Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless ...ftp.mi.fu-berlin.de/pub/schiller/C04-Wireless_Telecommunication_Systems.pdf-Base Station Subsystem (BSS):-Base Transceiver Station (BTS):
105
Prof. Dr.-Ing Jochen H. Schiller Inst. of Computer Science Freie Universität Berlin Germany 4.1 Market GSM TETRA UMTS/IMT-2000 LTE/LTE advanced Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller www.jochenschiller.de MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H SchillerInst of Computer ScienceFreie Universitaumlt BerlinGermany
41
MarketGSMTETRAUMTSIMT-2000LTELTE advanced
Mobile CommunicationsChapter 4 Wireless Telecommunication Systems
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
42
Mobile phone subscribers worldwide
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
year
Subs
crib
ers
[mill
ion]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
approx 17 bn
GSM total
TDMA total
CDMA total
PDC total
Analogue total
W-CDMA
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
2016 78 bn total 47 bn unique human47 growthyear
43
Top mobile markets (20132014)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
44
World largest mobile network operators 2014
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source GSMAIntelligence
$1025 ARPUmonthHowever -28 growthyear
45
Development of mobile telecommunication systems
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1G 2G 3G25G
IS-95cdmaOne
IS-136TDMAD-AMPSGSMPDC
GPRS
IMT-DSUTRA FDD W-CDMA
EDGE
IMT-TCUTRA TDD TD-CDMA
cdma2000 1X
1X EV-DV(3X)
AMPSNMT
IMT-SCIS-136HSUWC-136
IMT-TCTD-SCDMA
CT01
CT2IMT-FTDECT
CD
MA
TDM
AFD
MA
IMT-MCcdma2000 1X EV-DO
HSPA
39G 4G
LTE LTEadvanced
5G
46
Some press newshellip16th April 2008 The GSMA the global trade group for the mobile industry today announced that total connections to GSM mobile communications networks have now passed the 3 Billion mark globally The third billion landmark has been reached just four years after the GSM industry surpassed its first billion and just two years from the second billionth connection The 3 Billion landmark has been surpassed just 17 years after the first GSM network launch in 1991 Today more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories of the world are adding new connections at the rate of 15 per second or 13 million per day
11 February 2009 The GSMA today announced that the mobile world has celebrated its four billionth connection according to Wireless Intelligence the GSMArsquos market intelligence unit This milestone underscores the continued strong growth of the mobile industry and puts the global market on the path to reach a staggering six billion connections by 2013
By 2014 34bn people have broadband 80 mobile
2018 more than 85 billion mobile connections more than 5 billion unique subscribers $949 ARPUmonth (httpswwwgsmaintelligencecom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
47
Some more datahellip
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
48
How does it work How can the system locate a userWhy donrsquot all phones ring at the same timeWhat happens if two users talksimultaneouslyWhy donrsquot I get the bill from my neighborWhy can an Australian use her phone inBerlin
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Why canrsquot I simply overhear the neighborrsquos communicationHow secure is the mobile phone systemWhat are the key components of the mobile phone network
49
GSM OverviewGSM
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
year
Subs
crib
ers
[mill
ion]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
approx 17 bn
GSM total
TDMA total
CDMA total
PDC total
Analogue total
W-CDMA
Total wireless
Prediction (1998)
2016 78 bn total 47 bn unique human47 growthyear
43
Top mobile markets (20132014)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
44
World largest mobile network operators 2014
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source GSMAIntelligence
$1025 ARPUmonthHowever -28 growthyear
45
Development of mobile telecommunication systems
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1G 2G 3G25G
IS-95cdmaOne
IS-136TDMAD-AMPSGSMPDC
GPRS
IMT-DSUTRA FDD W-CDMA
EDGE
IMT-TCUTRA TDD TD-CDMA
cdma2000 1X
1X EV-DV(3X)
AMPSNMT
IMT-SCIS-136HSUWC-136
IMT-TCTD-SCDMA
CT01
CT2IMT-FTDECT
CD
MA
TDM
AFD
MA
IMT-MCcdma2000 1X EV-DO
HSPA
39G 4G
LTE LTEadvanced
5G
46
Some press newshellip16th April 2008 The GSMA the global trade group for the mobile industry today announced that total connections to GSM mobile communications networks have now passed the 3 Billion mark globally The third billion landmark has been reached just four years after the GSM industry surpassed its first billion and just two years from the second billionth connection The 3 Billion landmark has been surpassed just 17 years after the first GSM network launch in 1991 Today more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories of the world are adding new connections at the rate of 15 per second or 13 million per day
11 February 2009 The GSMA today announced that the mobile world has celebrated its four billionth connection according to Wireless Intelligence the GSMArsquos market intelligence unit This milestone underscores the continued strong growth of the mobile industry and puts the global market on the path to reach a staggering six billion connections by 2013
By 2014 34bn people have broadband 80 mobile
2018 more than 85 billion mobile connections more than 5 billion unique subscribers $949 ARPUmonth (httpswwwgsmaintelligencecom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
47
Some more datahellip
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
48
How does it work How can the system locate a userWhy donrsquot all phones ring at the same timeWhat happens if two users talksimultaneouslyWhy donrsquot I get the bill from my neighborWhy can an Australian use her phone inBerlin
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Why canrsquot I simply overhear the neighborrsquos communicationHow secure is the mobile phone systemWhat are the key components of the mobile phone network
49
GSM OverviewGSM
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
44
World largest mobile network operators 2014
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source GSMAIntelligence
$1025 ARPUmonthHowever -28 growthyear
45
Development of mobile telecommunication systems
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1G 2G 3G25G
IS-95cdmaOne
IS-136TDMAD-AMPSGSMPDC
GPRS
IMT-DSUTRA FDD W-CDMA
EDGE
IMT-TCUTRA TDD TD-CDMA
cdma2000 1X
1X EV-DV(3X)
AMPSNMT
IMT-SCIS-136HSUWC-136
IMT-TCTD-SCDMA
CT01
CT2IMT-FTDECT
CD
MA
TDM
AFD
MA
IMT-MCcdma2000 1X EV-DO
HSPA
39G 4G
LTE LTEadvanced
5G
46
Some press newshellip16th April 2008 The GSMA the global trade group for the mobile industry today announced that total connections to GSM mobile communications networks have now passed the 3 Billion mark globally The third billion landmark has been reached just four years after the GSM industry surpassed its first billion and just two years from the second billionth connection The 3 Billion landmark has been surpassed just 17 years after the first GSM network launch in 1991 Today more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories of the world are adding new connections at the rate of 15 per second or 13 million per day
11 February 2009 The GSMA today announced that the mobile world has celebrated its four billionth connection according to Wireless Intelligence the GSMArsquos market intelligence unit This milestone underscores the continued strong growth of the mobile industry and puts the global market on the path to reach a staggering six billion connections by 2013
By 2014 34bn people have broadband 80 mobile
2018 more than 85 billion mobile connections more than 5 billion unique subscribers $949 ARPUmonth (httpswwwgsmaintelligencecom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
47
Some more datahellip
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
48
How does it work How can the system locate a userWhy donrsquot all phones ring at the same timeWhat happens if two users talksimultaneouslyWhy donrsquot I get the bill from my neighborWhy can an Australian use her phone inBerlin
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Why canrsquot I simply overhear the neighborrsquos communicationHow secure is the mobile phone systemWhat are the key components of the mobile phone network
49
GSM OverviewGSM
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source GSMAIntelligence
$1025 ARPUmonthHowever -28 growthyear
45
Development of mobile telecommunication systems
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1G 2G 3G25G
IS-95cdmaOne
IS-136TDMAD-AMPSGSMPDC
GPRS
IMT-DSUTRA FDD W-CDMA
EDGE
IMT-TCUTRA TDD TD-CDMA
cdma2000 1X
1X EV-DV(3X)
AMPSNMT
IMT-SCIS-136HSUWC-136
IMT-TCTD-SCDMA
CT01
CT2IMT-FTDECT
CD
MA
TDM
AFD
MA
IMT-MCcdma2000 1X EV-DO
HSPA
39G 4G
LTE LTEadvanced
5G
46
Some press newshellip16th April 2008 The GSMA the global trade group for the mobile industry today announced that total connections to GSM mobile communications networks have now passed the 3 Billion mark globally The third billion landmark has been reached just four years after the GSM industry surpassed its first billion and just two years from the second billionth connection The 3 Billion landmark has been surpassed just 17 years after the first GSM network launch in 1991 Today more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories of the world are adding new connections at the rate of 15 per second or 13 million per day
11 February 2009 The GSMA today announced that the mobile world has celebrated its four billionth connection according to Wireless Intelligence the GSMArsquos market intelligence unit This milestone underscores the continued strong growth of the mobile industry and puts the global market on the path to reach a staggering six billion connections by 2013
By 2014 34bn people have broadband 80 mobile
2018 more than 85 billion mobile connections more than 5 billion unique subscribers $949 ARPUmonth (httpswwwgsmaintelligencecom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
47
Some more datahellip
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
48
How does it work How can the system locate a userWhy donrsquot all phones ring at the same timeWhat happens if two users talksimultaneouslyWhy donrsquot I get the bill from my neighborWhy can an Australian use her phone inBerlin
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Why canrsquot I simply overhear the neighborrsquos communicationHow secure is the mobile phone systemWhat are the key components of the mobile phone network
49
GSM OverviewGSM
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1G 2G 3G25G
IS-95cdmaOne
IS-136TDMAD-AMPSGSMPDC
GPRS
IMT-DSUTRA FDD W-CDMA
EDGE
IMT-TCUTRA TDD TD-CDMA
cdma2000 1X
1X EV-DV(3X)
AMPSNMT
IMT-SCIS-136HSUWC-136
IMT-TCTD-SCDMA
CT01
CT2IMT-FTDECT
CD
MA
TDM
AFD
MA
IMT-MCcdma2000 1X EV-DO
HSPA
39G 4G
LTE LTEadvanced
5G
46
Some press newshellip16th April 2008 The GSMA the global trade group for the mobile industry today announced that total connections to GSM mobile communications networks have now passed the 3 Billion mark globally The third billion landmark has been reached just four years after the GSM industry surpassed its first billion and just two years from the second billionth connection The 3 Billion landmark has been surpassed just 17 years after the first GSM network launch in 1991 Today more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories of the world are adding new connections at the rate of 15 per second or 13 million per day
11 February 2009 The GSMA today announced that the mobile world has celebrated its four billionth connection according to Wireless Intelligence the GSMArsquos market intelligence unit This milestone underscores the continued strong growth of the mobile industry and puts the global market on the path to reach a staggering six billion connections by 2013
By 2014 34bn people have broadband 80 mobile
2018 more than 85 billion mobile connections more than 5 billion unique subscribers $949 ARPUmonth (httpswwwgsmaintelligencecom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
47
Some more datahellip
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
48
How does it work How can the system locate a userWhy donrsquot all phones ring at the same timeWhat happens if two users talksimultaneouslyWhy donrsquot I get the bill from my neighborWhy can an Australian use her phone inBerlin
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Why canrsquot I simply overhear the neighborrsquos communicationHow secure is the mobile phone systemWhat are the key components of the mobile phone network
49
GSM OverviewGSM
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Some press newshellip16th April 2008 The GSMA the global trade group for the mobile industry today announced that total connections to GSM mobile communications networks have now passed the 3 Billion mark globally The third billion landmark has been reached just four years after the GSM industry surpassed its first billion and just two years from the second billionth connection The 3 Billion landmark has been surpassed just 17 years after the first GSM network launch in 1991 Today more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories of the world are adding new connections at the rate of 15 per second or 13 million per day
11 February 2009 The GSMA today announced that the mobile world has celebrated its four billionth connection according to Wireless Intelligence the GSMArsquos market intelligence unit This milestone underscores the continued strong growth of the mobile industry and puts the global market on the path to reach a staggering six billion connections by 2013
By 2014 34bn people have broadband 80 mobile
2018 more than 85 billion mobile connections more than 5 billion unique subscribers $949 ARPUmonth (httpswwwgsmaintelligencecom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
47
Some more datahellip
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
48
How does it work How can the system locate a userWhy donrsquot all phones ring at the same timeWhat happens if two users talksimultaneouslyWhy donrsquot I get the bill from my neighborWhy can an Australian use her phone inBerlin
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Why canrsquot I simply overhear the neighborrsquos communicationHow secure is the mobile phone systemWhat are the key components of the mobile phone network
49
GSM OverviewGSM
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Source mobithinkingcom
48
How does it work How can the system locate a userWhy donrsquot all phones ring at the same timeWhat happens if two users talksimultaneouslyWhy donrsquot I get the bill from my neighborWhy can an Australian use her phone inBerlin
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Why canrsquot I simply overhear the neighborrsquos communicationHow secure is the mobile phone systemWhat are the key components of the mobile phone network
49
GSM OverviewGSM
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
How does it work How can the system locate a userWhy donrsquot all phones ring at the same timeWhat happens if two users talksimultaneouslyWhy donrsquot I get the bill from my neighborWhy can an Australian use her phone inBerlin
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Why canrsquot I simply overhear the neighborrsquos communicationHow secure is the mobile phone systemWhat are the key components of the mobile phone network
49
GSM OverviewGSM
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
formerly Groupe Speacuteciale Mobile (founded 1982)now Global System for Mobile CommunicationPan-European standard (ETSI European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute)simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991 1994 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible
2008 many providers all over the world use GSM (gt220 countries in Asia Africa Europe Australia America)more than 42 billion subscribers in more than 700 networksmore than 75 of all digital mobile phones use GSMover 29 billion SMS in Germany in 2008 (gt 10 of the revenues for many operators) [be aware these are only rough numbershellip]See eg wwwgsmworldcom
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
410
Good bye SMS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
411
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt analog sys)Communication
mobile wireless communication support for voice and data services
Total mobility international access chip-card enables use of access points of different providers
Worldwide connectivityone number the network handles localization
High capacity better frequency efficiency smaller cells more customers per cell
High transmission qualityhigh audio quality and reliability for wireless uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (eg from cars trains)
Security functions access control authentication via chip-card and PIN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
412
Disadvantages of GSMThere is no perfect system
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
no end-to-end encryption of user datano full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbits to the user no transparent B-channel
reduced concentration while driving
electromagnetic radiation
abuse of private data possible
roaming profiles accessible
high complexity of the system
several incompatibilities within the GSM standards
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
413
GSM Mobile ServicesGSM offers
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
several types of connectionsvoice connections data connections short message service
multi-service options (combination of basic services)
Three service domainsBearer ServicesTelematic ServicesSupplementary Services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
GSM-PLMNtransit
network(PSTN ISDN)
sourcedestination
networkTE TE
bearer services
tele services
R S (U S R)Um
MT
MS
414
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Bearer ServicesTelecommunication services to transfer data between access points
Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)
Different data rates for voice and data (original standard)data service (circuit switched)
synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 1200 bits
data service (packet switched)synchronous 24 48 or 96 kbitsasynchronous 300 - 9600 bits
Today (classical GSM) data rates of approx 50 kbits possible ndash will be covered later (far more with new modulation)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
415
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Tele Services ITelecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones
All these basic services have to obey cellular functions security measurements etc
Offered servicesmobile telephony
primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 31 kHz Emergency number
common number throughout Europe (112) mandatory for all service providers free of charge connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)
Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
416
Tele Services IIAdditional services
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Non-Voice-Teleservicesgroup 3 faxvoice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile terminals)electronic mail (MHS Message Handling System implemented in the fixed network)
Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission tofrom the mobile terminal (160 characters) using the signaling channel thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS(almost ignored in the beginning then the most successful add-on ndash but more and more replaced by IP-based messaging)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
417
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Supplementary servicesServices in addition to the basic services cannot be offered stand-alone
Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link
May differ between different service providers countries and protocol versions
Important servicesidentification forwarding of caller numbersuppression of number forwardingautomatic call-backconferencing with up to 7 participantslocking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
418
Architecture of the GSM systemGSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
subsystemsRSS (radio subsystem) covers all radio aspectsNSS (network and switching subsystem) call forwarding handover switchingOSS (operation subsystem) management of the network
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
419
Ingredients 1 Mobile Phones PDAs amp Co
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
The visible but smallestpart of the network
420
Ingredients 2 Antennas
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Still visible ndash cause many discussionshellip
421
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 1
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Base Stations
Cabling
Microwave links
422
Ingredients 3 Infrastructure 2
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Switching units
Data bases
Management
Monitoring
Not bdquovisibleldquo but comprisethe major part of the network(also from an investmentpoint of viewhellip)
423
GSM overview
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
fixed network
BSC
BSC
MSC MSC
GMSC
OMC EIR AUC
VLR
HLRNSSwith OSS
RSS
VLR
424
GSM elements and interfaces
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
NSS
MS MS
BTS
BSC
GMSC
IWF
OMC
BTS
BSC
MSC MSC
Abis
Um
EIR
HLR
VLR VLR
A
BSS
PDN
ISDN PSTN
RSS
radio cell
radio cell
MS
AUCOSS
signaling
O
425
GSM system architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Um
Abis
ABSS
radiosubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTS
network and switching subsystem
MSC
MSC
fixedpartner networks
IWF
ISDNPSTN
PSPDNCSPDN
SS
7
EIR
HLR
VLR
ISDNPSTN
426
System architecture radio subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Components-MS (Mobile Station)-BSS (Base Station Subsystem)consisting of-BTS (Base Transceiver Station)sender and receiver
-BSC (Base Station Controller)controlling several transceivers
Interfaces-Um radio interface-Abis standardized open interface with 16 kbits user channels
-A standardized open interface with 64 kbits user channels
Um
Abis
A
BSS
radiosubsystem
network and switchingsubsystem
MS MS
BTSBSC MSC
BTS
BTSBSC
BTSMSC
427
System architecture network and switching subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Radio subsystemThe Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centersComponents-Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
-Base Transceiver Station (BTS) radio components including sender receiver antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells
-Base Station Controller (BSC) switching between BTSs controlling BTSs managing of network resources mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)
-BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection
-Mobile Stations (MS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
429
GSM cellular network
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
bull use of several carrier frequenciesbull not the same frequency in adjoining cellsbull cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density geography transceiver
power etcbull hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap shapes depend on geography)bull if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
- Additionally GSM 400 (also named GSM 450 or GSM 480 at 450-458460-468 or 479-486489-496 MHz)- Please note frequency ranges may vary depending on the country- Channels at the lowerupper edge of a frequency band are typically not used
431
Example coverage of GSM networks (wwwgsmworldcom)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
ATampT (GSM-8501900) USA Vodacom (GSM-900) South Africa
432
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTSBTS comprises radio specific functionsBSC is the switching center for radio channels
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry location update XHandover management X
433
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Mobile stationTerminal for the use of GSM services
A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups-MT (Mobile Terminal)
-offers common functions used by all services the MS offers-corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access-end-point of the radio interface (Um)
-TA (Terminal Adapter)-terminal adaptation hides radio specific characteristics
-TE (Terminal Equipment)-peripheral device of the MS offers services to a user-does not contain GSM specific functions
-SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)-personalization of the mobile terminal stores user parameters ndash more and more replaced by eSIM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
R S UmTE TA MT
434
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Network and switching subsystemNSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM-switching mobility management interconnection to other networks system control
Components-Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network tofrom a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC -several BSC can belong to a MSC
-Databases (important scalability high capacity low delay)-Home Location Register (HLR)central master database containing user data permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)
-Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
435
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Mobile Services Switching CenterThe MSC (mobile services switching center) plays a central role in GSM
-switching functions-additional functions for mobility support-management of network resources-interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC)-integration of several databases
Functions of an MSC-specific functions for paging and call forwarding-termination of SS7 (signaling system no 7)-mobility specific signaling-location registration and forwarding of location information-provision of new services (fax data calls)-support of short message service (SMS)-generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
436
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Operation subsystemThe OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation management and maintenance of all GSM subsystems
Components-Authentication Center (AUC)
-generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR -authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system
-Equipment Identity Register (EIR)-registers GSM mobile stations and user rights-stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes even localized
-Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)-different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
437
GSM - TDMAFDMA
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
higher GSM frame structures
935-960 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)downlink
890-915 MHz124 channels (200 kHz)uplink
time
GSM TDMA frame
GSM time-slot (normal burst)
4615 ms
5465 micros577 micros
tail user data TrainingSguardspace S user data tail
guardspace
3 bits 57 bits 26 bits 57 bits1 1 3
438
GSM hierarchy of frames
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 2045 2046 2047hyperframe
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 24 25
superframe
0 1 24 25
0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 6 7
multiframe
frame
burstslot
577 micros
4615 ms
120 ms
2354 ms
612 s
3 h 28 min 5376 s
439
GSM protocol layers for signaling
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CM
MM
RR
MM
LAPDm
radio
LAPDm
radio
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquo BTSM
CM
LAPD
PCM
RRrsquoBTSM
1664 kbits
Um Abis A
SS7
PCM
SS7
PCM
64 kbits 2048 Mbits
MS BTS BSC MSC
BSSAP BSSAP
440
Mobile Terminated Call
1 calling a GSM subscriber2 forwarding call to GMSC3 signal call setup to HLR4 5 request MSRN from VLR6 forward responsible
MSC to GMSC7 forward call to
current MSC8 9 get current status of MS10 11 paging of MS12 13 MS answers14 15 security checks16 17 set up connection
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTNcallingstation GMSC
HLR VLR
BSSBSSBSS
MSC
MS
1 2
3
45
6
7
8 9
10
11 12
1316
10 10
11 11 11
14 15
17
441
Mobile Originated Call1 2 connection request3 4 security check5-8 check resources (free circuit)9-10 set up call
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
PSTN GMSC
VLR
BSS
MSC
MS1
2
6 53 4
9
10
7 8
442
MTCMOC
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTSMS
paging request
channel request
immediate assignment
paging response
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
BTSMS
channel request
immediate assignment
service request
authentication request
authentication response
ciphering command
ciphering complete
setup
call confirmed
assignment command
assignment completealerting
connect
connect acknowledge
dataspeech exchange
MTC MOC
443
4 types of handover
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC MSC
BSC BSCBSC
BTS BTS BTSBTS
MS MS MS MS
12 3 4
444
Handover decision
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
receive levelBTSold
receive levelBTSnew
MS MS
HO_MARGIN
BTSold BTSnew
445
Handover procedure
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
-confidentiality-voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)
-anonymity-temporary identity TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
-newly assigned at each new location update (LUP)-encrypted transmission
3 algorithms specified in GSM-A3 for authentication (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)-A5 for encryption (standardized)-A8 for key generation (ldquosecretrdquo open interface)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
ldquosecretrdquobull A3 and A8 available via the Internetbull network providers can (and do) use stronger mechanisms
447
GSM - authentication
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A3
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
A3
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES 32 bit
SRES = SRES SRES
RAND
SRES32 bit
mobile network SIM
AC
MSC
SIM
Ki individual subscriber authentication key SRES signed response
448
GSM - key generation and encryption
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
A8
RANDKi
128 bit 128 bit
Kc64 bit
A8
RAND Ki
128 bit 128 bit
SRES
RAND
encrypteddata
mobile network (BTS) MS with SIM
AC
BSS
SIM
A5
Kc64 bit
A5MS
data data
cipherkey
449
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Data services in GSM IData transmission standardized with only 96 kbits-advanced coding allows 144 kbits-not enough for Internet and multimedia applications
HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data)-mainly software update-bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate eg 576 kbits using 4 slots 144)-advantage ready to use constant quality simple-disadvantage channels blocked for voice transmission
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
AIUR [kbits] TCHF48 TCHF96 TCHF14448 196 2 1
144 3 1192 4 2288 3 2384 4432 3576 4
450
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Data services in GSM IIGPRS (General Packet Radio Service)-packet switching-using free slots only if data packets ready to send (eg 50 kbits using 4 slots temporarily)
-standardization 1998 introduction 2001-advantage one step towards UMTS more flexible-disadvantage more investment needed (new hardware)
GPRS network elements-GSN (GPRS Support Nodes) GGSN and SGSN-GGSN (Gateway GSN)
-interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network)-SGSN (Serving GSN)
-supports the MS (location billing security)-GR (GPRS Register)
-user addresses
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
451
GPRS quality of service
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Reliabilityclass
Lost SDUprobability
DuplicateSDU
probability
Out ofsequence
SDUprobability
Corrupt SDUprobability
1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9
2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6
3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2
Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile
1 lt 05 s lt 15 s lt 2 s lt 7 s2 lt 5 s lt 25 s lt 15 s lt 75 s3 lt 50 s lt 250 s lt 75 s lt 375 s4 unspecified
452
Examples for GPRS device classes
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MS BSS GGSNSGSN
MSC
Um
EIR
HLRGR
VLR
PDN
Gb Gn Gi
SGSN
Gn
455
GPRS protocol architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps
IPX25
LLC
GTP
MAC
radio
MAC
radioFR
RLC BSSGP
IPX25
FR
Um Gb Gn
L1L2 L1L2
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
UDPTCP
Gi
SNDCP
RLC BSSGP IP IP
LLC UDPTCPSNDCP GTP
456
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
TETRA - Terrestrial Trunked RadioTrunked radio systems-many different radio carriers-assign single carrier for a short period to one usergroup of users-taxi service fleet management rescue teams-interfaces to public networks voice and data services-very reliable fast call setup local operation
TETRA - ETSI standard-formerly Trans European Trunked Radio-point-to-point and point-to-multipoint-encryption (end-to-end air interface) authentication of devices users and networks -group call broadcast sub-second group-call setup-ad-hoc (ldquodirect moderdquo) relay and infrastructure networks-call queuing with pre-emptive priorities
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
457
TETRA ndash Contracts by Sector (percentage)
OilGas 3
Industrial 1others 6
PAMR 6
Military 6
Government 7
Utilities 8
Transportation 24
Public safety amp security 39
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Used in over 120 countries more than 20 device manufacturers
458
TETRA ndash Network Architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TETRA infrastructure
BS
BS
switch switch
switchNMS
BS
other TETRA networks
PSTN ISDNInternet PDN
AI Air InterfaceBS Base StationDMO Direct Mode OperationISI Inter-System InterfaceNMS Network Management
SystemPEI Peripheral Equipment
Interface
459
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IDirect Mode enables ad-hoc operation and is one of the most important differences to pure infrastructure-based networks such as GSM cdma2000 or UMTS
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Individual Call
Group Call
ldquoDual Watchrdquo ndash alternating participation inInfrastructure and ad-hoc
network
Managed Direct Mode
network
Authorizingmobile station
460
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
TETRA ndash Direct Mode IIAn additional repeater may increase the transmission range (eg police car)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Direct Mode with Gateway
network
Direct Mode with Repeater
Direct Mode with RepeaterGateway
network
Managed RepeaterGateway
network
AuthorizingRepeater
461
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
TETRA ndash Technology Services-Voice+Data (V+D) and Packet Data Optimized (PDO)-Short data service (SDS)
Frequencies-Duplex FDD Modulation DQPSK-Europe (in MHz not all available yet)
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 450-460 UL 460-470 DL 870-876 UL 915-921 DL-Other countries
-380-390 UL 390-400 DL 410-420 UL 420-430 DL 806-821 UL 851-866 DL
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
462
TDMA structure of the voice+data system
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 57 58 59hyperframe
0 1 2 15 16 17multiframe
0 1 2 3
0 slot 509
frame
1417 ms
5667 ms
102 s
612 s
CF
Control Frame
463
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
TETRA ndash Data RatesInfrastructure mode V+D in kbitsNo of time slots 1 2 3 4No protection 72 144 216 288Low protection 48 96 144 192High protection 24 48 72 96
TETRA Release 2 ndash Supporting higher data rates-TEDS (TETRA Enhanced Data Service)-up to 100-500 kbits
-depends on modulation (DQPSK D8PSK 41664QAM) and channel width (2550100150 kHz)-backward compatibility
Unclear future of TETRAbull Data rates to low compared to eg LTEbull Specialized devices too expensive (no COTS)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
464
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
UMTS and IMT-2000Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications)- UWC-136 cdma2000 WP-CDMA- UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI
UMTS- UTRA (was UMTS now Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- enhancements of GSM
- EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) GSM up to 384 kbits- CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic)- VHE (virtual Home Environment)
- fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI- requirements
- min 144 kbits rural (goal 384 kbits)- min 384 kbits suburban (goal 512 kbits)- up to 2 Mbits urban
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
465
Frequencies for IMT-2000
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-2000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
MSSuarr
ITU allocation(WRC 1992) IMT-2000 MSS
darr
Europe
China
Japan
NorthAmerica
UTRAFDD uarr
UTRAFDD darr
TDD
TDD
MSSuarr
MSSdarr
DECT
GSM1800
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
IMT-2000 MSSuarr IMT-2000 MSS
darrGSM1800
cdma2000W-CDMA
MSSdarr
MSSdarr
MSSuarr
MSSuarr
cdma2000W-CDMAPHS
PCS rsv
466
IMT-2000 family
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
IMT-DS(Direct Spread)
UTRA FDD(W-CDMA)
3GPP
IMT-TC(Time Code)UTRA TDD
(TD-CDMA)TD-SCDMA
3GPP
IMT-MC(Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
3GPP2
IMT-SC(Single Carrier)
UWC-136(EDGE)
UWCC3GPP
IMT-FT(Freq Time)
DECT
ETSI
GSM(MAP)
ANSI-41(IS-634) IP-Network
IMT-2000Core NetworkITU-T
IMT-2000Radio AccessITU-R
Interface for Internetworking
Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access
Initial UMTS(R99 w FDD)
467
GSM UMTS and LTE Releases
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Stages- (0 feasibility study)- 1 service description from a service-userrsquos point of view
- 2 logical analysis breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them
- 3 concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped
- (4 test specifications)Note- Release 2000 was used only temporarily and was eventually replaced by Release 4 and Release 5
Additional information- www3gpporgreleases
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Rel Spec version no Functional freeze date indicative onlyRel-12 12xy Stage 1 freeze March 2013
Stage 2 freeze December 2013Stage 3 freeze June 2014 RAN Sept 2014
Rel-11 11xy Stage 1 freeze September 2011Stage 2 freeze March 2012Stage 3 freeze September 2012
Rel-10 10xy Stage 1 freeze March 2010Stage 2 freeze September 2010 Stage 3 freeze March 2011
Rel-9 9xy Stage 1 freeze December 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2009
Stage 3 freeze December 2009
Rel-8 8xy Stage 1 freeze March 2008Stage 2 freeze June 2008Stage 3 freeze December 2008
Rel-7 7xy Stage 1 freeze September 2005
Stage 2 freeze September 2006
Stage 3 freeze December 2007Rel-6 6xy December 2004 - March 2005Rel-5 5xy March - June 2002Rel-4 4xy March 2001R00 4xy see note 1 below
9xyR99 3xy March 2000
8xyR98 7xy early 1999R97 6xy early 1998R96 5xy early 1997Ph2 4xy 1995Ph1 3xy 1992
468
Licensing Example UMTS in Germany 18 August 2000
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
UTRA-FDD - Uplink 1920-1980 MHz- Downlink 2110-2170 MHz- duplex spacing 190 MHz - 12 channels each 5 MHzUTRA-TDD - 1900-1920 MHz - 2010-2025 MHz - 5 MHz channelsCoverage of the population - 25 until 122003- 50 until 122005
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Sum 5081 billion euro
469
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
UMTS architecture (Release 99 used here)UTRAN (UTRA Network)- Cell level mobility- Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)- Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks
UE (User Equipment)
CN (Core Network)- Inter system handover- Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
UTRANUE CN
IuUu
470
UMTS domains and interfaces I
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
User Equipment Domain- Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services
Infrastructure Domain- Shared among all users- Offers UMTS services to all accepted users
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
USIMDomain
MobileEquipment
Domain
AccessNetworkDomain
ServingNetworkDomain
TransitNetworkDomain
HomeNetworkDomain
Cu Uu Iu
User Equipment Domain
ZuYu
Core Network Domain
Infrastructure Domain
471
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
UMTS domains and interfaces IIUniversal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM)- Functions for encryption and authentication of users- Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device
Mobile Equipment Domain- Functions for radio transmission - User interface for establishingmaintaining end-to-end connections
- Network currently responsible for communication- Home Network Domain
- Location and access network independent functions
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
472
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Spreading and scrambling of user dataConstant chipping rate of 384 Mchips
Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors- higher data rate less chips per bit and vice versa
User separation via unique quasi orthogonal scrambling codes- users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes- much simpler management of codes each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes- precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
3840 Mchipsbull soft handoverbull QPSKbull complex power control
(1500 power control cycless)
bull spreading UL 4-256 DL4-512
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Pilot FBI TPC
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Data
Data1
uplink DPDCH
uplink DPCCH
downlink DPCHTPC TFCI Pilot
6667 micros
6667 micros
DPCCH DPDCH
2560 chips 10 bits
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 06)
TFCI
2560 chips 102k bits (k = 07)
Data2
DPDCH DPCCHFBI Feedback InformationTPC Transmit Power ControlTFCI Transport Format Combination IndicatorDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH Dedicated Physical ChannelSlot structure NOT for user separation
but synchronization for periodic functions
475
Typical UTRA-FDD uplink data rates
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
User data rate [kbits]122 (voice)
64 144 384
DPDCH [kbits] 60 240 480 960
DPCCH [kbits] 15 15 15 15
Spreading 64 16 8 4
476
UMTS TDD frame structure (burst type 2)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
TD-CDMAbull 2560 chips per slotbull spreading 1-16bull symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to ULDL (min 1 per direction)bull tight synchronization neededbull simpler power control (100-800 power control cycless)
0 1 2 12 13 14
Radio frame
Data1104 chips
Midample256 chips
Data1104 chips
Time slot
6667 micros
10 ms
Traffic burstGP
GP guard period96 chips2560 chips
477
UTRAN architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
bull UTRAN comprises several RNSs
bull Node B can support FDD or TDD or both
bull RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE
bull Cell offers FDD or TDD
RNC Radio Network ControllerRNS Radio Network Subsystem
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
UE1
RNS
CN
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node B
RNS
Iur
Node B
UE2
UE3
Iu
478
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
UTRAN functionsAdmission controlCongestion controlSystem information broadcastingRadio channel encryptionHandoverSRNS movingRadio network configurationChannel quality measurementsMacro diversityRadio carrier controlRadio resource controlData transmission over the radio interfaceOuter loop power control (FDD and TDD)Channel codingAccess control
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
479
Core network protocols
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
MSC
RNS
SGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
RNS
Layer 1 PDH SDH SONET
Layer 2 ATM
Layer 3 IPGPRS backbone (IP)
SS 7
GSM-CSbackbone
PSTNISDN
PDN (X25)Internet (IP)
UTRAN CN
480
Core network architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
BTS
Node B
BSC
Abis
BTS
BSS
MSC
Node B
Node B
RNC
Iub
Node BRNS
Node BSGSN GGSN
GMSC
HLR
VLR
IuPS
IuCS
Iu
CN
EIR
GnGi
PSTN
AuC
GR
481
Core networkThe Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface Iu too are separated into two logical domains
Circuit Switched Domain (CSD)- Circuit switched service incl signaling- Resource reservation at connection setup- GSM components (MSC GMSC VLR)- IuCS
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Release 99 uses the GSMGPRS network and adds a new radio access- Helps to save a lot of money hellip- Much faster deployment- Not as flexible as newer releases (5 6 hellip 12 13 14 hellip)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
482
UMTS protocol stacks (user plane)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
apps ampprotocols
MAC
radio
MAC
radio
RLC SAR
Uu IuCSUE UTRAN 3GMSC
RLC
AAL2
ATM
AAL2
ATM
SAR
apps ampprotocols
MACradio
MACradio
PDCP GTP
Uu IuPSUE UTRAN 3GSGSN
RLCAAL5ATM
AAL5ATM
UDPIPPDCP
RLC UDPIP UDPIP
Gn
GTP GTP
L2L1
UDPIPL2L1
GTP
3GGGSN
IP PPPhellip
IP PPPhellip
IP tunnel
Circuitswitched
Packetswitched
483
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Support of mobility macro diversityMulticasting of data via several physical channelsbull Enables soft handoverbull FDD mode only
Uplinkbull simultaneous reception of UE data at
several Node Bsbull Reconstruction of data at Node B SRNC
or DRNC
Downlinkbull Simultaneous transmission of data via
different cellsbull Different spreading codes in different
cells
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
CNNode B RNC
Node BUE
484
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Support of mobility handoverFrom and to other systems (eg UMTS to GSM)- This is a must as UMTS coverage iswas poor in the beginning
RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS)
RNS offering additional resources (eg for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS)
End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via Iu at the SRNS- Change of SRNS requires change of Iu- Initiated by the SRNS- Controlled by the RNC and CN
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
SRNC
UE
DRNC
Iur
CNIu
Node BIub
Node BIub
485
Example handover types in UMTSGSM
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
RNC1
UE1
RNC2
Iur
3G MSC1
IuNode B1
IubNode B2
Node B3 3G MSC2
BSCBTS 2G MSC3
AAbis
UE2
UE3
UE4
486
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Breathing CellsGSM- Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station - Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size
UMTS- Cell size is closely correlated to the cell capacity- Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity- Noise is generated by interference from
- other cells- other users of the same cell
- Interference increases noise level- Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible
- Limitation of the max number of users within a cell required
- Cell breathing complicates network planning
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
487
Breathing Cells Example
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
488
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
UMTS services (originally)Data transmission service profiles
Virtual Home Environment (VHE)- Enables access to personalized data independent of location access network and device- Network operators may offer new services without changing the network- Service providers may offer services based on components which allow the automatic adaptation to new networks and devices
- Integration of existing IN services
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
Circuit switched16 kbitsVoiceSMS successor E-MailPacket switched144 kbitsSimple Messaging
Circuit switched144 kbitsSwitched Dataasymmetrical MM downloadsCircuit switched384 kbitsMedium MMLow coverage max 6 kmhPacket switched2 MbitsHigh MMBidirectional video telephoneCircuit switched128 kbitsHigh Interactive MM
Transport modeBandwidthService Profile
489
Early 3G Networks Japan
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimediaAccess) in Japan
Examples for FOMA phones
490
Early 3G networks Australia
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
cdma2000 1xEV-DO in MelbourneAustralia
Examples for 1xEV-DO devices
491
Isle of Man ndash Start of UMTS in Europe as Test
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
492
UMTS in Monaco
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
493
Early UMTS in Europe
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
VodafoneGermany
OrangeUK
494
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Some current GSM enhancementsEMSMMS- EMS 760 characters possible by chaining SMS animated icons ring tones was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped)
- MMS transmission of images video clips audio- see WAP 20 ndash not really successful typically substituted by email with attached multimedia content
- Today more and more IP-based messaging used less specialized services offered by the network
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was GSM] Evolution)- 8-PSK instead of GMSK up to 384 kbits- new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS
- MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 88112148176 kbits- MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 224296448544592 kbits
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
495
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Some current UMTS enhancementsHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)- initially up to 10 Mbits for the downlink later gt 20 Mbits using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas- can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally gt 13 Mbits)- user rates eg 36 or 72 Mbits
HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)- initially up to 5 Mbits for the uplink- user rates eg 145 Mbits
Dual-Multi-Carrier HSPA (DC-MC-HSPA)- Connect 2 (Rel-89) or more carriers (Rel-11) eg of two cells offering up to 672 Mbits (4x4 MIMO)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
496
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Long Term Evolution (LTE)Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPPrsquos radio access architecture
Targets Downlink 100 Mbits uplink 50 Mbits RTTlt10ms2007 E UTRA progressed from the feasibility study stage to the first issue of approved Technical Specifications2008 stable for commercial implementation2009 first public LTE service available (Stockholm and Oslo)2010 LTE starts in Germany
LTE is not 4G ndash sometimes called 39G- Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
497
May 2011 Berlin gets LTE
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
498
LTE today ndash THE global standard
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
499
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Key LTE featuresSimplified network architecture compared to GSMUMTS- Flat IP-based network replacing the GPRS core optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) no more circuit switching
Network should be in parts self-organizingScheme for soft frequency reuse between cells- Inner part uses all subbands with less power- Outer part uses pre-served subbands with higher power
Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennasMuch higher flexibility in terms of spectrum bandwidth data ratesMuch lower RTT ndash good for interactive traffic and gamingSmooth transition from W-CDMAHSPA TD-SCDMA and cdma2000 1x EV-DO ndash but completely different radioLarge step towards 4G ndash IMT advanced
See www3gpporg for all specs tables figures etc
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4100
High flexibilityE-UTRA (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access)- Operating bands 700-2700MHz- Channel bandwidth 14 3 5 10 15 or 20 MHz- TDD and FDD
Modulation- QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Multiple Access- OFDMA (DL) SC-FDMA (UL)
Peak data rates- 300 Mbits DL- 75 Mbits UL- Depends on UE category
Cell radius- From lt1km to 100km
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
E-UTRA Operating
Band
Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive UE transmit
Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit UE receive
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
0 1 2 7 8 9
Radio frame (10 ms)
Subframe (1 ms)FDD
UL
DL 0 1 2 7 8 9
TDD
Synchronization is part of subframe 0 and 5
ULDL
Downlink Pilot Time Slot(data plus pilot signal)
0 1 2 7 8 9
Guard Period
Uplink Pilot Time Slot(random access plus pilot signal)
4102
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
LTE multiple accessScheduling of UEs in time and frequency (simplified)
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
t
f
UE1
UE2
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE4
UE3
UE4
UE1
UE1
UE2
UE2
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE4
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE2
UE1
UE1
UE3
UE3
UE4
UE4180 kHz
1 ms
4103
LTE architecture
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
S-GW
UE2
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode B
eNode BUE1
E-UTRAN EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
X2-U-CX2-U-C
X2-U-C
X2-U-C
S1-U
S1-U
MMES1-MME
S1-MME
Mobility Management Entity Serving GatewayPacket-data network Gateway Home Subscriber ServerPolicy and Charging Rules Function
S11
MME
S10
P-GW
S5 S8 (roaming) Internet Operatorshellip
Uu
Uu
PCRF
HSS
SGi
S6
S7Rx+
GPRSS3
S4
4104
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
IMT Advanced ndash from wwwituintKey features of acuteIMT-Advancedacutebull a high degree of commonality of functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support a wide range of
services and applications in a cost efficient manner bull compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks bull capability of interworking with other radio access systems bull high quality mobile services bull user equipment suitable for worldwide use bull user-friendly applications services and equipment bull worldwide roaming capability and bull enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for
low mobility were established as targets for research)
These features enable IMT-Advanced to address evolving user needs and the capabilities of IMT-Advanced systems are being continuously enhanced in line with user trends and technology developments
Prof Dr-Ing Jochen H Schiller wwwjochenschillerde MC - 2017
4105
LTE Advanced (Pro)GSM ndash UMTS - LTE- LTE advanced as candidate for IMT-advanced- LTE-A Pro 45GPre 5Ghellip 3GPP Rel 1314 ndash steps towards 5G
Worldwide functionality amp roaming
Compatibility of services
Interworking with other radio access systems
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbits for high and 1 Gbits for low mobility)
3GPP will be contributing to the ITU-R towards the development of IMT-Advanced via its proposal for LTE-Advanced
