Slide 1

Mobile Application Development using By: Neeraj Sharma

1Basics

IntroductionAndroid is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language.Android is the first complete, open, and free mobile platform. Introduction cont.Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger), Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.), Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile), Chris White

Introduction cont.Google acquired Android Inc. in August, 2005,Making Android Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Google Inc. Key employees of Android Inc., including Andy Rubin, Rich Miner and Chris White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.Till May-11 Google has acquired 96 more companies Open Handset AllianceOpen Handset Alliance (OHA) is a business alliance of 80 firms to develop open standards for mobile devices.

Member firms include Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Samsung, LG, T-Mobil, Nvidia, and Wind River.

Goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devicesAndroid FeaturesHandset layoutsThe platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.StorageSQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposesAndroid FeaturesConnectivityAndroid supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (no connections through Proxy server and no Ad hoc wireless network), LTE, NFC and WiMAX.MessagingSMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging.Android FeaturesMultiple Language SupportMultiple Languages are available on Android. Web browserThe web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine.Media support WebM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.Android FeaturesStreaming media supportRTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5 tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are supported by the Flash 10.1 plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported by RealPlayer for Mobile and planned to be supported by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). Microsoft Smooth Streaming is planned to be supported through the awaited port of Silverlight plugin to Android.Software developmentAndroid SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools. The SDK is downloadable on the android developer website. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.5 or 3.6) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin.Android MarketAndroid Market is the online software store developed by Google for Android devices. Google announced the Android Market on 28 August 2008, and it was available to users on 22 October 2008. Support for paid applications was available from 13 February 2009 for US and UK developers, with additional support from 29 countries on 30 September 2010.Android MarketIn February 2011, the Android Market was made fully accessible on the web, allowing users to browse and pick up applications using their PCs, send them to their mobile phone and make comments on them. All this functionality was previously accessible only from mobile phone devices.

Users can install apps directly using APK files, or from alternative app markets. Unlike Apple, Google allows independent app stores to operate for Android.Downloading and installation of Android SDKGo to: http://developer.android.com/sdk/index.html

Downloading and installation of Android SDKCopy the downloaded zip file to c:\program files and unzip it.

Downloading and installation of Android SDKThe downloaded SDK contains only basic tools that are not sufficient to develop any application therefore you must update the SDK using SDK Manager.

Downloading and installation of Android SDKInstalling Available packages.

Installing the ADT Plugin for EclipseDownload ADT plugin fromhttp://developer.android.com/sdk/eclipse-adt.html

Installing the ADT Plugin for EclipseGo to My Eclipse Menu and click MyEclipse Configuration Center

Installing the ADT Plugin for Eclipse

Installing the ADT Plugin for Eclipse

Installing the ADT Plugin for Eclipse

Installing the ADT Plugin for Eclipse

Installing the ADT Plugin for Eclipse

Installing the ADT Plugin for Eclipse

Android Architecture

Linux KernelAndroid relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model.

The kernel also acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware and the rest of the software stack.Android RuntimeAndroid includes a set of core libraries that provides most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the Java programming language.Every Android application runs in its own process, with its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik has been written so that a device can run multiple VMs efficiently. Android RuntimeThe Dalvik VM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format which is optimized for minimal memory footprint. The VM is register-based, and runs classes compiled by a Java language compiler that have been transformed into the .dex format by the included "dx" tool. The Dalvik VM relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionality such as threading and low-level memory management.LibrariesAndroid includes a set of C/C++ libraries used by various components of the Android system. These capabilities are exposed to developers through the Android application framework. Application FrameworkA rich and extensible set of Views that can be used to build an application, including lists, grids, text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser.Content Providers that enable applications to access data from other applications (such as Contacts), or to share their own data.A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics, and layout files.A Notification Manager that enables all applications to display custom alerts in the status bar.An Activity Manager that manages the lifecycle of applications and provides a common navigation backstack.

ApplicationsAndroid will ship with a set of core applications including an email client, SMS program, calendar, maps, browser, contacts, and others. All applications are written using the Java programming language.

Dalvik Virtual Machine VS Java Virtual MachineJavaVMs one can find on almost any desktop computer nowadays are Stack-based Virtual Machines (VM).The DalvikVM on the other hand is register based, because on mobile-processors are optimized for register-based execution. Also of register-based VMs allow faster execution times at the expense of programs which are larger after compilation.Application ArchitectureThe Android operating system is a multi-user Linux system in which each application is a different user.By default, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID (the ID is used only by the system and is unknown to the application). Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so an application's code runs in isolation from other applications.Application ArchitectureBy default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application's components need to be executed, then shuts down the process when it's no longer needed or when the system must recover memory for other applications.Application Components Application components are the essential building blocks of an Android application. There are four different types of application components. Each type serves a distinct purpose and has a distinct lifecycle that defines how the component is created and destroyed. ActivitiesAn activity represents a single screen with a user interface. An activity is implemented as a subclass of Activity.ServicesA service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-running operations or to perform work for remote processes.A service does not provide a user interface. For example, a service might play music in the background while the user is in a different application.A service is implemented as a subclass of Service.

Content providersA content provider manages a shared set of application data. You can store the data in the file system, a SQLite database, on the web, or any other persistent storage location your application can access.Through the content provider, other applications can query or even modify the data (if the content provider allows it).

Content providersContent providers are also useful for reading and writing data that is private to your application and not shared.

A content provider is implemented as a subclass of ContentProvider and must implement a standard set of APIs that enable other applications to perform transactions.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that responds to system-wide broadcast announcements.Many broadcasts originate from the systemfor example, a broadcast announcing that the screen has turned off, the battery is low, or a picture was captured.Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is implemented as a subclass of BroadcastReceiver and each broadcast is delivered as an Intent object.Managing ProjectsThere are three types of projects, and they all share the same general structure but differ in function:

Android ProjectTest ProjectLibrary ProjectTest ProjectThese projects contain code to test your application projects and are built into applications that run on a device.Library ProjectThese projects contain shareable Android source code and resources that you can reference in Android projects.

This is useful when you have common code that you want to reuse.

Library projects cannot be installed onto a device; however, they are pulled into the .apk file at build time.Set Project as LibraryIn the Package Explorer, right-click the library project and select Properties.

In the Properties window, select the "Android" properties group at left and locate the Library properties at right.

Select the "is Library" checkbox and click Apply.

Click OK to close the Properties window.

Set Project as Library

Referencing a Library ProjectTo add a reference to a library project, follow these steps:In the Package Explorer, right-click the dependent project and select Properties.In the Properties window, select the "Android" properties group at left and locate the Library properties at right. Click Add to open the Project Selection dialog.From the list of available library projects, select a project and click OK.When the dialog closes, click Apply in the Properties window.Click OK to close the Properties window.

Referencing a Library Project

Building and RunningDuring the build process, your Android projects are compiled and packaged into an .apk file, the container for your application binary.

It contains all of the information necessary to run your application on a device or emulator.

such as compiled .dex files (Dalvik byte code), a binary version of the AndroidManifest.xml file, compiled resources (resources.arsc) and uncompiled resource files for your application.

Building and RunningIn Eclipse, the ADT plugin incrementally builds your project as you make changes to the source code. Eclipse outputs an .apk file automatically to the bin folder of the project, so you do not have to do anything extra to generate the .apk.

Building and RunningAndroid Debug Bridge (ADB)All Android applications must be digitally signed before the system will install them on an emulator or device.

There are two ways to do this:

with a debug key (for immediate testing on an emulator or development device) with a private key (for application distribution).Creating a Sample ApplicationOpen Eclipse go to New->Android Project

Project Structure

The AndroidManifest.xml FileEvery application must have an AndroidManifest.xml file.

The manifest presents essential information about the application to the Android system.

Information the system must have before it can run any of the application's code.

Among other things, the manifest does the following: The AndroidManifest.xml FileIt names the Java package for the application. The package name serves as a unique identifier for the application.

It describes the components of the application the activities, services, broadcast receivers, and content providers that the application is composed of.

It determines which processes will host application components.The AndroidManifest.xml FileIt declares which permissions the application must have in order to access protected parts of the API and interact with other applications.

It also declares the permissions that others are required to have in order to interact with the application's components.

It declares the minimum level of the Android API that the application requires.

It lists the Instrumentation classes that provide profiling and other information as the application is running.

These declarations are present in the manifest only while the application is being developed and tested; they're removed before the application is published.

it lists the libraries that the application must be linked against.

The AndroidManifest.xml FileAn Android Virtual Device (AVD) is an emulator configuration that lets you model an actual device by defining hardware and software options to be emulated by the Android Emulator.

From the Eclipse Toolbar click the Android SDK and AVD Manager Button.

This will open a window, from the list select Virtual Devices, and click New Button.AVD (Android Virtual Device)

AVD (Android Virtual Device)

AVD (Android Virtual Device)

User Interface and Layouts

ViewThe package android.view provides classes and interfaces related to drawing on the screen.

android.view.View is a high level abstraction of all views.

Package android.widget provides diff. controls.

LayoutsA layout control is still a View object.

It doesnt actually draw anything specific on the screen.

It is a parent container for organizing other controls (children).

It determine how and where on the screen child controls are drawn.

Types of LayoutLinear Layout

Table Layout

Relative Layout

Absolute Layout

Frame Layout

View Hierarchy

LinearLayout

Linear Layout

This design has 3 Linear layouts.

First is the Main Container layout with vertical orientation.

Then it contains 2 Linear Layouts with Vertical orientation.

The second layout has 4 children.

The third layout also has 4 children's.Linear Layout

Main Container LayoutWith vertical orientationSecond Layout with Horizontal OrientationThird Layout with Vertical OrientationRow oneRow twoRow ThreeRow Four69Linear Layout

Load the XML Resourcepublic void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main_layout);}Name of your layout file stored in res/layout folder

Change this name to change layout of your activityTable LayoutTableLayout is a ViewGroup that displays child View elements in rows and columns.

Table Layout

Relative Layout

SpinnerSpinner is a widget similar to a drop-down list for selecting items

Spinner ControlList of items also known as Adapter ViewA Single RowTitle or Prompt textCreating ArrayChoose a country

IndiaUSAChina JapanKorea Edit strings.xml file to add string and string arrayAdd Spinner to layout Get Spinner into JavaSpinner s = (Spinner) findViewById(R.id.spinner);s.setOnItemSelectedListener(this);

implements OnItemSelectedListener

public void onItemSelected(AdapterView parent, View v, int position,long rowId) {}

public void onNothingSelected(AdapterView arg0) {}CheckBox

public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton View, boolean isChecked) { if (isChecked)Toast.makeText(this, "Selected",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); else Toast.makeText(this, "Not selected", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();}Creating an AlertDialogAn AlertDialog is an extension of the Dialog class.It is used for dialogs that use any of the following features:A titleA text messageOne, two, or three buttonsA list of selectable items (with optional checkboxes or radio buttons)

Creating an AlertDialogAlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);builder.setMessage("Are you sure you want to exit?").setCancelable(false).setPositiveButton("Yes", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int id) {} }).setNegativeButton("No", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int id) { dialog.cancel(); } }).create().show();

Adding a listfinal String[] items = {"Red", "Green", "Blue"};

builder.setItems(items,new DialogInterface.OnClickListener(){ public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int item) { Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(), items[item], Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); }}); Adding checkboxes and radio buttonsbuilder.setSingleChoiceItems(items, -1, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() { public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int item) { Toast.makeText(getApplicationContext(),items[item],Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); }}); Creating a ProgressDialogProgressDialog dialog = ProgressDialog.show(this,"", "Loading...", true); ProgressDialog progressDialog;progressDialog = new ProgressDialog(MyActivity.this);progressDialog.setProgressStyle(ProgressDialog.STYLE_HORIZONTAL);progressDialog.setMessage("Loading...");progressDialog.setCancelable(false);progressDialog.show();IntentsActivities, services, and broadcast receivers are activated through messages, called intents.

Intent messaging is a facility for late run-time binding between components in the same or different applications.

Intent object, is a data structure holding a description of an operation to be performed.Intent ResolutionImplicit intents

Implicit intents are often used to activate components in other applications.

Explicit intents

Designate the target component by its name

IntentActionA string naming the action to be performed.

Data and TypeThe URI of the data to be acted on and the MIME type of that data.

CategoryA string containing additional information about the kind of component that should handle the intent.Making a call from an Activity. Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CALL); intent.setData(Uri.parse("tel:123455")); startActivity(intent);

Calling Default Web BrowserIntent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW);

intent.setData(Uri.parse("http://www.google.com"));

startActivity(intent);

Open MapsUri uri = Uri.parse("geo:38.899533,-77.036476");

Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW,uri);

startActivity(it);

Open Contacts Intent intent = new Intent (Intent.ACTION_VIEW,Uri.parse("content://contacts/people"));

startActivity(intent);

Intent FilterThe Android system will determine suitable applications for an implicit intent and if several applications exist offer the user the choice to open one.

The determination is based on intent filters.

To react to a certain implicit intent an application component must register itself via an IntentFilter in the "AndroidManifest.xml" to this event.

Otherwise it can only be called by explicit intents.Intent Filter example

Code to Handle intent

ImageView iv=(ImageView)findViewById(R.id.imageView1); if( getIntent().getExtras()!=null)

iv.setImageURI((Uri) getIntent().getExtras().get(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM));Explicit IntentIntent intent = new Intent(this,SecondActivity.class);intent.putExtra("name", "Neeraj Sharma");startActivity(intent);/*Getting extras in second activity*/

Bundle bundle = this.getIntent().getExtras();String str = bundle.getString("name");System.out.println("Name ::"+str);Calling activity for resultIntent intent = new Intent(this,SecondActivity.class);intent.putExtra("name", "Neeraj");startActivityForResult(intent,1);

protected void onActivityResult(int requestCode, int resultCode, Intent data) {switch(requestCode){case 1:if(resultCode == RESULT_OK){ if(data != null) {Bundle bundle = data.getExtras();String str = bundle.getString("Surname");System.out.println("Surname :"+str); }}break;}super.onActivityResult(requestCode, resultCode, data);}

Code for Second Activitypublic boolean onKeyDown(int keyCode, KeyEvent event) {if(keyCode == KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK){Intent data = new Intent();data.putExtra("surname", "Sharma");setResult(RESULT_OK, data);this.finish();return true;}return false;}Location

IntroductionOne of Googles most popular services-after searches is Google Maps.

Android integrates Google Maps.

There is a mapping activity available to users straight off the main Android launcher.

More relevant to you, as a developer, are MapView and MapActivity.

Which allow you to integrate maps into your own applications.

Working with Location-Based ServicesThe location-based services facility in Android sits on two pillarsThe mapping API (com.google.android.maps ) provide facilities for you to display a map and manipulate it.

And the Location API (android.location) It handles GPS data and real-time location data.

These APIs reach across the Internet to invoke services from Google servers. Therefore Internet connectivity is compulsory for these to work.Obtaining a map-api Key from GoogleThe two keys1. for emulator2. For the deviceBecause the certificate used to obtain the map-api key will differ between development and production.

The ADT plug-in uses the debug certificate during development.

For production deployment, youll likely use a self-signed certificate to sign your .apk file.

To obtain a map-api key, you need the certificate that youll use to sign your application. Obtaining a map-api Key from GoogleFirst you must locate your debug certificate, which is generated and maintained by Eclipse.

Obtaining a map-api Key from Googlekeytool -list -alias androiddebugkey -keystore "FULL PATH OF YOUR debug.keystore FILE" -storepass android -keypass android

Obtaining a map-api Key from Google

http://code.google.com/android/maps-api-signup.htmlObtaining a map-api Key from Googlehttp://code.google.com/android/maps-api-signup.html

Permissions & Library to use Maps

MapView

Using OverlaysGoogle Maps provides a facility that allows you to place custom data on top of the map

Using OverlaysMaps provides this facility is by allowing you to add a layer on top of the map.

Android provides several classes that help you to add layers to a map.

The key class for this type of functionality is Overlay, but you can use an extension of this class called ItemizedOverlay.

Apart from ItemizedOverlay we have to use number of other classes so first we take a brief overview of each class that we will use.Using OverlaysDrawablesetBounds(rect), getIntrinsicHeight() and getIntrinsicWidth()

GeoPointAn immutable class representing a pair of latitude and longitude, stored as integer numbers of micro degrees (degrees * 1E6).

Latitude and LongitudeAny location on Earth is described by two numbers--its latitude and its longitude.

ItemizedOverlayA sub class for an Overlay which consists of a list of OverlayItems.

This handles sorting north-to-south for drawing, creating span bounds, drawing a marker for each point, and maintaining a focused item.

It also matches screen-taps to items, and dispatches Focus-change events to an optional listener.

ItemizedOverlayDrawable marker = getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.map_marker);

marker.setBounds(0, 0, marker.getIntrinsicWidth(), marker.getIntrinsicHeight());

GeoPointGeoPoint disneyMagicKingdom = new GeoPoint((int) (28.418971 * 1E6), (int) (-81.581436 * 1E6));

GeoPoint disneySevenLagoon = new GeoPoint((int) (28.410067 * 1E6), (int) (-81.583699 * 1E6));

OverlayItemsclass InterestingLocations extends ItemizedOverlay {private List locations = new ArrayList();private Drawable marker;public InterestingLocations(Drawable marker) {super(marker);this.marker = marker;GeoPoint disneyMagicKingdom = new GeoPoint((int) (28.418971 * 1E6), (int) (-81.581436 * 1E6));GeoPoint disneySevenLagoon = new GeoPoint((int) (28.410067 * 1E6), (int) (-81.583699 * 1000000));locations.add(new OverlayItem(disneyMagicKingdom, "Magic Kingdom","Magic Kingdom"));locations.add(new OverlayItem(disneySevenLagoon, "Seven Lagoon","Seven Lagoon"));populate();}public void draw(Canvas canvas, MapView mapView, boolean shadow) {super.draw(canvas, mapView, shadow);boundCenterBottom(marker);}protected OverlayItem createItem(int i) {return locations.get(i);}public int size() {return locations.size();}}OverlayItemsmapView = (MapView) findViewById(R.id.mapview);mapView.setBuiltInZoomControls(true);mapView.setClickable(true);Drawable marker = getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.map_marker);marker.setBounds(0, 0, marker.getIntrinsicWidth(), marker.getIntrinsicHeight());InterestingLocations funPlaces = new InterestingLocations(marker);mapView.getOverlays().add(funPlaces);GeoPoint pt = funPlaces.getCenter(); // get the first-ranked pointmapView.getController().setCenter(pt);mapView.getController().setZoom(15);

OverlayItems

Geocoding with AndroidConverting an address (or location) to a latitude / longitude pair is known as geocoding.

android.location.Geocoder class provides this facility.

Geocoder class provides both forward and backward conversion.

Address to co-ordinatesCo-ordinates to list of address

GeoCoderList getFromLocation(double latitude, double longitude, int maxResults)

List getFromLocationName(String locationName, int maxResults, double lowerLeftLatitude, double lowerLeftLongitude, double upperRightLatitude, double upperRightLongitude)

List getFromLocationName(String locationName, int maxResults)

Layout

Layoutpublic class GeocodingDemoActivity extends MapActivity{ Geocoder geocoder = null; MapView mapView = null; protected boolean isLocationDisplayed() { return false; } protected boolean isRouteDisplayed() { return false; } protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState){ super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main); mapView = (MapView)findViewById(R.id.geoMap); mapView.setBuiltInZoomControls(true); // lat/long of Jacksonville, FL int lat = (int)(30.334954*1E6); int lng = (int)(-81.5625*1E6); GeoPoint pt = new GeoPoint(lat,lng); mapView.getController().setZoom(10); mapView.getController().setCenter(pt);Layout Button geoBtn =(Button)findViewById(R.id.geocodeBtn); geocoder = new Geocoder(this); geoBtn.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener(){ public void onClick(View arg0) { try { EditText loc = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.location); String locationName = loc.getText().toString(); List addressList = geocoder.getFromLocationName(locationName, 5); if(addressList!=null && addressList.size()>0){ int lat = (int)(addressList.get(0).getLatitude()*1E6); int lng = (int)(addressList.get(0).getLongitude()*1E6); GeoPoint pt = new GeoPoint(lat,lng); mapView.getController().setZoom(15); mapView.getController().setCenter(pt); } } catch (IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }}); }}

LocationManager and LocationProviderA LocationProvider provides location data using several metrics, and you can access providers through a LocationManager.

LocationManager allows you to attach a LocationListener that receives updates when the device location changes.

This service provides two things: a mechanism for you to obtain the devices geographical location, and a facility for you to be notified (via an intent) when the device enters a specified geographical location.

LocationManager and LocationProviderLocationManager locMgr =(LocationManager)getSystemService (Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);

Location loc = locMgr.getLastKnownLocation(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER);List providerList = locMgr.getAllProviders();for( String s: providerList)Log.v("Location Manager ",s);Listening location updatesLocationManager locMgr = (LocationManager) getSystemService(Context.LOCATION_SERVICE);

LocationListener locListener = new LocationListener() {public void onLocationChanged(Location location) {if (location != null) Toast.makeText(getBaseContext(),"New location latitude [" + location.getLatitude()+ "] longitude [" + location.getLongitude()+ "]", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();}public void onProviderDisabled(String provider) {}public void onProviderEnabled(String provider) {}public void onStatusChanged(String provider, int status, Bundle extras) {} };locMgr.requestLocationUpdates(LocationManager.GPS_PROVIDER, 0, // minTime in ms0, // minDistance in meterslocListener);

AssignmentExplore and Learn about MyLocationOverlay class and explain with a running example