BBlloooodd GGaass •• BBaassiicc MMeettaabboolliicc PPaanneell •• UUrriinnee oorr SSeerruumm KKeettoonneess •• SSeerruumm LLaaccttaattee •• AAssppiirriinn LLeevveell •• OOccccaassiioonnaallllyy:: TTooxxiicc AAllccoohhooll TTeessttiinngg
TThhee KKUULLTT WWoorrkkuupp:: PPoossttiivveess
•• MMnneemmoonniicc ssuuggggeessttss sstteeppwwiissee aapppprrooaacchh •• MMnneemmoonniicc bbaasseedd oonn ppaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggyy •• MMnneemmoonniicc llooggiiccaallllyy ddrriivveess tteessttiinngg •• CCoommmmoonn tthhiinnggss ccoommee ffiirrsstt •• UUnnccoommmmoonn tthhiinnggss ccoommee llaasstt
TThhee KKUULLTT WWoorrkkuupp:: NNeeggaattiivveess
•• YYoouu wwiillll bbee tthhee oonnllyy oonnee ddooiinngg tthhiiss
CCAASSEE PPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIOONN HHiissttoorryy ooff PPrreesseenntt IIllllnneessss
3377 yyeeaarr--oolldd aallccoohhoolliicc pprreesseennttss wwiitthh vvoommiittiinngg aanndd uuppppeerr aabbddoommiinnaall ppaaiinn.. HHee ssttaatteess tthhaatt hhee hhaass bbeeeenn bbiinnggiinngg oonn aallccoohhooll aanndd nnoott eeaattiinngg.. PPoooorrllyy ccoommpplliiaanntt wwiitthh mmeeddiiccaattiioonnss.. DDeepprreesssseedd oovveerr rreecceenntt bbrreeaakkuupp wwiitthh ffiiaannccéé..
PPMMHH//MMeeddss//AAllll//SSoocc
•• IIDDDDMM xx 2233 yyeeaarrss •• MMeeddiiccaattiioonnss:: IInnssuulliinn •• AAlllleerrggiieess:: NNKKDDAA •• SSoocciiaall:: AAllccoohhoolliicc,, UUnneemmppllooyyeedd JJeewweelleerr
RROOSS
•• CCoouugghh,, SSuuiicciiddaall TThhoouugghhttss PPhhyyssiiccaall EExxaamm
PP 112211 BBPP 9933//5522 RRRR 2222 TT 110000..00 PPOO 9977%% HHEEEENNTT:: NNCCAATT CCaarrddiiaacc:: RRRRRR wwiitthhoouutt MMRRGG LLuunnggss:: SSccaatttteerreedd ccrraacckklleess AAbbdd:: SSoofftt aanndd nnoonntteennddeerr,, nnoorrmmaall BBSS NNeeuurroo:: TTiirreedd aappppeeaarriinngg bbuutt nnoonnffooccaall
LLaabboorraattoorryy:: AAss pprreesseenntteedd AAllccoohhoolliicc KKeettooaacciiddoossiiss
•• DDeeccrreeaassee iinn ddiieettaarryy ccaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess oo DDeeccrreeaasseedd lleevveellss ooff cciirrccuullaattiinngg iinnssuulliinn oo IInnccrreeaasseedd lleevveellss ooff gglluuccaaggoonn
•• DDiirreecctt eeffffeeccttss ooff eetthhaannooll oo DDeeccrreeaasseedd gglluuccoonneeooggeenneessiiss oo IInnccrreeaasseedd lliippoollyyssiiss
HHaallppeerriinn,, MMeettaabboolliissmm 11999933
AAllccoohhoolliicc KKeettooaacciiddoossiiss
•• CClliinniiccaall PPrreesseennttaattiioonn oo VVoommiittiinngg oo AAbbddoommiinnaall ppaaiinn oo TTaacchhyyppnneeaa aanndd HHyyppeerrppnneeaa
•• TTrreeaattmmeenntt oo GGlluuccoossee oo IInnttrraavveennoouuss fflluuiiddss oo CCeessssaattiioonn ooff eetthhaannooll
UUrreemmiiaa •• MMaannyy mmiinnoorr aacciidd pprroodduuccttss ((ssuullffaatteess,, pphhoosspphhaatteess)) aarree rreennaallllyy cclleeaarreedd •• UUrreemmiiaa ((ttyyppiiccaallllyy BBUUNN >>5500,, CCrr >> 55..00)) lleeaaddss ttoo aa ffaaiilluurree ttoo cclleeaarr tthheessee aacciiddss •• AAnniioonn GGaapp aacciiddoossiiss eennssuueess
UUrreemmiiaa:: WWoorrkkuupp aanndd DDiissppoossiittiioonn
•• RReessuusscciittaattee oo AAddddrreessss eelleeccttrroollyytteess ((KK++)) aass nneecceessssaarryy
•• DDeetteerrmmiinnee ccaauussee oo PPrreerreennaall oo RReennaall oo PPoossttrreennaall
•• AAddmmiitt ffoorr ffuurrtthheerr eevvaalluuaattiioonn
UUrreemmiiaa:: EEmmeerrggeenntt DDiiaallyyssiiss----AAEEIIOOUU •• AAcciiddoossiiss •• EElleeccttrroollyyttee aabbnnoorrmmaalliittyy ((uussuuaallllyy KK++)) •• IInnttooxxiiccaattiioonn wwiitthh ddiiaallyyzzaabbllee ddrruugg •• OOvveerrllooaadd ooff fflluuiidd ((ppuullmmoonnaarryy eeddeemmaa)) •• UUrreemmiiaa ((ssyymmppttoommaattiicc)):: AAMMSS
LLaaccttaattee:: SSeeppssiiss aanndd LLaaccttaattee
•• LLaaccttaattee rreefflleeccttss sseevveerriittyy eevveenn wwhheenn ccoonnttrroolllliinngg ffoorr cclliinniiccaall ppaarraammeetteerrss oo IInn nnoorrmmootteennssiivvee ppaattiieennttss
LLaaccttaattee >> 44..00 mmmmooll//LL:: 1155%% mmoorrttaalliittyy LLaaccttaattee << 44..00 mmmmooll//LL:: 22..55%% mmoorrttaalliittyy
HHoowweellll,, IInntteennssiivvee CCaarree MMeeddiicciinnee 22000077 SSeeppssiiss TTrreeaattmmeenntt:: EEaarrllyy GGooaall DDiirreecctteedd TThheerraappyy
•• SSuupppplleemmeennttaall OOxxyyggeenn ++//-- iinnttuubbaattiioonn •• CCeennttrraall VVeennoouuss PPrreessssuurree MMoonniittoorriinngg •• MMeeaann AArrtteerriiaall PPrreessssuurree MMoonniittoorriinngg •• CCeennttrraall VVeennoouuss OOxxyyggeennaattiioonn MMoonniittoorriinngg •• 3344%% RReedduuccttiioonn iinn MMoorrttaalliittyy
RRiivveerrss,, NNeeww EEnnggllaanndd JJoouurrnnaall ooff MMeeddiicciinnee 22000011 LLaaccttiicc AAcciiddoossiiss:: IInnccrreeaasseedd PPrroodduuccttiioonn
•• EEnnhhaanncceedd mmeettaabboolliicc rraattee oo SSeeiizzuurreess,, eexxeerrcciissee,, sshhiivveerriinngg
•• HHyyppooppeerrffuussiioonn oo HHyyppoovvoolleemmiiaa,, iissoollaatteedd oorrggaann iisscchheemmiiaa
•• DDeeccrreeaasseedd ooxxyyggeenn ddeelliivveerryy oo PPuullmmoonnaarryy,, aanneemmiiaa,, ddyysshheemmoogglloobbiinneemmiiaass
•• TTooxxiinn--iinndduucceedd mmiittoocchhoonnddrriiaall ddyyssffuunnccttiioonn oo AAnnttii--rreettrroovviirraallss ((zziiddoovvuuddiinnee,, ssttaavvuuddiinnee))
LLaaccttiicc AAcciiddoossiiss:: DDeeccrreeaasseedd CClleeaarraannccee •• PPaarreenncchhyymmaall hheeppaattiicc ddyyssffuunnccttiioonn •• TTooxxiinn--iinndduucceedd
oo MMeettffoorrmmiinn CCyyaanniiddee TTooxxiicciittyy
•• AAlltteerraattiioonn iinn mmeennttaall ssttaattuuss •• UUnneexxppllaaiinneedd,, pprrooffoouunndd mmeettaabboolliicc aacciiddoossiiss
CCyyaanniiddee:: TTrreeaattmmeenntt
•• HHyyddrrooxxooccoobbaallaammiinn oo CCoommpplleexxeess ccyyaanniiddee ttoo ffoorrmm VViittaammiinn BB1122 oo DDoossee:: 55 gg IIVV
•• SSooddiiuumm tthhiioossuullffaattee oo PPrroommootteess ddeettooxxiiffiiccaattiioonn vviiaa rrhhooddaanneessee oo DDoossee:: 5500 cccc IIVV ooff 2255%% ssoolluuttiioonn
TTooxxiicc AAllccoohhoollss
•• CCaauussee iinniittiiaall iinnttooxxiiccaattiioonn wwhheenn iinnggeesstteedd •• MMeettaabboolliizzeedd ttoo ddeevvaassttaattiinngg aacciiddiicc ssppeecciieess
oo MMeetthhaannooll FFoorrmmiicc AAcciidd RReettiinnaall ttooxxiicciittyy
oo EEtthhyylleennee GGllyyccooll OOxxaalliicc AAcciidd RReennaall ffaaiilluurree
TTooxxiicc AAllccoohhoollss:: IInniittiiaall TTrreeaattmmeenntt
•• AAllkkaalliinniizzaattiioonn oo NNaaHHCCOO33 11--22 mmeeqq//kkgg bboolluuss,, tthheenn oo 113322 mmeeqq NNaaHHCCOO33 iinn 11 LL DD55WW @@ 225500 cccc//hh
•• FFoommeeppiizzoollee oo 1155 mmgg//kkgg llooaaddiinngg ddoossee,, tthheenn 1100 mmgg//kkgg qq 1122hh
•• CCooffaaccttoorrss oo FFoolliicc aacciidd,, 5500 mmgg IIVV oo TThhiiaammiinnee,, 110000 mmgg IIVV oo PPyyrriiddooxxiinnee,, 5500 mmgg IIVV
TTooxxiicc AAllccoohhoollss:: DDeeffiinniittiivvee TTrreeaattmmeenntt
•• HHeemmooddiiaallyyssiiss oo PPeerrssiisstteenntt mmeettaabboolliicc aacciiddoossiiss oo EEvviiddeennccee ooff eenndd--oorrggaann ddaammaaggee oo EElleevvaatteedd aallccoohhooll lleevveell ((>> 5500 mmgg//ddLL))
NNoott aass hhaarrdd aanndd ffaasstt aass iitt uusseedd ttoo bbee
TThhee KKUULLTT AApppprrooaacchh:: PPiittffaallllss •• LLaaccttaattee oofftteenn ccoommpplliiccaatteess tthhee ppiiccttuurree
oo LLaaccttaattee pprreesseenntt iinn mmaannyy ssttaatteess ((ii..ee.. DDKKAA)) oo OOxxaallaattee aanndd llaaccttaattee mmaayy ccrroossss--rreeaacctt
•• TThhee aacciiddoossiiss ooff aassppiirriinn iiss mmuullttiiffaaccttoorriiaall oo SSoommee llaaccttaattee oo SSoommee kkeettoonneess
•• DDoonn’’tt mmiissss tthhee ffoorreesstt ffoorr tthhee ttrreeeess oo TThhiiss iiss aa gguuiiddaannccee,, nnoott aa rriiggiidd rreecciippee
FFiinnaall TThhoouugghhttss:: TThhee KKUULLTT aapppprrooaacchh
•• BBlloooodd GGaass ttoo ddeeffiinnee aacciidd--bbaassee iimmbbaallaannccee •• KKeettoonneess:: ttoo rruullee oouutt DDKKAA,, SSKKAA,, AAKKAA •• UUrreemmiiaa:: BBUUNN//CCrr ttoo aasssseessss ffoorr tthhiiss •• LLaaccttaattee ttoo rruullee oouutt tthhiiss eennttiittyy ((wwiitthh iittss oowwnn ddddxx)) •• TTooxxiinn ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn
oo TTooxxiicc aallccoohhoollss oo AAssppiirriinn
RReeffeerreenncceess
•• HHaallppeerriinn MMLL,, HHaammmmeekkee MM,, JJoossssee RRGG,, JJuunnggaass RRLL.. MMeettaabboolliicc aacciiddoossiiss iinn tthhee aallccoohhoolliicc:: aa ppaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggiicc aapppprrooaacchh.. MMeettaabboolliissmm.. 11998833 MMaarr;;3322((33))::330088--1155..
•• HHoowweellll MMDD,, DDoonnnniinnoo MM,, CCllaarrddyy PP,, TTaallmmoorr DD,, SShhaappiirroo NNII.. OOccccuulltt hhyyppooppeerrffuussiioonn aanndd mmoorrttaalliittyy iinn ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh ssuussppeecctteedd iinnffeeccttiioonn.. IInntteennssiivvee CCaarree MMeedd.. 22000077 NNoovv;;3333((1111))::11889922--99..
•• RRiivveerrss EE,, NNgguuyyeenn BB,, HHaavvssttaadd SS,, RReesssslleerr JJ,, MMuuzzzziinn AA,, KKnnoobblliicchh BB,, PPeetteerrssoonn EE,, TToommllaannoovviicchh MM;; EEaarrllyy GGooaall--DDiirreecctteedd TThheerraappyy CCoollllaabboorraattiivvee GGrroouupp.. EEaarrllyy ggooaall--ddiirreecctteedd tthheerraappyy iinn tthhee ttrreeaattmmeenntt ooff sseevveerree sseeppssiiss aanndd sseeppttiicc sshhoocckk.. NN EEnnggll JJ MMeedd.. 22000011 NNoovv 88;;334455((1199))::11336688--7777..
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Beyond MUDPILES:Beyond MUDPILES:Join the KULTJoin the KULT
Stephen J. Stephen J. TraubTraub, MD, FACEP, MD, FACEP
Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolAssistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Toxicology and Department of Emergency Medicine,Division of Toxicology and Department of Emergency Medicine,
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, MA USABoston, MA USA
GoalsGoals
Review (and discard) MUDPILESReview (and discard) MUDPILESDerive and discuss an alternative approach Derive and discuss an alternative approach (KULT) to an elevated anion(KULT) to an elevated anion--gap acidosisgap acidosisUtilize a caseUtilize a case--based approach to evaluatebased approach to evaluateUtilize a caseUtilize a case based approach to evaluate based approach to evaluate patients with an elevated anion gap patients with an elevated anion gap acidosisacidosisDiscuss selected acidDiscuss selected acid--base abnormalitiesbase abnormalities
Traditional Teaching:Traditional Teaching:MUDPILESMUDPILES
MethanolMethanolUremiaUremiaDKADKAParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeINHINHLactateLactateEthylene GlycolEthylene GlycolSalicylatesSalicylates
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Anions and CationsAnions and Cations
Ions: charged species Ions: charged species In human blood, anions = In human blood, anions = cationscationsCationsCations
Major: Sodium (NaMajor: Sodium (Na++))Minor: Potassium (KMinor: Potassium (K++))
AnionsAnionsMajor: Chloride (Major: Chloride (ClCl--), Bicarbonate (HCO), Bicarbonate (HCO33
--))Minor: Minor: PhospatePhospate, Sulfate, , Sulfate, UrateUrate, Lactate, Lactate
What is the Anion Gap?What is the Anion Gap?
Useful relationship among major ionsUseful relationship among major ionsNaNa++ -- ((ClCl-- + HCO+ HCO33
--) : The ANION GAP) : The ANION GAPUsually 12Usually 12--14 14 meqmeq/L/L
Buffering and the Anion GapBuffering and the Anion Gap
Endogenous acids are normally eliminatedEndogenous acids are normally eliminatedWhen elimination is overwhelmed, When elimination is overwhelmed, buffersbufferspreserve acidpreserve acid--base balancebase balanceBi b t t t i t tBi b t t t i t tBicarbonate system most importantBicarbonate system most important
(HCO(HCO33--) + (H) + (H++)) COCO22 + H+ H22OO
Note the loss of bicarbonate ionNote the loss of bicarbonate ionDecreaseDecrease in bicarbonate = elevated gapin bicarbonate = elevated gap
Anion gap = NaAnion gap = Na++ -- ((ClCl-- + HCO+ HCO33--) )
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Traditional Teaching:Traditional Teaching:MUDPILESMUDPILES
MethanolMethanolUremiaUremiaDKADKAParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeINHINHLactateLactateEthylene GlycolEthylene GlycolSalicylatesSalicylates
MUDPILES: PositivesMUDPILES: Positives
Easy to rememberEasy to remember
MUDPILES: NegativesMUDPILES: Negatives
Makes you think of methanol firstMakes you think of methanol firstHow often do you really see this?How often do you really see this?
IncompleteIncompleteWh i l h liWh i l h li k t id ik t id i ??Where is alcoholic Where is alcoholic ketoacidosisketoacidosis??
Somewhat misleadingSomewhat misleadingINH produces acidosis via lactateINH produces acidosis via lactate
No thought to No thought to pathophysiologypathophysiologyNo direction to workupNo direction to workup
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MUDPILESMUDPILESMethanolMethanolUremiaUremiaDKADKAParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeINHINHLactateLactateEthylene GlycolEthylene GlycolSalicylatesSalicylates
MUDPILESMUDPILESMethanolMethanol ToxinToxinUremiaUremia UremiaUremiaDKADKA KetonesKetonesParaldehydeParaldehyde ToxinToxinParaldehydeParaldehyde ToxinToxinINHINH LactateLactateLactateLactate LactateLactateEthylene GlycolEthylene Glycol ToxinToxinSalicylatesSalicylates ToxinToxin
A different approach . . .A different approach . . .
KetonesKetonesUremiaUremiaLactateLactateToxinsToxins
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A different approach . . .A different approach . . .KetonesKetones
Diabetic, Alcoholic and Starvation Diabetic, Alcoholic and Starvation KetoacidosisKetoacidosisAcetoacetateAcetoacetate, Beta, Beta--hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate
UremiaUremiaRenal failure (usuallyRenal failure (usually creatininecreatinine > 5 mg/> 5 mg/dLdL))Renal failure (usually Renal failure (usually creatininecreatinine > 5 mg/> 5 mg/dLdL))
Phosphates, sulfates, other organic acidsPhosphates, sulfates, other organic acids
LactateLactateSepsis, Sepsis, thenthen other (long) differential diagnosisother (long) differential diagnosis
Toxins*Toxins*Toxic alcohols, aspirinToxic alcohols, aspirin
Formic acid and oxalic acid; salicylic acidFormic acid and oxalic acid; salicylic acid
The KULT WorkupThe KULT Workup
Is the patient Is the patient ketoticketotic??Urine dipstick or blood testingUrine dipstick or blood testing
Is the patient uremic?Is the patient uremic?SS ti iti iSerum Serum creatininecreatinine
Does the patient have an elevated lactate?Does the patient have an elevated lactate?Serum lactate testingSerum lactate testing
Is this toxic alcohol or Is this toxic alcohol or salicylatesalicylate poisoning?poisoning?Direct testingDirect testing
The KULT WorkupThe KULT Workup
Arterial or Venous Blood GasArterial or Venous Blood GasBasic Metabolic PanelBasic Metabolic PanelUrine or Serum Urine or Serum KetonesKetonesSerum LactateSerum LactateAspirin LevelAspirin LevelOccasionally: Toxic Alcohol TestingOccasionally: Toxic Alcohol Testing
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The KULT WorkupThe KULT Workup
PositivesPositivesMnemonic suggests stepwise approachMnemonic suggests stepwise approachMnemonic based on Mnemonic based on pathophysiologypathophysiologyMnemonic logically drives testingMnemonic logically drives testingMnemonic logically drives testingMnemonic logically drives testingCommon things come firstCommon things come firstUncommon things come lastUncommon things come last
NegativesNegativesYou will be the only one doing thisYou will be the only one doing this
Case PresentationCase Presentation
History of Present IllnessHistory of Present Illness
37 year37 year--old alcoholic presents with vomiting old alcoholic presents with vomiting and upper abdominal pain. He states that and upper abdominal pain. He states that he has been binging on alcohol and not he has been binging on alcohol and not eating Poorly compliant with medicationseating Poorly compliant with medicationseating. Poorly compliant with medications. eating. Poorly compliant with medications. Depressed over recent breakup with fiancé. Depressed over recent breakup with fiancé.
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PMH/Meds/All/SocPMH/Meds/All/SocPast Medical HistoryPast Medical History
IDDM x 23 yearsIDDM x 23 yearsMedicationsMedications
InsulinInsulinInsulinInsulinAllergiesAllergies
NKDANKDASocialSocial
AlcoholicAlcoholicUnemployed JewelerUnemployed Jeweler
ROSROS
CoughCoughSuicidal ThoughtsSuicidal Thoughts
Physical ExamPhysical Exam
P 121 BP 93/52 RR 22 T 100.0 PO 97%P 121 BP 93/52 RR 22 T 100.0 PO 97%HEENT: NCATHEENT: NCATCardiac: RRR without MRGCardiac: RRR without MRGLungs: Scattered cracklesLungs: Scattered cracklesAbdAbd: Soft and : Soft and nontendernontender, normal BS, normal BSNeuroNeuro: Tired appearing but : Tired appearing but nonfocalnonfocal
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Scenario 1 Scenario 1
Initial Laboratory TestingInitial Laboratory Testing
138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 102 PndPnd 92924.3 14 4.3 14 PndPnd
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones 4+4+Leuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
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LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones 4+4+Leuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
Lactate: 1.0 Lactate: 1.0 mmolmmol/L/L
SalicylateSalicylate: ND: ND
KetoacidosisKetoacidosis
Diabetic KetoacidosisDiabetic KetoacidosisUnlikely at this glucose levelUnlikely at this glucose level
Starvation KetoacidosisStarvation KetoacidosisP iblP iblPossiblePossible
Alcoholic KetoacidosisAlcoholic KetoacidosisPerfect presentationPerfect presentation
Alcoholic Alcoholic KetoacidosisKetoacidosis
Decrease in dietary carbohydratesDecrease in dietary carbohydratesDecreased levels of circulating insulinDecreased levels of circulating insulinIncreased levels of glucagonIncreased levels of glucagon
Direct effects of ethanolDirect effects of ethanolDecreased Decreased gluconeogenesisgluconeogenesisIncreased Increased lipolysislipolysis
HalperinHalperin, Metabolism 1993, Metabolism 1993
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Alcoholic Alcoholic KetoacidosisKetoacidosis
Clinical PresentationClinical PresentationVomiting Vomiting Abdominal painAbdominal painTachypneaTachypnea and and HyperpneaHyperpneaypyp yp pyp p
TreatmentTreatmentGlucose Glucose Intravenous fluidsIntravenous fluidsCessation of ethanolCessation of ethanol
Scenario #2Scenario #2
LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
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LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 63 92102 63 924.3 14 5.94.3 14 5.9
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 63 92102 63 924.3 14 5.94.3 14 5.9
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
Lactate: 1.0 Lactate: 1.0 mmolmmol/L/L
SalicylateSalicylate: ND: ND
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UremiaUremia
Many minor acid products (sulfates, Many minor acid products (sulfates, phosphates) are renally clearedphosphates) are renally clearedUremia (typically BUN >50, Cr > 5.0) leads Uremia (typically BUN >50, Cr > 5.0) leads to a failure to clear these acidsto a failure to clear these acidsto a failure to clear these acidsto a failure to clear these acidsAnion Gap acidosis ensuesAnion Gap acidosis ensues
UremiaUremia
Resuscitate Resuscitate Address electrolytes (KAddress electrolytes (K++) as necessary) as necessary
Determine causeDetermine causeP lP lPrerenalPrerenalRenalRenalPostrenalPostrenal
Admit for further evaluationAdmit for further evaluation
Acute Renal Failure: Acute Renal Failure: Emergent DialysisEmergent Dialysis
AAEEIIOOUU
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Acute Renal Failure: Acute Renal Failure: Emergent DialysisEmergent Dialysis
AcidosisAcidosisElectrolyte abnormality (usually KElectrolyte abnormality (usually K++))Intoxication with dialyzable drugIntoxication with dialyzable drugOverload of fluid (pulmonary edema)Overload of fluid (pulmonary edema)Uremia (symptomatic): AMSUremia (symptomatic): AMS
Scenario #3aScenario #3a
LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
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LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
Lactate: 7.3 Lactate: 7.3 mmolmmol/L/L
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LaboratoryLaboratory
138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
Lactate: 7.3 Lactate: 7.3 mmolmmol/L/L
SalicylateSalicylate: ND: ND
Chest XChest X--RayRay
Sepsis and LactateSepsis and Lactate
Lactate reflects severity even when Lactate reflects severity even when controlling for clinical parameterscontrolling for clinical parameters
In In normotensivenormotensive patientspatientsLactate > 4 0Lactate > 4 0 mmolmmol/L: 15% mortality/L: 15% mortalityLactate > 4.0 Lactate > 4.0 mmolmmol/L: 15% mortality/L: 15% mortalityLactate < 4.0 Lactate < 4.0 mmolmmol/L: 2.5% mortality /L: 2.5% mortality
Howell, Intensive Care Medicine 2007Howell, Intensive Care Medicine 2007
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Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy
Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubation
Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy
Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubationCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Pressure Monitoring
Maintain CVP 8Maintain CVP 8--12 mm Hg (IV fluids)12 mm Hg (IV fluids)
Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy
Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubationCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure Monitoring
Maintain MAP 65Maintain MAP 65--90 mm Hg (90 mm Hg (vasopressorsvasopressors))
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Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy
Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubationCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Oxygenation MonitoringCentral Venous Oxygenation Monitoring
Maintain SCVOMaintain SCVO22 > 70%> 70%Transfusion if Transfusion if hematocrithematocrit < 30%< 30%DobutamineDobutamine if if hematocrithematocrit > 30%> 30%
Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy
Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubationCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Oxygenation MonitoringCentral Venous Oxygenation Monitoring34% Reduction in Mortality34% Reduction in Mortality
Rivers, New England Journal of Medicine 2001Rivers, New England Journal of Medicine 2001
Lactic AcidosisLactic AcidosisIncreased ProductionIncreased Production
Enhanced metabolic rateEnhanced metabolic rateSeizures, exercise, shiveringSeizures, exercise, shivering
HypoperfusionHypoperfusionyp pyp pHypovolemiaHypovolemia, isolated organ ischemia, isolated organ ischemia
Decreased oxygen deliveryDecreased oxygen deliveryPulmonary, anemia, Pulmonary, anemia, dyshemoglobinemiasdyshemoglobinemias
ToxinToxin--induced mitochondrial dysfunctioninduced mitochondrial dysfunctionAntiAnti--retroviralsretrovirals ((zidovudinezidovudine, , stavudinestavudine))
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Lactic AcidosisLactic AcidosisDecreased ClearanceDecreased Clearance
ParenchymalParenchymal hepatic dysfunctionhepatic dysfunctionToxinToxin--inducedinduced
MetforminMetformin
Scenario #3b:Scenario #3b:Chest XChest X--RayRay
Scenario #3bScenario #3b
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16Lactate: 7.3Lactate: 7.3Patient becomes abruptly unresponsivePatient becomes abruptly unresponsiveIntubatedIntubatedRepeat ABG: 7.15/12/98/12: 100%Repeat ABG: 7.15/12/98/12: 100%Simultaneous VBG: 7.13/16/63/12: 92%Simultaneous VBG: 7.13/16/63/12: 92%Repeat Lactate: 13.1 Repeat Lactate: 13.1
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Cyanide ToxicityCyanide Toxicity
Alteration in mental statusAlteration in mental statusUnexplained, profound metabolic acidosisUnexplained, profound metabolic acidosis
Role of the mitochondriaRole of the mitochondria(Cyt = cytochrome)(Cyt = cytochrome)
NADH FADH2 Cyt bII Cyt cII Cyt aII H2O
NAD+ FAD Cyt bIII Cyt cIII Cyt aIII ½ O2
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Effect of CyanideEffect of Cyanide
NADH FADH2 Cyt bII Cyt cII Cyt aII H2O
NAD+ FAD Cyt bIII Cyt cIII Cyt aIII ½ O2
CyanideCyanide
LaboratoryLaboratoryLaboratoryLaboratory
ElectroplatingElectroplating
Cyanide: TreatmentCyanide: Treatment
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Cyanide: TreatmentCyanide: Treatment
HydroxocobalaminHydroxocobalaminComplexes cyanide to form Vitamin BComplexes cyanide to form Vitamin B1212Dose: 5 g IVDose: 5 g IV
S diS di thi lf tthi lf tSodium Sodium thiosulfatethiosulfatePromotes detoxification via Promotes detoxification via rhodaneserhodaneseDose: 50 cc IV of 25% solutionDose: 50 cc IV of 25% solution
Scenario #4Scenario #4
138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Scenario #4Scenario #4
138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
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Scenario #4Scenario #4
138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
Scenario #4Scenario #4
138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
Lactate: 1.0 Lactate: 1.0 mmolmmol/L/L
Scenario #4Scenario #4
138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0
13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1
ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16
Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg
Lactate: 1.0 Lactate: 1.0 mmolmmol/L/L
SalicylateSalicylate: ND: ND
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Scenario #4Scenario #4
Scenario #4Scenario #4
Toxic AlcoholsToxic Alcohols
Cause initial intoxication when ingestedCause initial intoxication when ingestedMetabolized to devastating acidic speciesMetabolized to devastating acidic species
Methanol Methanol Formic AcidFormic AcidR ti l t i itR ti l t i itRetinal toxicityRetinal toxicity
Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Glycol Oxalic AcidOxalic AcidRenal failureRenal failure
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Toxic Alcohols: Toxic Alcohols: Initial TreatmentInitial Treatment
AlkalinizationAlkalinizationNaHCO3 1NaHCO3 1--2 2 meqmeq/kg bolus, then/kg bolus, then132 132 meqmeq NaHCO3 in 1 L D5W @ 250 cc/hNaHCO3 in 1 L D5W @ 250 cc/h
F i lF i lFomepizoleFomepizole15 mg/kg loading dose, then 10 mg/kg q 12h15 mg/kg loading dose, then 10 mg/kg q 12h
CofactorsCofactorsFolic acid, 50 mg IVFolic acid, 50 mg IVThiamine, 100 mg IVThiamine, 100 mg IVPyridoxine, 50 mg IVPyridoxine, 50 mg IV
Toxic Alcohols: Toxic Alcohols: Definitive TreatmentDefinitive Treatment
HemodialysisHemodialysisPersistent metabolic acidosisPersistent metabolic acidosisE id f dE id f d ddEvidence of endEvidence of end--organ damageorgan damageElevated alcohol level (> 50 mg/Elevated alcohol level (> 50 mg/dLdL))
Not as hard and fast as it used to beNot as hard and fast as it used to be
The KULT Approach: PitfallsThe KULT Approach: Pitfalls
Lactate often complicates the pictureLactate often complicates the pictureLactate present in many states (i.e. DKA)Lactate present in many states (i.e. DKA)Oxalate and lactate may crossOxalate and lactate may cross--reactreact
Th id i f i i iTh id i f i i i ltif t i lltif t i lThe acidosis of aspirin is The acidosis of aspirin is multifactorialmultifactorialSome lactateSome lactateSome Some ketonesketones
Don’t miss the forest for the treesDon’t miss the forest for the treesThis is a guidance, not a rigid recipeThis is a guidance, not a rigid recipe
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Final ThoughtsFinal Thoughts
The KULT approachThe KULT approachBlood Gas to define acidBlood Gas to define acid--base imbalancebase imbalanceKetonesKetones: to rule out DKA, SKA, AKA: to rule out DKA, SKA, AKAUremia: BUN/Cr to assess for thisUremia: BUN/Cr to assess for thisUremia: BUN/Cr to assess for thisUremia: BUN/Cr to assess for thisLactate to rule out this entity (with its own Lactate to rule out this entity (with its own ddxddx))Toxin considerationToxin consideration
Toxic alcoholsToxic alcoholsAspirinAspirin