mo-45 mudpiles and beyond; closing the gap

33
(+)Stephen J. Traub, MD, FACEP Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts MUDPILES and Beyond: Closing the Gap Emergency physicians are familiar with the pneumonic MUDPILES in the evaluation of the patient with high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Challenging cases will be presented to elevate the diagnosis and management of metabolic acidosis and help get your head out of the mud. Review the approach to patients with metabolic acidosis. Present challenging cases of patients with metabolic acidosis. Review the treatment of causes of metabolic acidosis. Outline a stepwise approach to the work up of anion gap acidosis. MO-45 Monday, October 5, 2009 3:00 PM - 3:50 PM Boston Convention & Exhibition Center (+)No significant financial relationships to disclose

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Page 1: MO-45 MUDPILES and Beyond; Closing the Gap

(+)Stephen J. Traub, MD, FACEP Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

MUDPILES and Beyond: Closing the Gap Emergency physicians are familiar with the pneumonic MUDPILES in the evaluation of the patient with high anion gap metabolic acidosis. Challenging cases will be presented to elevate the diagnosis and management of metabolic acidosis and help get your head out of the mud. • Review the approach to patients with metabolic acidosis. • Present challenging cases of patients with metabolic

acidosis. • Review the treatment of causes of metabolic acidosis. • Outline a stepwise approach to the work up of anion gap

acidosis. MO-45 Monday, October 5, 2009 3:00 PM - 3:50 PM Boston Convention & Exhibition Center (+)No significant financial relationships to disclose

Page 2: MO-45 MUDPILES and Beyond; Closing the Gap

GGooaallss

•• RReevviieeww ((aanndd ddiissccaarrdd)) MMUUDDPPIILLEESS •• DDeerriivvee aanndd ddiissccuussss aann aalltteerrnnaattiivvee aapppprrooaacchh ((KKUULLTT)) ttoo aann eelleevvaatteedd aanniioonn--ggaapp

aacciiddoossiiss •• UUttiilliizzee aa ccaassee--bbaasseedd aapppprrooaacchh ttoo eevvaalluuaattee ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh aann eelleevvaatteedd aanniioonn ggaapp

aacciiddoossiiss •• DDiissccuussss sseelleecctteedd aacciidd--bbaassee aabbnnoorrmmaalliittiieess

TTrraaddiittiioonnaall TTeeaacchhiinngg:: MMUUDDPPIILLEESS

•• MMeetthhaannooll •• UUrreemmiiaa •• DDKKAA •• PPaarraallddeehhyyddee •• IINNHH •• LLaaccttaattee •• EEtthhyylleennee GGllyyccooll •• SSaalliiccyyllaatteess

AAnniioonnss aanndd CCaattiioonnss

IIoonnss:: cchhaarrggeedd ssppeecciieess •• IInn hhuummaann bblloooodd,, aanniioonnss == ccaattiioonnss CCaattiioonnss •• MMaajjoorr:: SSooddiiuumm ((NNaa++)) •• MMiinnoorr:: PPoottaassssiiuumm ((KK++)) AAnniioonnss •• MMaajjoorr:: CChhlloorriiddee ((CCll--)),, BBiiccaarrbboonnaattee ((HHCCOO33

--)) •• MMiinnoorr:: PPhhoossppaattee,, SSuullffaattee,, UUrraattee,, LLaaccttaattee

 

WWhhaatt iiss tthhee AAnniioonn GGaapp?? •• UUsseeffuull rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp aammoonngg mmaajjoorr iioonnss •• NNaa++ -- ((CCll-- ++ HHCCOO33

--)) :: TThhee AANNIIOONN GGAAPP •• UUssuuaallllyy 1122--1144 mmeeqq//LL

BBuuffffeerriinngg aanndd tthhee AAnniioonn GGaapp

•• EEnnddooggeennoouuss aacciiddss aarree nnoorrmmaallllyy eelliimmiinnaatteedd •• WWhheenn eelliimmiinnaattiioonn iiss oovveerrwwhheellmmeedd,, bbuuffffeerrss pprreesseerrvvee aacciidd--bbaassee bbaallaannccee •• BBiiccaarrbboonnaattee ssyysstteemm mmoosstt iimmppoorrttaanntt •• ((HHCCOO33

--)) ++ ((HH++)) CCOO22 ++ HH22OO oo NNoottee tthhee lloossss ooff bbiiccaarrbboonnaattee iioonn

•• DDeeccrreeaassee iinn bbiiccaarrbboonnaattee == eelleevvaatteedd ggaapp •• AAnniioonn ggaapp == NNaa++ -- ((CCll-- ++ HHCCOO33

--))

Page 3: MO-45 MUDPILES and Beyond; Closing the Gap

TTrraaddiittiioonnaall TTeeaacchhiinngg:: MMUUDDPPIILLEESS •• MMeetthhaannooll •• UUrreemmiiaa •• DDKKAA •• PPaarraallddeehhyyddee •• IINNHH •• LLaaccttaattee •• EEtthhyylleennee GGllyyccooll •• SSaalliiccyyllaatteess

MMUUDDPPIILLEESS:: PPoossiittiivveess

•• EEaassyy ttoo rreemmeemmbbeerr MMUUDDPPIILLEESS:: NNeeggaattiivveess

•• MMaakkeess yyoouu tthhiinnkk ooff mmeetthhaannooll ffiirrsstt oo HHooww oofftteenn ddoo yyoouu rreeaallllyy sseeee tthhiiss??

•• IInnccoommpplleettee oo WWhheerree iiss aallccoohhoolliicc kkeettooaacciiddoossiiss??

•• SSoommeewwhhaatt mmiisslleeaaddiinngg oo IINNHH pprroodduucceess aacciiddoossiiss vviiaa llaaccttaattee

•• NNoo tthhoouugghhtt ttoo ppaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggyy,, nnoo ddiirreeccttiioonn ttoo wwoorrkkuupp  

MMUUDDPPIILLEESS RReevviissiitteedd •• MMeetthhaannooll TTooxxiinn •• UUrreemmiiaa UUrreemmiiaa •• DDKKAA KKeettoonneess •• PPaarraallddeehhyyddee TTooxxiinn •• IINNHH LLaaccttaattee •• LLaaccttaattee LLaaccttaattee •• EEtthhyylleennee GGllyyccooll TTooxxiinn •• SSaalliiccyyllaatteess TTooxxiinn

AA ddiiffffeerreenntt aapppprrooaacchh .. .. ..

•• KKeettoonneess oo DDiiaabbeettiicc,, AAllccoohhoolliicc aanndd SSttaarrvvaattiioonn KKeettooaacciiddoossiiss

AAcceettooaacceettaattee,, BBeettaa--hhyyddrrooxxyybbuuttyyrraattee •• UUrreemmiiaa

oo RReennaall ffaaiilluurree ((uussuuaallllyy ccrreeaattiinniinnee >> 55 mmgg//ddLL)) PPhhoosspphhaatteess,, ssuullffaatteess,, ootthheerr oorrggaanniicc aacciiddss

•• LLaaccttaattee oo SSeeppssiiss,, tthheenn ootthheerr ((lloonngg)) ddiiffffeerreennttiiaall ddiiaaggnnoossiiss

•• TTooxxiinnss** oo TTooxxiicc aallccoohhoollss,, aassppiirriinn

FFoorrmmiicc aacciidd aanndd ooxxaalliicc aacciidd;; ssaalliiccyylliicc aacciidd

Page 4: MO-45 MUDPILES and Beyond; Closing the Gap

TThhee KKUULLTT WWoorrkkuupp •• IIss tthhee ppaattiieenntt kkeettoottiicc??

oo UUrriinnee ddiippssttiicckk oorr bblloooodd tteessttiinngg •• IIss tthhee ppaattiieenntt uurreemmiicc??

oo SSeerruumm ccrreeaattiinniinnee •• DDooeess tthhee ppaattiieenntt hhaavvee aann eelleevvaatteedd llaaccttaattee??

oo SSeerruumm llaaccttaattee tteessttiinngg •• IIss tthhiiss ttooxxiicc aallccoohhooll oorr ssaalliiccyyllaattee ppooiissoonniinngg??

oo DDiirreecctt tteessttiinngg

TThhee KKUULLTT WWoorrkkuupp •• AArrtteerriiaall oorr VVeennoouuss BBlloooodd GGaass •• BBaassiicc MMeettaabboolliicc PPaanneell •• UUrriinnee oorr SSeerruumm KKeettoonneess •• SSeerruumm LLaaccttaattee •• AAssppiirriinn LLeevveell •• OOccccaassiioonnaallllyy:: TTooxxiicc AAllccoohhooll TTeessttiinngg

TThhee KKUULLTT WWoorrkkuupp:: PPoossttiivveess

•• MMnneemmoonniicc ssuuggggeessttss sstteeppwwiissee aapppprrooaacchh •• MMnneemmoonniicc bbaasseedd oonn ppaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggyy •• MMnneemmoonniicc llooggiiccaallllyy ddrriivveess tteessttiinngg •• CCoommmmoonn tthhiinnggss ccoommee ffiirrsstt •• UUnnccoommmmoonn tthhiinnggss ccoommee llaasstt

TThhee KKUULLTT WWoorrkkuupp:: NNeeggaattiivveess

•• YYoouu wwiillll bbee tthhee oonnllyy oonnee ddooiinngg tthhiiss

Page 5: MO-45 MUDPILES and Beyond; Closing the Gap

CCAASSEE PPRREESSEENNTTAATTIIOONN HHiissttoorryy ooff PPrreesseenntt IIllllnneessss

3377 yyeeaarr--oolldd aallccoohhoolliicc pprreesseennttss wwiitthh vvoommiittiinngg aanndd uuppppeerr aabbddoommiinnaall ppaaiinn.. HHee ssttaatteess tthhaatt hhee hhaass bbeeeenn bbiinnggiinngg oonn aallccoohhooll aanndd nnoott eeaattiinngg.. PPoooorrllyy ccoommpplliiaanntt wwiitthh mmeeddiiccaattiioonnss.. DDeepprreesssseedd oovveerr rreecceenntt bbrreeaakkuupp wwiitthh ffiiaannccéé..

PPMMHH//MMeeddss//AAllll//SSoocc

•• IIDDDDMM xx 2233 yyeeaarrss •• MMeeddiiccaattiioonnss:: IInnssuulliinn •• AAlllleerrggiieess:: NNKKDDAA •• SSoocciiaall:: AAllccoohhoolliicc,, UUnneemmppllooyyeedd JJeewweelleerr

RROOSS

•• CCoouugghh,, SSuuiicciiddaall TThhoouugghhttss PPhhyyssiiccaall EExxaamm

PP 112211 BBPP 9933//5522 RRRR 2222 TT 110000..00 PPOO 9977%% HHEEEENNTT:: NNCCAATT CCaarrddiiaacc:: RRRRRR wwiitthhoouutt MMRRGG LLuunnggss:: SSccaatttteerreedd ccrraacckklleess AAbbdd:: SSoofftt aanndd nnoonntteennddeerr,, nnoorrmmaall BBSS NNeeuurroo:: TTiirreedd aappppeeaarriinngg bbuutt nnoonnffooccaall

LLaabboorraattoorryy:: AAss pprreesseenntteedd  AAllccoohhoolliicc KKeettooaacciiddoossiiss

•• DDeeccrreeaassee iinn ddiieettaarryy ccaarrbboohhyyddrraatteess oo DDeeccrreeaasseedd lleevveellss ooff cciirrccuullaattiinngg iinnssuulliinn oo IInnccrreeaasseedd lleevveellss ooff gglluuccaaggoonn

•• DDiirreecctt eeffffeeccttss ooff eetthhaannooll oo DDeeccrreeaasseedd gglluuccoonneeooggeenneessiiss oo IInnccrreeaasseedd lliippoollyyssiiss

HHaallppeerriinn,, MMeettaabboolliissmm 11999933

AAllccoohhoolliicc KKeettooaacciiddoossiiss

•• CClliinniiccaall PPrreesseennttaattiioonn oo VVoommiittiinngg oo AAbbddoommiinnaall ppaaiinn oo TTaacchhyyppnneeaa aanndd HHyyppeerrppnneeaa

•• TTrreeaattmmeenntt oo GGlluuccoossee oo IInnttrraavveennoouuss fflluuiiddss oo CCeessssaattiioonn ooff eetthhaannooll

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UUrreemmiiaa •• MMaannyy mmiinnoorr aacciidd pprroodduuccttss ((ssuullffaatteess,, pphhoosspphhaatteess)) aarree rreennaallllyy cclleeaarreedd •• UUrreemmiiaa ((ttyyppiiccaallllyy BBUUNN >>5500,, CCrr >> 55..00)) lleeaaddss ttoo aa ffaaiilluurree ttoo cclleeaarr tthheessee aacciiddss •• AAnniioonn GGaapp aacciiddoossiiss eennssuueess

UUrreemmiiaa:: WWoorrkkuupp aanndd DDiissppoossiittiioonn

•• RReessuusscciittaattee oo AAddddrreessss eelleeccttrroollyytteess ((KK++)) aass nneecceessssaarryy

•• DDeetteerrmmiinnee ccaauussee oo PPrreerreennaall oo RReennaall oo PPoossttrreennaall

•• AAddmmiitt ffoorr ffuurrtthheerr eevvaalluuaattiioonn

UUrreemmiiaa:: EEmmeerrggeenntt DDiiaallyyssiiss----AAEEIIOOUU •• AAcciiddoossiiss •• EElleeccttrroollyyttee aabbnnoorrmmaalliittyy ((uussuuaallllyy KK++)) •• IInnttooxxiiccaattiioonn wwiitthh ddiiaallyyzzaabbllee ddrruugg •• OOvveerrllooaadd ooff fflluuiidd ((ppuullmmoonnaarryy eeddeemmaa)) •• UUrreemmiiaa ((ssyymmppttoommaattiicc)):: AAMMSS

LLaaccttaattee:: SSeeppssiiss aanndd LLaaccttaattee

•• LLaaccttaattee rreefflleeccttss sseevveerriittyy eevveenn wwhheenn ccoonnttrroolllliinngg ffoorr cclliinniiccaall ppaarraammeetteerrss oo IInn nnoorrmmootteennssiivvee ppaattiieennttss

LLaaccttaattee >> 44..00 mmmmooll//LL:: 1155%% mmoorrttaalliittyy LLaaccttaattee << 44..00 mmmmooll//LL:: 22..55%% mmoorrttaalliittyy

HHoowweellll,, IInntteennssiivvee CCaarree MMeeddiicciinnee 22000077 SSeeppssiiss TTrreeaattmmeenntt:: EEaarrllyy GGooaall DDiirreecctteedd TThheerraappyy

•• SSuupppplleemmeennttaall OOxxyyggeenn ++//-- iinnttuubbaattiioonn •• CCeennttrraall VVeennoouuss PPrreessssuurree MMoonniittoorriinngg •• MMeeaann AArrtteerriiaall PPrreessssuurree MMoonniittoorriinngg •• CCeennttrraall VVeennoouuss OOxxyyggeennaattiioonn MMoonniittoorriinngg •• 3344%% RReedduuccttiioonn iinn MMoorrttaalliittyy

RRiivveerrss,, NNeeww EEnnggllaanndd JJoouurrnnaall ooff MMeeddiicciinnee 22000011 LLaaccttiicc AAcciiddoossiiss:: IInnccrreeaasseedd PPrroodduuccttiioonn

•• EEnnhhaanncceedd mmeettaabboolliicc rraattee oo SSeeiizzuurreess,, eexxeerrcciissee,, sshhiivveerriinngg

•• HHyyppooppeerrffuussiioonn oo HHyyppoovvoolleemmiiaa,, iissoollaatteedd oorrggaann iisscchheemmiiaa

•• DDeeccrreeaasseedd ooxxyyggeenn ddeelliivveerryy oo PPuullmmoonnaarryy,, aanneemmiiaa,, ddyysshheemmoogglloobbiinneemmiiaass

•• TTooxxiinn--iinndduucceedd mmiittoocchhoonnddrriiaall ddyyssffuunnccttiioonn oo AAnnttii--rreettrroovviirraallss ((zziiddoovvuuddiinnee,, ssttaavvuuddiinnee))

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LLaaccttiicc AAcciiddoossiiss:: DDeeccrreeaasseedd CClleeaarraannccee •• PPaarreenncchhyymmaall hheeppaattiicc ddyyssffuunnccttiioonn •• TTooxxiinn--iinndduucceedd

oo MMeettffoorrmmiinn CCyyaanniiddee TTooxxiicciittyy

•• AAlltteerraattiioonn iinn mmeennttaall ssttaattuuss •• UUnneexxppllaaiinneedd,, pprrooffoouunndd mmeettaabboolliicc aacciiddoossiiss

CCyyaanniiddee:: TTrreeaattmmeenntt

•• HHyyddrrooxxooccoobbaallaammiinn oo CCoommpplleexxeess ccyyaanniiddee ttoo ffoorrmm VViittaammiinn BB1122 oo DDoossee:: 55 gg IIVV

•• SSooddiiuumm tthhiioossuullffaattee oo PPrroommootteess ddeettooxxiiffiiccaattiioonn vviiaa rrhhooddaanneessee oo DDoossee:: 5500 cccc IIVV ooff 2255%% ssoolluuttiioonn

TTooxxiicc AAllccoohhoollss

•• CCaauussee iinniittiiaall iinnttooxxiiccaattiioonn wwhheenn iinnggeesstteedd •• MMeettaabboolliizzeedd ttoo ddeevvaassttaattiinngg aacciiddiicc ssppeecciieess

oo MMeetthhaannooll FFoorrmmiicc AAcciidd RReettiinnaall ttooxxiicciittyy

oo EEtthhyylleennee GGllyyccooll OOxxaalliicc AAcciidd RReennaall ffaaiilluurree

TTooxxiicc AAllccoohhoollss:: IInniittiiaall TTrreeaattmmeenntt

•• AAllkkaalliinniizzaattiioonn oo NNaaHHCCOO33 11--22 mmeeqq//kkgg bboolluuss,, tthheenn oo 113322 mmeeqq NNaaHHCCOO33 iinn 11 LL DD55WW @@ 225500 cccc//hh

•• FFoommeeppiizzoollee oo 1155 mmgg//kkgg llooaaddiinngg ddoossee,, tthheenn 1100 mmgg//kkgg qq 1122hh

•• CCooffaaccttoorrss oo FFoolliicc aacciidd,, 5500 mmgg IIVV oo TThhiiaammiinnee,, 110000 mmgg IIVV oo PPyyrriiddooxxiinnee,, 5500 mmgg IIVV

TTooxxiicc AAllccoohhoollss:: DDeeffiinniittiivvee TTrreeaattmmeenntt

•• HHeemmooddiiaallyyssiiss oo PPeerrssiisstteenntt mmeettaabboolliicc aacciiddoossiiss oo EEvviiddeennccee ooff eenndd--oorrggaann ddaammaaggee oo EElleevvaatteedd aallccoohhooll lleevveell ((>> 5500 mmgg//ddLL))

NNoott aass hhaarrdd aanndd ffaasstt aass iitt uusseedd ttoo bbee

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TThhee KKUULLTT AApppprrooaacchh:: PPiittffaallllss •• LLaaccttaattee oofftteenn ccoommpplliiccaatteess tthhee ppiiccttuurree

oo LLaaccttaattee pprreesseenntt iinn mmaannyy ssttaatteess ((ii..ee.. DDKKAA)) oo OOxxaallaattee aanndd llaaccttaattee mmaayy ccrroossss--rreeaacctt

•• TThhee aacciiddoossiiss ooff aassppiirriinn iiss mmuullttiiffaaccttoorriiaall oo SSoommee llaaccttaattee oo SSoommee kkeettoonneess

•• DDoonn’’tt mmiissss tthhee ffoorreesstt ffoorr tthhee ttrreeeess oo TThhiiss iiss aa gguuiiddaannccee,, nnoott aa rriiggiidd rreecciippee

FFiinnaall TThhoouugghhttss:: TThhee KKUULLTT aapppprrooaacchh

•• BBlloooodd GGaass ttoo ddeeffiinnee aacciidd--bbaassee iimmbbaallaannccee •• KKeettoonneess:: ttoo rruullee oouutt DDKKAA,, SSKKAA,, AAKKAA •• UUrreemmiiaa:: BBUUNN//CCrr ttoo aasssseessss ffoorr tthhiiss •• LLaaccttaattee ttoo rruullee oouutt tthhiiss eennttiittyy ((wwiitthh iittss oowwnn ddddxx)) •• TTooxxiinn ccoonnssiiddeerraattiioonn

oo TTooxxiicc aallccoohhoollss oo AAssppiirriinn

RReeffeerreenncceess

•• HHaallppeerriinn MMLL,, HHaammmmeekkee MM,, JJoossssee RRGG,, JJuunnggaass RRLL.. MMeettaabboolliicc aacciiddoossiiss iinn tthhee aallccoohhoolliicc:: aa ppaatthhoopphhyyssiioollooggiicc aapppprrooaacchh.. MMeettaabboolliissmm.. 11998833 MMaarr;;3322((33))::330088--1155..

•• HHoowweellll MMDD,, DDoonnnniinnoo MM,, CCllaarrddyy PP,, TTaallmmoorr DD,, SShhaappiirroo NNII.. OOccccuulltt hhyyppooppeerrffuussiioonn aanndd mmoorrttaalliittyy iinn ppaattiieennttss wwiitthh ssuussppeecctteedd iinnffeeccttiioonn.. IInntteennssiivvee CCaarree MMeedd.. 22000077 NNoovv;;3333((1111))::11889922--99..

•• RRiivveerrss EE,, NNgguuyyeenn BB,, HHaavvssttaadd SS,, RReesssslleerr JJ,, MMuuzzzziinn AA,, KKnnoobblliicchh BB,, PPeetteerrssoonn EE,, TToommllaannoovviicchh MM;; EEaarrllyy GGooaall--DDiirreecctteedd TThheerraappyy CCoollllaabboorraattiivvee GGrroouupp.. EEaarrllyy ggooaall--ddiirreecctteedd tthheerraappyy iinn tthhee ttrreeaattmmeenntt ooff sseevveerree sseeppssiiss aanndd sseeppttiicc sshhoocckk.. NN EEnnggll JJ MMeedd.. 22000011 NNoovv 88;;334455((1199))::11336688--7777..

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Beyond MUDPILES:Beyond MUDPILES:Join the KULTJoin the KULT

Stephen J. Stephen J. TraubTraub, MD, FACEP, MD, FACEP

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolAssistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolDivision of Toxicology and Department of Emergency Medicine,Division of Toxicology and Department of Emergency Medicine,

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, MA USABoston, MA USA

GoalsGoals

Review (and discard) MUDPILESReview (and discard) MUDPILESDerive and discuss an alternative approach Derive and discuss an alternative approach (KULT) to an elevated anion(KULT) to an elevated anion--gap acidosisgap acidosisUtilize a caseUtilize a case--based approach to evaluatebased approach to evaluateUtilize a caseUtilize a case based approach to evaluate based approach to evaluate patients with an elevated anion gap patients with an elevated anion gap acidosisacidosisDiscuss selected acidDiscuss selected acid--base abnormalitiesbase abnormalities

Traditional Teaching:Traditional Teaching:MUDPILESMUDPILES

MethanolMethanolUremiaUremiaDKADKAParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeINHINHLactateLactateEthylene GlycolEthylene GlycolSalicylatesSalicylates

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Anions and CationsAnions and Cations

Ions: charged species Ions: charged species In human blood, anions = In human blood, anions = cationscationsCationsCations

Major: Sodium (NaMajor: Sodium (Na++))Minor: Potassium (KMinor: Potassium (K++))

AnionsAnionsMajor: Chloride (Major: Chloride (ClCl--), Bicarbonate (HCO), Bicarbonate (HCO33

--))Minor: Minor: PhospatePhospate, Sulfate, , Sulfate, UrateUrate, Lactate, Lactate

What is the Anion Gap?What is the Anion Gap?

Useful relationship among major ionsUseful relationship among major ionsNaNa++ -- ((ClCl-- + HCO+ HCO33

--) : The ANION GAP) : The ANION GAPUsually 12Usually 12--14 14 meqmeq/L/L

Buffering and the Anion GapBuffering and the Anion Gap

Endogenous acids are normally eliminatedEndogenous acids are normally eliminatedWhen elimination is overwhelmed, When elimination is overwhelmed, buffersbufferspreserve acidpreserve acid--base balancebase balanceBi b t t t i t tBi b t t t i t tBicarbonate system most importantBicarbonate system most important

(HCO(HCO33--) + (H) + (H++)) COCO22 + H+ H22OO

Note the loss of bicarbonate ionNote the loss of bicarbonate ionDecreaseDecrease in bicarbonate = elevated gapin bicarbonate = elevated gap

Anion gap = NaAnion gap = Na++ -- ((ClCl-- + HCO+ HCO33--) )

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Traditional Teaching:Traditional Teaching:MUDPILESMUDPILES

MethanolMethanolUremiaUremiaDKADKAParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeINHINHLactateLactateEthylene GlycolEthylene GlycolSalicylatesSalicylates

MUDPILES: PositivesMUDPILES: Positives

Easy to rememberEasy to remember

MUDPILES: NegativesMUDPILES: Negatives

Makes you think of methanol firstMakes you think of methanol firstHow often do you really see this?How often do you really see this?

IncompleteIncompleteWh i l h liWh i l h li k t id ik t id i ??Where is alcoholic Where is alcoholic ketoacidosisketoacidosis??

Somewhat misleadingSomewhat misleadingINH produces acidosis via lactateINH produces acidosis via lactate

No thought to No thought to pathophysiologypathophysiologyNo direction to workupNo direction to workup

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MUDPILESMUDPILESMethanolMethanolUremiaUremiaDKADKAParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeParaldehydeINHINHLactateLactateEthylene GlycolEthylene GlycolSalicylatesSalicylates

MUDPILESMUDPILESMethanolMethanol ToxinToxinUremiaUremia UremiaUremiaDKADKA KetonesKetonesParaldehydeParaldehyde ToxinToxinParaldehydeParaldehyde ToxinToxinINHINH LactateLactateLactateLactate LactateLactateEthylene GlycolEthylene Glycol ToxinToxinSalicylatesSalicylates ToxinToxin

A different approach . . .A different approach . . .

KetonesKetonesUremiaUremiaLactateLactateToxinsToxins

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A different approach . . .A different approach . . .KetonesKetones

Diabetic, Alcoholic and Starvation Diabetic, Alcoholic and Starvation KetoacidosisKetoacidosisAcetoacetateAcetoacetate, Beta, Beta--hydroxybutyratehydroxybutyrate

UremiaUremiaRenal failure (usuallyRenal failure (usually creatininecreatinine > 5 mg/> 5 mg/dLdL))Renal failure (usually Renal failure (usually creatininecreatinine > 5 mg/> 5 mg/dLdL))

Phosphates, sulfates, other organic acidsPhosphates, sulfates, other organic acids

LactateLactateSepsis, Sepsis, thenthen other (long) differential diagnosisother (long) differential diagnosis

Toxins*Toxins*Toxic alcohols, aspirinToxic alcohols, aspirin

Formic acid and oxalic acid; salicylic acidFormic acid and oxalic acid; salicylic acid

The KULT WorkupThe KULT Workup

Is the patient Is the patient ketoticketotic??Urine dipstick or blood testingUrine dipstick or blood testing

Is the patient uremic?Is the patient uremic?SS ti iti iSerum Serum creatininecreatinine

Does the patient have an elevated lactate?Does the patient have an elevated lactate?Serum lactate testingSerum lactate testing

Is this toxic alcohol or Is this toxic alcohol or salicylatesalicylate poisoning?poisoning?Direct testingDirect testing

The KULT WorkupThe KULT Workup

Arterial or Venous Blood GasArterial or Venous Blood GasBasic Metabolic PanelBasic Metabolic PanelUrine or Serum Urine or Serum KetonesKetonesSerum LactateSerum LactateAspirin LevelAspirin LevelOccasionally: Toxic Alcohol TestingOccasionally: Toxic Alcohol Testing

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The KULT WorkupThe KULT Workup

PositivesPositivesMnemonic suggests stepwise approachMnemonic suggests stepwise approachMnemonic based on Mnemonic based on pathophysiologypathophysiologyMnemonic logically drives testingMnemonic logically drives testingMnemonic logically drives testingMnemonic logically drives testingCommon things come firstCommon things come firstUncommon things come lastUncommon things come last

NegativesNegativesYou will be the only one doing thisYou will be the only one doing this

Case PresentationCase Presentation

History of Present IllnessHistory of Present Illness

37 year37 year--old alcoholic presents with vomiting old alcoholic presents with vomiting and upper abdominal pain. He states that and upper abdominal pain. He states that he has been binging on alcohol and not he has been binging on alcohol and not eating Poorly compliant with medicationseating Poorly compliant with medicationseating. Poorly compliant with medications. eating. Poorly compliant with medications. Depressed over recent breakup with fiancé. Depressed over recent breakup with fiancé.

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PMH/Meds/All/SocPMH/Meds/All/SocPast Medical HistoryPast Medical History

IDDM x 23 yearsIDDM x 23 yearsMedicationsMedications

InsulinInsulinInsulinInsulinAllergiesAllergies

NKDANKDASocialSocial

AlcoholicAlcoholicUnemployed JewelerUnemployed Jeweler

ROSROS

CoughCoughSuicidal ThoughtsSuicidal Thoughts

Physical ExamPhysical Exam

P 121 BP 93/52 RR 22 T 100.0 PO 97%P 121 BP 93/52 RR 22 T 100.0 PO 97%HEENT: NCATHEENT: NCATCardiac: RRR without MRGCardiac: RRR without MRGLungs: Scattered cracklesLungs: Scattered cracklesAbdAbd: Soft and : Soft and nontendernontender, normal BS, normal BSNeuroNeuro: Tired appearing but : Tired appearing but nonfocalnonfocal

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Scenario 1 Scenario 1

Initial Laboratory TestingInitial Laboratory Testing

138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 102 PndPnd 92924.3 14 4.3 14 PndPnd

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones 4+4+Leuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

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LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones 4+4+Leuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

Lactate: 1.0 Lactate: 1.0 mmolmmol/L/L

SalicylateSalicylate: ND: ND

KetoacidosisKetoacidosis

Diabetic KetoacidosisDiabetic KetoacidosisUnlikely at this glucose levelUnlikely at this glucose level

Starvation KetoacidosisStarvation KetoacidosisP iblP iblPossiblePossible

Alcoholic KetoacidosisAlcoholic KetoacidosisPerfect presentationPerfect presentation

Alcoholic Alcoholic KetoacidosisKetoacidosis

Decrease in dietary carbohydratesDecrease in dietary carbohydratesDecreased levels of circulating insulinDecreased levels of circulating insulinIncreased levels of glucagonIncreased levels of glucagon

Direct effects of ethanolDirect effects of ethanolDecreased Decreased gluconeogenesisgluconeogenesisIncreased Increased lipolysislipolysis

HalperinHalperin, Metabolism 1993, Metabolism 1993

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Alcoholic Alcoholic KetoacidosisKetoacidosis

Clinical PresentationClinical PresentationVomiting Vomiting Abdominal painAbdominal painTachypneaTachypnea and and HyperpneaHyperpneaypyp yp pyp p

TreatmentTreatmentGlucose Glucose Intravenous fluidsIntravenous fluidsCessation of ethanolCessation of ethanol

Scenario #2Scenario #2

LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

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LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 63 92102 63 924.3 14 5.94.3 14 5.9

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 63 92102 63 924.3 14 5.94.3 14 5.9

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

Lactate: 1.0 Lactate: 1.0 mmolmmol/L/L

SalicylateSalicylate: ND: ND

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UremiaUremia

Many minor acid products (sulfates, Many minor acid products (sulfates, phosphates) are renally clearedphosphates) are renally clearedUremia (typically BUN >50, Cr > 5.0) leads Uremia (typically BUN >50, Cr > 5.0) leads to a failure to clear these acidsto a failure to clear these acidsto a failure to clear these acidsto a failure to clear these acidsAnion Gap acidosis ensuesAnion Gap acidosis ensues

UremiaUremia

Resuscitate Resuscitate Address electrolytes (KAddress electrolytes (K++) as necessary) as necessary

Determine causeDetermine causeP lP lPrerenalPrerenalRenalRenalPostrenalPostrenal

Admit for further evaluationAdmit for further evaluation

Acute Renal Failure: Acute Renal Failure: Emergent DialysisEmergent Dialysis

AAEEIIOOUU

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Acute Renal Failure: Acute Renal Failure: Emergent DialysisEmergent Dialysis

AcidosisAcidosisElectrolyte abnormality (usually KElectrolyte abnormality (usually K++))Intoxication with dialyzable drugIntoxication with dialyzable drugOverload of fluid (pulmonary edema)Overload of fluid (pulmonary edema)Uremia (symptomatic): AMSUremia (symptomatic): AMS

Scenario #3aScenario #3a

LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

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LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

Lactate: 7.3 Lactate: 7.3 mmolmmol/L/L

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LaboratoryLaboratory

138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

Lactate: 7.3 Lactate: 7.3 mmolmmol/L/L

SalicylateSalicylate: ND: ND

Chest XChest X--RayRay

Sepsis and LactateSepsis and Lactate

Lactate reflects severity even when Lactate reflects severity even when controlling for clinical parameterscontrolling for clinical parameters

In In normotensivenormotensive patientspatientsLactate > 4 0Lactate > 4 0 mmolmmol/L: 15% mortality/L: 15% mortalityLactate > 4.0 Lactate > 4.0 mmolmmol/L: 15% mortality/L: 15% mortalityLactate < 4.0 Lactate < 4.0 mmolmmol/L: 2.5% mortality /L: 2.5% mortality

Howell, Intensive Care Medicine 2007Howell, Intensive Care Medicine 2007

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Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy

Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubation

Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy

Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubationCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Pressure Monitoring

Maintain CVP 8Maintain CVP 8--12 mm Hg (IV fluids)12 mm Hg (IV fluids)

Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy

Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubationCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure Monitoring

Maintain MAP 65Maintain MAP 65--90 mm Hg (90 mm Hg (vasopressorsvasopressors))

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Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy

Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubationCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Oxygenation MonitoringCentral Venous Oxygenation Monitoring

Maintain SCVOMaintain SCVO22 > 70%> 70%Transfusion if Transfusion if hematocrithematocrit < 30%< 30%DobutamineDobutamine if if hematocrithematocrit > 30%> 30%

Sepsis Treatment: Sepsis Treatment: Early Goal Directed TherapyEarly Goal Directed Therapy

Supplemental Oxygen +/Supplemental Oxygen +/-- intubationintubationCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringMean Arterial Pressure MonitoringCentral Venous Oxygenation MonitoringCentral Venous Oxygenation Monitoring34% Reduction in Mortality34% Reduction in Mortality

Rivers, New England Journal of Medicine 2001Rivers, New England Journal of Medicine 2001

Lactic AcidosisLactic AcidosisIncreased ProductionIncreased Production

Enhanced metabolic rateEnhanced metabolic rateSeizures, exercise, shiveringSeizures, exercise, shivering

HypoperfusionHypoperfusionyp pyp pHypovolemiaHypovolemia, isolated organ ischemia, isolated organ ischemia

Decreased oxygen deliveryDecreased oxygen deliveryPulmonary, anemia, Pulmonary, anemia, dyshemoglobinemiasdyshemoglobinemias

ToxinToxin--induced mitochondrial dysfunctioninduced mitochondrial dysfunctionAntiAnti--retroviralsretrovirals ((zidovudinezidovudine, , stavudinestavudine))

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Lactic AcidosisLactic AcidosisDecreased ClearanceDecreased Clearance

ParenchymalParenchymal hepatic dysfunctionhepatic dysfunctionToxinToxin--inducedinduced

MetforminMetformin

Scenario #3b:Scenario #3b:Chest XChest X--RayRay

Scenario #3bScenario #3b

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16Lactate: 7.3Lactate: 7.3Patient becomes abruptly unresponsivePatient becomes abruptly unresponsiveIntubatedIntubatedRepeat ABG: 7.15/12/98/12: 100%Repeat ABG: 7.15/12/98/12: 100%Simultaneous VBG: 7.13/16/63/12: 92%Simultaneous VBG: 7.13/16/63/12: 92%Repeat Lactate: 13.1 Repeat Lactate: 13.1

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Cyanide ToxicityCyanide Toxicity

Alteration in mental statusAlteration in mental statusUnexplained, profound metabolic acidosisUnexplained, profound metabolic acidosis

Role of the mitochondriaRole of the mitochondria(Cyt = cytochrome)(Cyt = cytochrome)

NADH FADH2 Cyt bII Cyt cII Cyt aII H2O

NAD+ FAD Cyt bIII Cyt cIII Cyt aIII ½ O2

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Effect of CyanideEffect of Cyanide

NADH FADH2 Cyt bII Cyt cII Cyt aII H2O

NAD+ FAD Cyt bIII Cyt cIII Cyt aIII ½ O2

CyanideCyanide

LaboratoryLaboratoryLaboratoryLaboratory

ElectroplatingElectroplating

Cyanide: TreatmentCyanide: Treatment

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Cyanide: TreatmentCyanide: Treatment

HydroxocobalaminHydroxocobalaminComplexes cyanide to form Vitamin BComplexes cyanide to form Vitamin B1212Dose: 5 g IVDose: 5 g IV

S diS di thi lf tthi lf tSodium Sodium thiosulfatethiosulfatePromotes detoxification via Promotes detoxification via rhodaneserhodaneseDose: 50 cc IV of 25% solutionDose: 50 cc IV of 25% solution

Scenario #4Scenario #4

138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Scenario #4Scenario #4

138138 102 Pnd 92102 Pnd 924.3 14 Pnd 4.3 14 Pnd

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

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Scenario #4Scenario #4

138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

Scenario #4Scenario #4

138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

Lactate: 1.0 Lactate: 1.0 mmolmmol/L/L

Scenario #4Scenario #4

138138 102 14 92102 14 924.3 14 1.0 4.3 14 1.0

13.8 12.4 15813.8 12.4 15837.137.1

ABG: 7.25/92/26/16ABG: 7.25/92/26/16

Urine DipUrine DipGlucose Glucose NegNegKetonesKetones NegNegLeuk EstLeuk Est NegNegNitriteNitrite NegNegProteinProtein 1+1+RBCRBC NegNegBiliBili NegNeg

Lactate: 1.0 Lactate: 1.0 mmolmmol/L/L

SalicylateSalicylate: ND: ND

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Scenario #4Scenario #4

Scenario #4Scenario #4

Toxic AlcoholsToxic Alcohols

Cause initial intoxication when ingestedCause initial intoxication when ingestedMetabolized to devastating acidic speciesMetabolized to devastating acidic species

Methanol Methanol Formic AcidFormic AcidR ti l t i itR ti l t i itRetinal toxicityRetinal toxicity

Ethylene Glycol Ethylene Glycol Oxalic AcidOxalic AcidRenal failureRenal failure

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Toxic Alcohols: Toxic Alcohols: Initial TreatmentInitial Treatment

AlkalinizationAlkalinizationNaHCO3 1NaHCO3 1--2 2 meqmeq/kg bolus, then/kg bolus, then132 132 meqmeq NaHCO3 in 1 L D5W @ 250 cc/hNaHCO3 in 1 L D5W @ 250 cc/h

F i lF i lFomepizoleFomepizole15 mg/kg loading dose, then 10 mg/kg q 12h15 mg/kg loading dose, then 10 mg/kg q 12h

CofactorsCofactorsFolic acid, 50 mg IVFolic acid, 50 mg IVThiamine, 100 mg IVThiamine, 100 mg IVPyridoxine, 50 mg IVPyridoxine, 50 mg IV

Toxic Alcohols: Toxic Alcohols: Definitive TreatmentDefinitive Treatment

HemodialysisHemodialysisPersistent metabolic acidosisPersistent metabolic acidosisE id f dE id f d ddEvidence of endEvidence of end--organ damageorgan damageElevated alcohol level (> 50 mg/Elevated alcohol level (> 50 mg/dLdL))

Not as hard and fast as it used to beNot as hard and fast as it used to be

The KULT Approach: PitfallsThe KULT Approach: Pitfalls

Lactate often complicates the pictureLactate often complicates the pictureLactate present in many states (i.e. DKA)Lactate present in many states (i.e. DKA)Oxalate and lactate may crossOxalate and lactate may cross--reactreact

Th id i f i i iTh id i f i i i ltif t i lltif t i lThe acidosis of aspirin is The acidosis of aspirin is multifactorialmultifactorialSome lactateSome lactateSome Some ketonesketones

Don’t miss the forest for the treesDon’t miss the forest for the treesThis is a guidance, not a rigid recipeThis is a guidance, not a rigid recipe

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Final ThoughtsFinal Thoughts

The KULT approachThe KULT approachBlood Gas to define acidBlood Gas to define acid--base imbalancebase imbalanceKetonesKetones: to rule out DKA, SKA, AKA: to rule out DKA, SKA, AKAUremia: BUN/Cr to assess for thisUremia: BUN/Cr to assess for thisUremia: BUN/Cr to assess for thisUremia: BUN/Cr to assess for thisLactate to rule out this entity (with its own Lactate to rule out this entity (with its own ddxddx))Toxin considerationToxin consideration

Toxic alcoholsToxic alcoholsAspirinAspirin