mobile robot's map reconstruction based on dsmt and fast-hough self-localization

6
7/26/2019 Mobile Robot's Map Reconstruction Based on DSmT and Fast-Hough Self-Localization http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mobile-robots-map-reconstruction-based-on-dsmt-and-fast-hough-self-localization 1/6 Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Information Acquisition July 9-11, 2007, Jeju City, Korea Mobile Robot's Map Reconstruction Based on DSmT and Fast-Hough Self-Localization Xinhan Huang, Xinde Li, Zuyu Wu, Min Wang Department of Control Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074, China xhhuanggmail.hust.edu.cn Abstract - This paper presents a new tool based on DSmT overcome the shortcoming of DST[l0][l 1], its precision still (Dezert-Smarandache Theory) and fast-Hough self-localization need to be improved further, since it didn't consider which is applied to autonomous mobile robot's map redistributing the conflicting mass with PCR rule [12] or reconstruction. Uncertainty from sonarinformation is fused and other rules, and even didn't yet consider the selflocalization. managed in rebuilding grid ma p effectively with DSmT, since In this paper we give a further research on map reconstruction fast-Hough self-localization from laser information overcomes some shortcomings of classical Hough transformation including based on DSmT  i.e. DSmC and PCR5 rules) and Fast-Hough high amount of computation and low precision of localization. Self-Localizaton in a statc environment. When a virtual mobile robot evolves in the virtual environment This paper is organized as follows: In section II, Simple with different outline features, the result can adequately testify review of DSmT. In section III, A model based on DSmT that the new tool owns better performance to rebuild map. In with sonar information is given. In section IV, A new self general, this research provides an approach for studying -localization based on Fast-Hough transformation is autonomous navigation of mobile robot or unmanned land proposed. In section V, A simulation experiment is done to vehicle (ULV) in unknown environment, also provides a human- .  computer interactive interface to manage and manipulate the tersify pormatnc of n tonluinnma reacsrcin robot remotely. under self localization. At last, a conclusion is reached in section VI. Index Terms - Map Reconstruction, DSmT, Self-localization, II. REVIEW OF DSMT Hough transformation. DSmT (Dezert-Smarandache Theory) [7]is a new, general and I. INTRODUCTION flexible theory of information fusion, which can solve the The exploration in entirely unknown environment for fusion problems of different tiers including data-tier, feature- intelligent mobile robots has been a popular and important tier and decision-tier. It not only can dispose the static subject. Map reconstruction is a very important part in this problem of fusion, but also can dispose the dynamic one. It subject. Presently, mainly there are three mapping methods: has a prominent merit that it can deal with the highly grid map, geometrical feature map and topological map. Grid conflicting information according to Proportional Conflict map is the most simple and popular method among them. Redistribution rule no. 5 (PCR5)*, which goes backwards on There are many reports about it, for example, Elfes, and the tracks of the conjunctive rule and only redistributes Moravec (1985) [1] firstly represented the probability of the proportionally the partial conflicting masses to the sets grid occupied by obstacles with probability theory, which was involved in the conflict by considering the conjunctive normal called as occupancy grid method later [2]. It is very popular form of the partial conflict[12]. since its simpleness in realization and low amount of computation, while it has low precision in map reconstruction. A Basic ofDSmT Giuseppe Oriolo et al. (1997) [3]firstly proposed a method of 1) Let 0 = {01 , - O, } , here 0 is a frame of map reconstruction based on fuzzy logic, which has high discernment, which includes n finite focal elements precision in loose environment, while it spends more time in i (i= 1, ... n) . Because the focal element is not precisely the same environment than that with occupancy grid method. defined and separated, so that no refinement of 0 in a ne w Daniel Pagac  1996 [4] firstly applied DST [5] to map larger set 0,, of disjoint elementary hypotheses is possible. reconstruction for mobile robots, where Dempster' s ref combinational rule is used to redistribute the belief mass of 2) The hyper-power set De is defined as the set of all grid occupancy reasonably. However, it has a fatal compositions built from elements of 0 with U and n shortcoming that it can't deal with the highly conflictive 0 generates under operators U andn ) operators such information. Weihua Wang et al. (2003) [6] proposed a new h grid method based on grey system theory, which has a high that precision and moderate amount of computation, while its a) A0,01,02,03 ...0 OE D detecting range is very small. We proposed to apply DSmT[7] to grid map reconstruction in 2006[8] [9], though it has * Dezert and Smarandache haveproposed 5 versions of proportional conflict redistribution rules, which become one part of DSmT. l1-4244-1l220-X/07/$25 .OO ©C2007 IEEE 590

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Page 1: Mobile Robot's Map Reconstruction Based on DSmT and Fast-Hough Self-Localization

7/26/2019 Mobile Robot's Map Reconstruction Based on DSmT and Fast-Hough Self-Localization

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mobile-robots-map-reconstruction-based-on-dsmt-and-fast-hough-self-localization 1/6

P r o c e e d i n g s o f

t h e 2 0 0 7 I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e

o n

I n f o r m a t i o n

A c q u i s i t i o n

J u l y

9 - 1 1 ,

2 0 0 7 , J e j u C i t y ,

K o r e a

M o b i l e R o b o t ' s

Map

R e c o n s t r u c t i o n B a s e d

o n

DSmT

a n d

F a s t - H o u g h S e l f - L o c a l i z a t i o n

X i n h a n H u a n g , X i n d e L i ,

Zuyu

Wu,

Min

Wang

D e p a r t m e n t o f

C o n t r o l S c i e n c e

a n d

E n g i n e e r i n g , H u a z h o n g U n i v e r s i t y

o f

S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y

Wuhan

4 3 0 0 7 4 ,

C h i n a

x h h u a n g g m a i l . h u s t . e d u . c n

A b s t r a c t

-

T h i s p a p e r

p r e s e n t s

a

n e w

t o o l b a s e d

o n DSmT

o v e r c o m e t h e

s h o r t c o m i n g o f D S T [ l 0 ] [ l

1 ] ,

i t s p r e c i s i o n s t i l l

( D e z e r t - S m a r a n d a c h e T h e o r y ) a n d

f a s t - H o u g h

s e l f - l o c a l i z a t i o n n e e d t o b e i m p r o v e d f u r t h e r ,

s i n c e i t d i d n ' t

c o n s i d e r

w h i c h i s

a p p l i e d

t o

a u t o n o m o u s

m o b i l e

r o b o t ' s

m a p

r e d i s t r i b u t i n g t h e

c o n f l i c t i n g m a s s

w i t h

PCR r u l e [ 1 2 ] o r

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . U n c e r t a i n t y

f r o m s o n a r i n f o r m a t i o n i s

f u s e d a n d

o t h e r

r u l e s ,

a n d e v e n d i d n ' t

y e t c o n s i d e r

t h e

s e l f l o c a l i z a t i o n .

managed i n

r e b u i l d i n g g r i d

ma p e f f e c t i v e l y

w i t h

DSmT,

s i n c e

I n

t h i s

p a p e r

we

g i v e

a f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h on

map

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n

f a s t - H o u g h

s e l f - l o c a l i z a t i o n f r o m l a s e r i n f o r m a t i o n o v e r c o m e s

s o m e

s h o r t c o m i n g s

o f c l a s s i c a l

H o u g h

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

i n c l u d i n g

b a s e d

o n

DSmT

  i . e .

DSmC

a n d PCR5 r u l e s )

a n d

F a s t - H o u g h

h i g h a m o u n t

o f c o m p u t a t i o n

a n d

l o w

p r e c i s i o n

o f

l o c a l i z a t i o n .

S e l f - L o c a l i z a t o n i n a s t a t c

e n v i r o n m e n t .

When

a

v i r t u a l m o b i l e

r o b o t e v o l v e s

i n

t h e v i r t u a l

e n v i r o n m e n t

T h i s

p a p e r

i s

o r g a n i z e d

a s f o l l o w s : I n s e c t i o n

I I , S i m p l e

w i t h

d i f f e r e n t o u t l i n e

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t h e

r e s u l t c a n

a d e q u a t e l y

t e s t i f y r e v i e w

o f

DSmT. I n s e c t i o n I I I , A m o d e l b a s e d o n DSmT

t h a t t h e n e w t o o l o w n s

b e t t e r

p e r f o r m a n c e

t o r e b u i l d

m a p .

I n

w i t h

s o n a r

i n f o r m a t i o n

i s g i v e n . I n s e c t i o n I V , A

new

s e l f

g e n e r a l ,

t h i s

r e s e a r c h p r o v i d e s

a n

a p p r o a c h

f o r

s t u d y i n g - l o c a l i z a t i o n b a s e d

o n

F a s t - H o u g h

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

i s

a u t o n o m o u s n a v i g a t i o n

o f m o b i l e r o b o t o r

unmanned

l a n d

p r o p o s e d .

I n s e c t i o n

V ,

A

s i m u l a t i o n

e x p e r i m e n t

i s

d o n e

t o

v e h i c l e

( U L V )

i n

unknown

e n v i r o n m e n t ,

a l s o

p r o v i d e s

a

human-

.

 

c o m p u t e r

i n t e r a c t i v e

i n t e r f a c e t o manage a n d m a n i p u l a t e t h e

t e r s i f y

p o r m a t n c

o f n

t o n l u i n n m a r e a c s r c i n

r o b o t r e m o t e l y .

u n d e r s e l f

l o c a l i z a t i o n . A t l a s t ,

a

c o n c l u s i o n i s

r e a c h e d

i n

s e c t i o n V I .

I n d e x T e r m s

-

Map R e c o n s t r u c t i o n , DSmT,

S e l f - l o c a l i z a t i o n ,

I I . REVIEW OF DSMT

Hough t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .

DSmT ( D e z e r t - S m a r a n d a c h e T h e o r y ) [ 7 ] i s a n e w ,

g e n e r a l

a n d

I .

I N T R O D U C T I O N

f l e x i b l e

t h e o r y o f i n f o r m a t i o n f u s i o n , w h i c h

c a n s o l v e

t h e

T h e e x p l o r a t i o n

i n

e n t i r e l y

u n k n o w n

e n v i r o n m e n t

f o r

f u s i o n

p r o b l e m s o f d i f f e r e n t t i e r s

i n c l u d i n g d a t a - t i e r ,

f e a t u r e -

i n t e l l i g e n t

m o b i l e r o b o t s h a s b e e n a p o p u l a r a n d

i m p o r t a n t

t i e r a n d d e c i s i o n - t i e r . I t n o t o n l y c a n d i s p o s e

t h e s t a t i c

s u b j e c t . Map

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n

i s a

v e r y i m p o r t a n t p a r t

i n t h i s

p r o b l e m o f f u s i o n ,

b u t a l s o

c a n

d i s p o s e t h e d y n a m i c o n e .

I t

s u b j e c t . P r e s e n t l y , m a i n l y

t h e r e a r e t h r e e

m a p p i n g

m e t h o d s :

h a s a p r o m i n e n t m e r i t t h a t

i t c a n d e a l

w i t h

t h e h i g h l y

g r i d

m a p ,

g e o m e t r i c a l

f e a t u r e

map

a n d

t o p o l o g i c a l

m a p . G r i d

c o n f l i c t i n g

i n f o r m a t i o n

a c c o r d i n g

t o

P r o p o r t i o n a l

C o n f l i c t

map

i s t h e m o s t

s i m p l e

a n d p o p u l a r

m e t h o d

a m o n g

t h e m .

R e d i s t r i b u t i o n

r u l e

n o .

5 ( P C R 5 ) * , w h i c h

g o e s

b a c k w a r d s

o n

T h e r e a r e many

r e p o r t s

a b o u t

i t ,

f o r e x a m p l e ,

E l f e s ,

a n d

t h e t r a c k s

o f

t h e c o n j u n c t i v e r u l e a n d

o n l y r e d i s t r i b u t e s

M o r a v e c

( 1 9 8 5 )

[ 1 ] f i r s t l y

r e p r e s e n t e d

t h e

p r o b a b i l i t y

o f t h e

p r o p o r t i o n a l l y t h e

p a r t i a l c o n f l i c t i n g m a s s e s t o

t h e

s e t s

g r i d o c c u p i e d b y

o b s t a c l e s

w i t h

p r o b a b i l i t y t h e o r y ,

w h i c h w a s

i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n f l i c t b y c o n s i d e r i n g

t h e

c o n j u n c t i v e

n o r m a l

c a l l e d

a s

o c c u p a n c y

g r i d

m e t h o d l a t e r

[ 2 ] .

I t i s

v e r y p o p u l a r

f o r m

o f t h e

p a r t i a l

c o n f l i c t [ 1 2 ] .

s i n c e

i t s s i m p l e n e s s

i n

r e a l i z a t i o n

a n d l o w a m o u n t o f

c o m p u t a t i o n ,

w h i l e i t h a s l o w

p r e c i s i o n

i n

map r e c o n s t r u c t i o n .

A

B a s i c ofDSmT

G i u s e p p e

O r i o l o e t a l .

( 1 9 9 7 ) [ 3 ] f i r s t l y p r o p o s e d

a m e t h o d

o f

1 )

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0

=

{ 0 1 ,

-

O ,

}

, h e r e

0

i s a f r a m e

o f

map

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n b a s e d

o n f u z z y l o g i c , w h i c h

h a s

h i g h d i s c e r n m e n t ,

w h i c h

i n c l u d e s n f i n i t e

f o c a l e l e m e n t s

p r e c i s i o n

i n l o o s e

e n v i r o n m e n t ,

w h i l e i t

s p e n d s

m o r e t i m e

i n

i

( i =

1 ,

. . .

n )

. B e c a u s e

t h e f o c a l

e l e m e n t

i s n o t

p r e c i s e l y

t h e s a m e e n vi r o n m e n t t h a n t h a t

w i t h

o c c u p a n c y g r i d

m e t h o d .

d e f i n e d

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o f

0

i n

a

ne w

D a n i e l

P a g a c   1 9 9 6 [ 4 ] f i r s t l y

a p p l i e d

DST

[ 5 ]

t o

map

l a r g e r

s e t

0 , ,

o f d i s j o i n t e l e m e n t a r y h y p o t h e s e s i s

p o s s i b l e .

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n

f o r

m o b i l e

r o b o t s ,

w h e r e

D e m p s t e r '

s

r e f

c o m b i n a t i o n a l r u l e i s

u s e d

t o r e d i s t r i b u t e t h e b e l i e f

m a s s

o f

2 )

T h e

h y p e r - p o w e r

s e t

De

i s d e f i n e d

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i t

h a s a

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0

w i t h U

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n

s h o r t c o m i n g

t h a t i t

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0

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D ® u n d e r

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U

a n d n

) o p e r a t o r s

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Wang

e t a l .

( 2 0 0 3 )

[ 6 ]

p r o p o s e d

a new

h

g r i d m e t h o d b a s e d

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i s

v e r y s m a l l . We p r o p o s e d

t o

a p p l y D S m T [ 7 ]

t o g r i d map r e c o n s t r u c t i o n

i n

2 0 0 6 [ 8 ]

[ 9 ] , t h o u g h

i t h a s *

D e z e r t a n d S m a r a n d a c h e h a v e p r o p o s e d 5 v e r s i o n s o f

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IEEE 5 9 0

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7/26/2019 Mobile Robot's Map Reconstruction Based on DSmT and Fast-Hough Self-Localization

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l o n g

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P l a u s i b i l i t y

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i

Let

 

2 0 1

i s

the general frame of

discernment.

t e m p e r a t u r e ,

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p r e s s u r e

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on .

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)

 

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0

,

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d i s c e r n m e n t .

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s o u n d wave

s p r e a d s

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t h e

F o r e v e r y

e v i d e n t i a l

s o u r c e S ,

l e t

u s

d e f i n e a s e t o f

map

o f f o r m o f l o u d s p e a k e r , a n d t h e r e

e x i s t s a c o n e - s h a p e d

a n g l e , we

m ( . ) : De

E

[ O , i ]

a s s o c i a t e d t o i t ( a b a n d o n i n g S h a f e r ' s m o d e l )

c a n n o t know t h e t r u e

p o s i t i o n

o f

o b j e c t

d e t e c t e d

a m o n g

t h e

b y

a s s u m i n g

h e r e

t h a t

t h e

f u z z y /

v a g u e /

r e l a t i v e

n a t u r e

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f a n - s h a p e d

a r e a ,

w i t h

t h e

e n l a r g e m e n t

o f

d i s t a n c e

b e t w e e n

e l e m e n t s

0 i

  i

=

1 , 2 , 3

. . .

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b e

n o n - e x c l u s i v e ,

a s

w e l l a s n o

s o n a r

a n d i t .

r e f i n e m e n t o f 0

i n t o

a ne w

f i n e r

e x c l u s i v e f r a m e

o f

c )

The u s e o f l o t s o f sonar sensors

w i l l r e s u l t i n

i n t e r f e r e n c e

e a c h

o t h e r .

F o r e x a m p l e , w h e n t h e i t h s o n a r g i v e s

d i s c e r n m e n t

r f

i s

p o s s i b l e .

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m a p p i n g m ( )

i s c a l l e d a

o u t

d e t e c t i n g

w a v e

t o w a r d s a n o b j e c t

o f

i r r e g u l a r

s h a p e , i f

t h e

g e n e r a l i z e d

b a s i c b e l i e f a s s i g n m e n t

f u n c t i o n ( g b b a f ) ,

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o f

i n c i d e n c e

i s t o o

l a r g e ,

t h e s o n a r

wave

m i g h t

b e

s a t i s f i e s

r e f l e c t e d

o u t

o f

t h e

r e c e i v i n g r a n g e

o f t h e i t h s o n a r s e n s o r o r

m ( i ) =

0

a n d

A

m ( A ) =

1

a l s o

m i g h t

b e r e c e i v e d

b y

o t h e r

s o n a r

s e n s o r s .

E A c D o d )

B e c a u s e s o n a r s e n s o r s u t i l i z e t h e

r e f l e c t i o n

p r i n c i p l e

T h e g e n e r a l b e l i e f

f u n c t i o n a n d p l a u s i b i l i t y f u n c t i o n a r e o f s o u n d w a v e , i f o b j e c t

a b s o r b s

v e r y

h e a v y s o u n d w a v e ,

t h e

d e f i n e d

r e s p e c t i v e l y

i n

a l m o s t t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s w i t h i n t h e s o n a r

s e n s o r

m i g h t b e i n v a l i d .

D S T , i . e .

b e l ( A )

= EBe

C

m ( B )

( 1 )

.

b

e D @

B c A

P l ( A ) =

E m ( B )

( 2 )

B G n A 0 , B C D e

4 )

C l a s s i c a l

( f r e e )

DSmT r u l e o f c o m b i n a t i o n

L e t Mf

( ® ) i s a f r e e m o d e l

o f

DSmT,

a n d

t h e n

t h e

c l a s s i c a l

F i g . l

T h e s k e t c h o f t h e p r i n c i p l e

o f s o n a r

( f r e e )

DSmT

r u l e

o f

c o m b i n a t i o n f o r k

.

2

s o u r c e s

i s g i v e n

a s

A .

M o d e l i n g

B a s e d

o n

DSmT

f o l l o w s : P o i n t i n g

t o

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f

s o n a r ' s

m e a s u r e m e n t ,

we

m M f

( 0 ) ( A )

-

[ m i

1

. . .

J k A )

c o n s t r u c t

a

m o d e l

o f u n c e r t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n

a c q u i r e d

f r o m

g r i d

VA  

cD

)

Ok

( 3 )

map u s i n g s o n a r b a s e d o n DSmT. H e r e

we s u p p o s e

t h e r e

a r e

Z

7

J m i

( X i )

t w o

f o c a l

e l e m e n t s

i n

s y s t e m ,

t h a t

i s

0 = { 0 1 , 0 2 } ,

h e r e

0 1

( X i - . . . X K ) D A

i = 1

means

g r i d

i s

e m p t y ,

0 2

means

o c c u p i e d ,

a n d t h e n we can

g e t

i t s

h y p e r - p o w e r

s e t D O 9

=o

,

n l

o 2 ,

o i ,

o o i

1 u o 2 }

 

E v e r y

B .

P r o p o r t i o n a l

C o n f l i c t R e d i s t r i b u t i o n R u l e

g e t

i t

e r o w e r

s e t

n d

k

0

2 , 0 i m 2 s 0

U

0 f

} h i E v e r y

PCR5

f i n e s

t h e c o n f l i c t i n g

m a s s ,

a n d

j u s t

r e d i s t r i b u t e

t h e

g r i d

i n

e n v i r o n m e n t

i s

s c a n n e d

k

>

2 t i m e s ,

e a c h o f

w h i c h

i s

p a r t i a l

c o n f l i c t i n g

m a s s

t o

t h e

e l e m e n t s i n v o l ve d

i n

t h e

p a r t i a l

v i e w e d

a s

s o u r c e o f e v i d e n c e .

T h e n

we m a y

d e f i n e a

s e t

o f

c o n f l i c t ,

i n

o r d e r t o

i m p r o v e

t h e

q u a l i t y

o f f u s i o n

[ 1 2 ] .

m a p

a i m i n g

t o e v e r y

s o u r c e

o f e v i d e n c e a n d

c o n s t r u c t

t h e

H e r e we i n t r o d u c e t h e PCR5

f o r m u l a

f o r s

2

s o u r c e s :

g e n e r a l b a s i c b e l i e f a s s i g n m e n t f u n c t i o n s ( g b b a f ) a s f o l l o w s :

VX

E

G / { l } ,

m ( 0 1 )

i s d e f i n e d a s

t h e

g b b a f

f o r

g r i d - u n o c c u p i e d

( e m p t y ) ;

m P C R 5 ( X )

=

m I 2 ( X ) ±

m ( 0 2 )

i s d e f i n e d

a s

t h e

g b b a f

f o r

g r i d - o c c u p i e d ;

m ( 0 o

n 0 2 )

F m h 2 m 2 ( Y )

m ( X ) 2 m 1 ( Y )

7

( 4 )

i s

d e f i n e d a s t h e

g b b a f

f o r

h o l d i n g

g r i d - u n o c c u p i e d

a n d

Y c + ; X }

  m I ( X ) ± r M 2 ( y ) ± m 2 ( X ) ± M I ( y ) 4

o c c u p i e d

s i m u l t a n e o u s ( c o n f l i c t ) .

m ( 0 1

U 0 2 ) i s d e f i n e d a s

c ( X

M Y ) = b

t h e

g b b a f

f o r

g r i d - i g n o r a n c e

d u e t o t h e

r e s t r i c t i o n

o f

w h e r e ,

c ( X ) r e p r e s e n t s

t h e c a n o n i c a l f o r m

o f

k n o w l e d g e a n d e x p e r i e n c e

p r e s e n t l y ( h e r e

r e f e r r i n g t o

t h e

X,

. 2 * )

corresponds

to

the

conjunctive

c o n s e n s u s , i . e .

g b b a f f o r

t h e s e

g r i d s

s t i l l

n o t

s c a n n e d

p r e s e n t l y

) ,

i t r e f l e c t s

 

i n 1 2 ( . ) corresponds t o

t h e

conjunctive

co nsensu s, i . e .

t h e

d e g r e e

o f

i g n o r a n c e

o f

g r i d - u n o c c u p i e d

o r

o c c u p i e d .

m 1 2 ( X )

= X I , X 2 e G

m l ( X I ) m 2

( x 2 ) ,

a n d

w h e r e

a l l

d e n o m i n a t o r s

T h e g b b a f

o f

a

s e t

o f

map

m ( ) :

D E

- *

[ o , i ]

i s

c o n s t r u c t e d

b y

x 1 n x 2

a u t h o r s s u c h a s t h e f o r m u l a e

( 5 ) ( 8 )

a c c o r d i n g

t o s o n a r

a r e d i f f e r e n t

f r o m

z e r o . I f a

d e n o m i n a t o r

i s

z e r o ,

t h a t f r a c t i o n p h y s i c a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

i s d i s c a r d e d . P l e a s e

s e e a l s o [ 1 0 ] ,

i f

s

>

2 .

m ( 0 > )

=

E ( p ) . E ( O ) =

*MODELING

FOR

SONAR G R I D

I N F O R M A T I O N

F

( 1 -

 Ii

2 ) . ( I / 2 )

i R m i n

<p<R-2£

( 5 )

S o n a r

s e n s o r s '

w o r k i n g p r i n c i p l e

( s h o w n i n F i g . 1 ) i s :

1

O

<

0 . ( 0 / 2

p r o d u c i n g s he a v e s o f c o n e - s h a p e d w a v e , a n d d e t e c t i n g t h e

L 0

o t h e r w i s e

o b j e c t s b y r e c e i v i n g t h e r e f l e c t e d

w a v e .

D u e t o t h e r e s t r i c t i o n

5 9 1

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m 4 0 2 )

=

O ( p ) . 0 )

=

T h e

b a s i c

p r i n c i p l e

i s w h e n m o b i l e r o b o t m o v e s t o a c e r t a i n

P .

<

p < R + e < R . a

p o s i t i o n ,

we

c l u s t e r

a l l

s c a n n e d

p o i n t s

i n t h e

d e t e c t i n g

r a n g e

{ e x 1 { 3 p P v ( p - R ) 2 )

2

Aif

O i n

/ 2

( 6 )

o f

l a s e r r a n g e

f i n d e r

( 0 - 1 8 0

d e g r e e s ) , a n d

c l a s s i f y t h e m

i n t o

0

t h e r w i s e s u b s e t

S i

( i

E

1 , 2 . . .

) .

S u p p o s e d t h a t t h e r e a r e n

p o i n t s

i n t h e

m ( 0 1

n 0 2 ) =

s u b s e t

S ,

t h e n

c o m p u t e r e s p e c t i v e l y

t h e

s l o p e

b e t w e e n

e v e r y

F f R m

'

< R < R a

7

t w o p o i n t s . S e t t i n g u p

a

c o u n t e r ,

i f

t h e

s l o p e

i s

i n

t h e

s e t t i n g

( 1 -

( 2 ( p

- ( R - 2 c ) ) / R ) 2 )

i

R m i n

.

P-

R

X

( 7 ) r a n g e ,

we

a d d

o n e o n

t h e

c o u n t e r .

When

f i n i s h e d t h e s t a t i s t i c

C o t e

. s e _ / 2

o f

a l l

p o i n t s

i n

t h e s u b s e t

S i

,

we

c l a s s i f y

a l l

p o i n t s

h a v i n g

t h e

0

o t h e r w i s e

m ( 0 1

U o 2 ) =

maximum n u m b e r

t o s u p p o r t a c e r t a i n s l o p e i n t o a

new

s u b s e t S . W e c a n

p i c k

u p

t h e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

l i 2 . ) t h r o u g h

{ t a n h

( 2 ( p

-

R ) )   1

-

)

i f

0

<

0

<

R o / 2

Hough t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

a n d

t h e n f i n d

t h o s e p o i n t s

o w n i n g t h e

o t h e r w i s e

s u b maximum

n u m b e r

a n d

p u t

t h e m i n t o a n o t h e r s u b s e t

S f I .

0 1 _ ( 2 a / 6

i f 0 <

. I 6 4 2

A l s o

p i c k u p

t h e s e c o n d

s t r a i g h t l i n e

u n t i l

t h e n u m b e r

t o

A

= E )

=O

 

X 0 o t h e r w i s e

s u p p o r t

a c e r t a i n

s l o p e

i s l o w e r

t h a n

t h e t h r e s h o l d . T h e

m e n t i o n e d a b o v e

i s

t h e

k e y

d i f f e r e n c e f r o m o t h e r F a s t

w h e r e

E ( O ) =

1 -

A / 2  

O ( o ) =

2

 

E ( p ) =

( - ( p / R

-

2 ) 2 ) ,

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

m e t h o d s

[ 1 4 ] .

T h e n we

b e g i n

t o d e a l w i t h

0 ( p )

=

e x p (

3 p v

( p

-

R ) 2 ) ,

w h e r e

/ i s

g i v e n b y

( 9 ) ( a l s o

s e e

a n o t h e r s u b s e t

S

b y

same

way

u n t i l we f i n i s h a l l

p o i n t s

r e f .

[ 1 ]

f o r

j u s t i f i c a t i o n ) .

s c a n n e d

i n

t h e d e t e c t i n g r a n g e o f

l a s e r .

By d o i n g t h i s

we n o t

1

o n l y

r e d u c e t h e

c o m p l e x i t y

a n d

a m o u n t

o f

c o m p u t a t i o n ,

b u t

o 0 . 9 g * , ' \ f

/ ( / 2)

a l s o i m p r o v e

t h e

p r e c i s i o n

o f

p i c k i n g

u p s t r a i g h t l i n e ,

a s

w e l l

0 . 8

i n

2

a s

f i n d s m a l l e r f e a t u r e s w h i c h m i g h t b e o m i t t e d

b y

o t h e r

0 . 7

0

H o u g h

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

m e t h o d s .

0 . 6

B .

S e l f -

l o c a l i z a t i o n

o f

R o b o t ' s

P o s e

0 5B SI O

O

I n

a

s t a t i c

a n d

s t r u c t u r e d e n v i r o n m e n t ,

i f we

d o n ' t

c o n s i d e r

0 . 4

. / * . \

. t h e s m a l l a c c u m u l a t i v e e r r o r a n d

m e t r i c a l

e r r o r ,

t h e n t h e

0 2

3

c o o r d i n a t e

o f

w h o l e

o b j e c t

o u t l i n e

i n

t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

0 . 2

x

j < j ~ j j

d e t e c t e d

b y

l a s e r

r a n g e

f i n d e r

o n m o b i l e r o b o t

w i l l b e

0 1

* X

c o n s i s t e n t

c o m p l e t e l y

w i t h t h e

r e a l

o n e

i n

g l o b a l

c o o r d i n a t e

0

0 . 2

0 . 5 1

1 . 5

2 2 . 5

3

s y s t e m .

I n

f a c t ,

i t

i s i m p o s s i b l e

b e c a u s e

o f

i n a c c u r a t e

r o b o t ' s

p ( M )

pose.

S o

r o b o t ' s

p o s e

m u s t

b e

c a l i b r a t e d .

Of

c o u r s e ,

i f m o b i l e

F i g . 2

m ( . )

a s

f u n c t i o n

o f

p

g i v e n

b y

f o r m u l a e

( 5 - 8 )

r o b o t

runs i n

t h e

d y n a m i c

or

n o n - s t r u c t u r e d

e n v i r o n m e n t ,

i t

i s

v e r y

d i f f i c u l t

t o

p i c k

u p s o m e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e f e a t u r e s

o n l y u s i n g

F r o m

F i g . 2

we

c a n s e e t h a t g b b a f r e f l e c t s r e a l l y t h e H o u g h t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m e t h o d . I n t h i s c a s e

we

m u s t

c o n s i d e r

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f s o n a r

i n f o r m a t i o n

w i t h t h e s h i f t o f

p

i n

t h e

m i x i n g

w i t h

o t h e r e f f e c t i v e w a y s [ 1 5 ] .

c o u r s e o f

g r i d map

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n .

H e r e we

a s s u m e

t h e

I n

o u r

r e s e a r c h t h e

m a i n

i d e a

a b o u t s e l f - l o c a l i z a t i o n

o f

m o b i l e

d e t e c t i n g r a n g e

o f s o n a r

s e n s o r f r o m 0 . 2 m - 3 m .

H i g h r o b o t w i t h F a s t - H o u g h t r a n s f o r m a t i o n m e t h o d i s S t e p -

b y

-

c o n f l i c t i v e

i n f o r m a t i o n

h a p p e n s

a b o u t a t

t h e

p o i n t

o f

S t e p m o d e . T h a t

i s , when m o b i l e

r o b o t

m o v e s a

s t e p , i t s

p o s e

i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t w o c u r v e s

b e t w e e n

m ( 0 1 )

a n d

m ( 0 2 ) .

T h e

c a n

b e c a l i b r a t e d w i t h t h e r e f e r e n c e d s t r a i g h t

l i n e

a n d

g e t s

a

maximum

m ( 0 2 ) h a p p e n s

a t

p = 1 . 5 m ,

w h i l e

t h e maximum o f

new p o s e . A c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e

new

p o s e c a l i b r a t e

s o m e new

m ( o ) happens a t R m .

= 0 . 2 m .

I n

o r d e r

t o

s a t i s f y

t h e

d e f i n i t i o n

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

s e g m e n t s

d e t e c t e d

a n d

c h o o s e

some

o f

t h e m a s

m ~ h a p p e n s

a t

m i n

m . I n

o r d r t o s t i s f y h e d e f n i t i o n

t h e new

r e f e r e n c e d

s t r a i g h t l i n e s ,

a n d

s o o n .

o f

DSmT,

a n d

a s s u r e

t h e s u m o f a l l m a s s o f

m ( . )

t o

b e o n e , I n o r d e r t o c o m p a r e

l i n e s

i n t h e c o u r s e o f s e l f c a l i b r a t i o n

we

we m u s t r e n o r m a l i z e t h e m w h i l e

a c q u i r i n g

s o n a r

g r i p

d e f i n e s o m e a t t r i b u t e s a b o u t a

l i n e ,

i . e .

L i n e :

( p l ,

0 , n ,

1 ,

s p ,

i n f o r m a t i o n .

e p ,

d i r ,

d ) s h o w n

i n F i g . 3 . W h e r e

p 1

i s t h e d i s t a n c e

O P

I V . FAST-HOUGH S E L F - L O C A L I Z A T I O N

b e t w e e n t h e

o r i g i n

0

a n d

t h e f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

AB

.

0

i s

A .

T h e

P r i n c i p l e o f F a s t - H o u g h T r a n s f o r m a t i o n

t h e

a n g l e

o f i n l i n e b e t w e e n t h e

p e r p e n d i c u l a r

O P

a n d

t h e

I t i s w e l l

k n o w n

t h a t c l a s s i c a l

H o u g h

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

p l a y s

a n

p o s i t i v e

d i r e c t i o n

o f a x i s X

( 0 - 3 6 0 d e g r e e s ) .

n i s

t h e

p o i n t

i m p o r t a n t

r o l e

i n

p i c k i n g

u p

s t r a i g h t

l i n e f e a t u r e

s i n c e

i t w a s

n u m b e r i n c l u d i n g a l l p o i n t s

w h i c h

may

b e f i t t e d i n t o

a

p r o p o s e d b y

D u d a

a n d H a r t

i n

1 9 7 2 [ 1 3 ] . H o w e v e r , i t d o e s n ' t

f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t l i n e .

s p

i s t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t o f f e a t u r e s t r a i g h t

s a t i s f y

t h e r e a l - t i m e r e q u i r e m e n t i n s e l f

- l o c a l i z a t i o n d u e

t o

l i n e A B .

e p

i s

t h e

e n d p o i n t , d i r

i s t h e

o b s e r v a t i o n

d i r e c t i o n

t h e

h i g h

a m o u n t o f c o m p u t a t i o n .

We h e r e

p u t

f o r wa r d a n r e l y i n g

o n t h e l o c a t i o n

b e t w e e n r o b o t a n d f e a t u r e s t r a i g h t

l i n e

i m p r o v e d F a s t - H o u g h t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . AB i . e . d i r

= s i g n (

p 1

-

x c o s ( 0 ) - y

s i n ( 0 ) ) ,

w h e r e s i g n

i s

5 9 2

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t h e S i g n f u n c t i o n . I f

r o b o t

i s

n e a r e r

t h e o r i g i n t h a n t h e f e a t u r e

When

m o b i l e

r o b o t m o v e s a l o n g a v e r y l o n g w a ll w h i c h

i s

s t r a i g h t

l i n e , t h e n d i r

=

1 ; i f

r o b o t i s f a r t h e r

a w a y f r o m t h e o u t

o f t h e

r a n g e

o f

l a s e r ,

t h u s t h e

l a s e r r a n g e f i n d e r c a n ' t

o r i g i n

t h a n t h e f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e AB, t h e n d i r

=

- 1 ;

i f r o b o t d e t e c t

t h e

w h o l e w a l l i n

o n e

t i m e .

I n

t h i s c a s e ,

t h e

m e r g e n c e

l i e d o n

t h e

f e a t u r e s t r a i g h t

l i n e , t h e n d i r

=

d i s t h e

b e t w e e n new l i n e

s e g m e n t

a n d t h e o l d o n e

i s v e r y n e c e s s a r y .

d i s t a n c e

b e t w e e n

r o b o t

a n d

f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e .

We

m u s t

j u s t i f y w h e t h e r t h e t w o l i n e s e g m e n t s a r e o n

t h e

common l i n e

a c c o r d i n g

t o

t h e s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s . T h e

s i m p l e

Y

A

way

t o

m e r g e

t w o l i n e

s e g m e n t s

i s

s h o w n i n

F i g . 5 .

T o e x t e n d

r o b o t

t h e

r e f e r e n c e d

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

we

f i r s t

p r o j e c t

t h e

new

d e t e c t i n g

\p 4

s t r a i g h t

l i n e A B

t o

t h e

r e l a t i v e

r e f e r e n c e d

l i n e

EF

a n d t h e n

t h e

r o b o t w\

/

t w o

e n d p o i n t s

o f

p r o j e c t i o n

l i n e

s e g m e n t

CD c a n b e r e a c h e d .

o d r = - I

A f t e r

a

s i m p l e s o r t o f

f o u r e n d p o i n t s ( C , E , D , F )

j u s t i f y

w h e t h e r

t h e d i s t a n c e

CM

i s

b i g g e r

t h a n EM ,

h e r e

M i s t h e

d i r = l

B

m i d p o i n t

o f

r e f e r e n c e d

l i n e s e g m e n t

E F .

I f y e s ,

t h e n we w i l l

A

P l

e x t e n d

EF t o

p o i n t C ,

a n d

g e t

t h e new l i n e s e g m e n t C F .

I n

t h i s

c o u r s e

we m u s t c o n s i d e r

t h e

p r o c e s s

o f s e l f

c a l i b r a t i o n

b e c a u s e

c o r r e c t p o s e

i s t h e

k e y o f m e r g i n g t w o l i n e s e g m e n t s .

x

F i g . 3

T h e o b s e r v a t i o n d i r e c t i o n f o r f e a t u r e l i n e

B

I n

o r d e r t o j u s t i f y w h e t h e r a

f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t l i n e

i s s i m i l a r

t o A

a n o t h e r

o n e we

m u s t p r o p o s e

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

f o u r

n e c e s s a r y

D

c o n d i t i o n s .

I - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

( a )

J u s t i f y

w h e t h e r

t h e

o b s e r v a t i o n

d i r e c t i o n

i s

c o n s i s t e n t .

c

E

M F

( b )

W h e t h e r t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n

a n g l e o f t w o

f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e s

F i g . 5

T h e

m e r g e n c e

o f t w o

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

s e g m e n t s

i s s m a l l e r t h a n a s e t t i n g t h r e s h o l d .

2 )

S e l f

c a l i b r a t i o n

( c )

W h e t h e r t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e e n d p o i n t o f

o n e

l i n e

s e g m e n t

t o

a n o t h e r

f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

i s

s m a l l e r

t h a n

a S u p p o s e

t h e i n i t i a l

l o c a l i z a t i o n o f

m o b i l e

r o b o t i s

c o r r e c t ,

s e t t i n g

t h r e s h o l d .

t h e n t h e

d e t e c t i n g

f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e s a r e

t a k e n a s t h e

( d ) J u s t i f y

w h e t h e r t w o l i n e s a r e

i n d e p e n d e n t

b y

p r o j e c t i n g

r e f e r e n c e d

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

( g e n e r a l l y

s p e a k i n g

we c h o o s e

o n e

o r

l i n e s e g m e n t

1

t o l i n e s e g m e n t 2 .

I f

t h e p r o j e c t i v e

l i n e

s e v e r a l

l o n g e r s t r a i g h t

l i n e s )

a n d a d d

t h e m

i n t o

t h e

h i s t o r i c a l

s e g m e n t

h a s a common

p a r t

w i t h

l i n e s e g m e n t

2

t h e t w o

l i s t o f r e f e r e n c e d

s t r a i g h t

l i n e

w h i c h i s

t h e

r e a l o u t l i n e o f t h e

l i n e s e g m e n t s

m i g h t b e

n o t

i n d e p e n d e n t .

o b j e c t

i n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t

t h e o r e t i c a l l y .

When

r o b o t moves

a

b i t , g e t

s o m e o l d

f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e s n e a r r e f e r e n c e d l i n e s

w h i c h

m i g h t

c o i n c i d e

c o m p l e t e l y

o r

p a r t i a l l y

w i t h t h e s e

r e f e r e n c e d s t r a i g h t

l i n e s . T h e n

c o m p u t e

t h e

d e v i a t i o n a n g l e

A .

B o t h

l i n e s

a r e

s i m i l a r

B .

B o t h

l i n e s a r e n t

s i m i l a r

a n d

d i s t a n c e

b e t w e e n

t h e

ne w

d e t e c t i n g

l i n e

s e g m e n t

a n d

t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g

r e f e r e n c e d o n e a n d c a l i b r a t e t h e

r o b o t ' s

p o s e .

A t

t h e

s a m e t i m e

we a l s o

g e t

s o m e

new f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e s

a n d

c a l i b r a t e t h e m

a c c o r d i n g

t o new

p o s e

o f r o b o t .

A t

l a s t

c h o o s e new

l o n g e r s t r a i g h t

l i n e s a n d a d d

t h e m

i n t o h i s t o r i c a l

l i s t o f r e f e r e n c e d

l i n e s ,

a n d s o o n . T h u s

t h e

r o b o t i s

a b l e

t o

C . B o t h l i n e s

a r e n t

s i m i l a r

D .

B o t h l i n e s

a r e n t

s i m i l a r

f i n i s h t h e t a s k o f s e l f - l o c a l i z a t i o n

i n a

p e r f e c t

e n v i r o n m e n t .

F i g . 4

Some e x a m p l e s a b o u t

t h e

s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t w o s t r a i g h t

l i n e s

V

SIMULATIoN

E X P E R I M E N T S

W e

g i v e

s e v e r a l

e x a m p l e s

t o

j u s t i f y

w h e t h e r a f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

T h e

e x p e r i m e n t

l i n e

i s

s i m i l a r

t o a n o t h e r o n e

a c c o r d i n g

t o t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d

s

o n s i s t

Ro

s i m t i n g

d t h e t o r n o m u

c o d t i n . F o

e xmpe t w f e t r . t a g t l i e riia

n a v i g a t i o n

f o r P i o n e e r I I

R o b o t w i t h 1 6 s o n a r

d e t e c t o r s

a n d

a

i n F i g i 4 n A . T h e x

t w o f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

l i n e s

a r e n

s i m i l a r

i n

l a s e r

r a n g e

f i n d e r .

T h e

map

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h so nar sensors

in

F i g . 4 . B

 

C h n

D

b e c a t u e

B s t a i t i s e s c o n d t s i o n

l d

a n

on t h e m o b i l e r o b o t

i s

b u i l t

i n

a

s t a t i c

e n v i r o n m e n t s h o w n i n

d o e s n ' t

,

s a t i s f

c o n d i t i o n

( c ) , d C

d o e s n

  t

s a t i

F i g . 6

u s i n g

S R I s i m

s i m u l a t o r

s u p p l i e d

b y

A c t i v M e d i a

c d o e s n t

s a t i s f y

c o n d i t i o n

(

b )

s a n d s c )

C o m p a n y .

I n

g e n e r a l

t h e r e

a r e

s o m e

d i f f e r e n t

o u t l i n e s

s u c h a s

c o n d i t i n ( b ) a n

. d D . o s '

aif

oniin()ad(

c i r c l e , r e c t a n g l e ,

a n d

t r i a n g l e .

T h e

e x p e r i m e n t s

b a s e d on t h e

I n

g e n e r a l ,

t h e r e a r e

t w o

m a i n

p r o c e s s e s

i n

t h e

c o u r s e o f s e l f

c i m r c l e

r e c t a

a n d

t r i a n g l e . t h e

n x p r i e d n

e

o n

t h e

l o c a l i z a t i o n ,

o n e

i s

t h e

m e r g e n c e

o f l i n e

s e g m e n t s

a n d

t h e

i p v e d

F a t H o u

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n

a r e

i o n i n s o u r

o t h e r

i s

c a l i b r a t i o n

o f

r o b o t ' s

p o s e

w h i c h i s n ' t

i n d e p e n d e n t

e a c h o t h e r .

T h e p l a t f o r m

d e v e l o p e d

u s i n g V i s u a l

C+ + 6 . 0 a n d OpenGL i s

a c l i e n t e n d s h o w n i n f i g . 7 w h i c h c a n c o n n e c t

t h e

s e r v e r

e n d .

1 )

T h e m e r g e n c e o f l i n e s e g m e n t s When

t h e

v i r t u a l r o b o t r u n s i n t h e v i r t u a l

e n v i r o n m e n t

t h e

s e r v e r e n d c a n

c o l l e c t a

l o t o f

i n f o r m a t i o n

f r o m t h e S R I s i m

5 9 3

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i n c l u d i n g

t h e l o c a t i o n o f

r o b o t ,

s e n s o r s

r e a d i n g , v e l o c i t y

e t c .

b e l i e f

m a s s e s

a n d

r e d i s t r i b u t e t h e c o n f l i c t mass t o t h e

ne w

B y

t h e

p r o t o c o l

o f T C P / I P t h e c l i e n t

e n d

c a n

g e t a n y

b a s i c b e l i e f m a s s e s .

i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m

t h e

s e r v e r e n d . T h e P i o n e e r

I I

R o b o t

may

6 )

C o m p u t e

t h e

c r e d i b i l i t y

o f

o c c u p a n c y

b e l ( 0 2 ) o f

some

b e g i n

t o r u n

a t

a r b i t r a r y

l o c a t i o n .

S u p p o s e

t h e

b e g i n n i n g

g r i d s

w h i c h h a v e b e e n f u s e d

a c c o r d i n g

t o f o r m u l a

( 1 ) .

l o c a t i o n

i s o f 300mm

i n

X d i r e c t i o n a n d 2300mm

i n

Y

7 )

U p d a t e

t h e

map

o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t .

( H e r e

we s e t

t h e

d i r e c t i o n w i t h

0

d e g r e e a n g l e

t h e r o b o t f a c e s

t o .

U s i n g

g r i d

s e c o n d t i m e

s t a m p ,

i t s m e a s u r e m e n t

p e r i o d

u s e d i n

o u r

m e t h o d

a n d

o u r

i m p r o v e d

m e t h o d

we

g e t

t h e

o r i g i n a l

e x p e r i m e n t s

i s

a l s o

1 0 0

i n s )

W h e t h e r t h e

map

e n v i r o n m e n t

a n d

r e c o n s t r u c t e d

map

a s s h o w n i n

F i g . 6

a n d

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n

h a s

b e e n f i n i s h e d ? I f

y e s

s t o p

t h e

m o b i l e

F i g . 7

r e s p e c t i v e l y .

r o b o t

a n d

e x i s t .

O t h e r w i s e g o

t o

s t e p

2 .

F i g . 8

M a p

r e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t

DmT

u n d e r

s e l l o c a l i z a t i o n

F i n a l l y

we r e c o n s t r u c t t h e

map

s h o w n i n t h e

F i g . 8

w i t h t h e

F i g . 6

T h e

s t a t i c e n v i r o n m e n t

i n

S R I s i m

s i m u l a t o r

new t o o l .

I t

can b e

c o n c l u d e d

t h a t :

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 )

F r o m t h e

F i g . 8

we c a n s e e t h a t

t h e

ne w t o o l h a s a

b e t t e r

i n c l u d i n g

c i r c l e ,

r e c t a n g l e ,

a n d

t r i a n g l e )

t h a n

j u s t

u s i n g

t h e m e t h o d o f

D S m T [ 8 ] [ 9 ] ,

b e c a u s e o f

c o n s i d e r i n g

t h e

a s s e s . . . . t o

. . . . . . . . . o t h e r

b a s i c b e l i e f m a s s e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e

P C R 5 .

. . . . 2 ) T h e r e s t r a i n e d

s p r e a d i n g

a r i t h m e t i c

overcomes

t e

s h o r t c o m i n g

o f t h e

g l o b a l g r i d s

w h i c h

m u s t b e r e c k o n e d

v a l i d i t y

o f c a l c u l a t i o n .

3 )

D u e

t o

a d o p t i n g

t h e

s e l f

l o c a l i z a t i o n

b a s e d on

f a s t -

H o u g h

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ,

t h e

map

b u i l t o n - l i n e c a n b e

F i g 7

T e

p a t o r m f o r i n t l l g e n

pecepio f u i o n s y s e m r e v i s e d

r e a l - t i m e .

M o r e o v e r ,

t h i s

a p p r o a c h

o f s e l f

F i g 7

T e

l a t o r

f o

i t e l i g n t

ereptonfusonsysemlocalization o v erc ome s

t h e

s h o r t c o m i n g

o f

h i g h

T o d e s c r i b e t h e

e x p e r i m e n t c l e a r l y ,

t h e m a i n

s t e p s

o f

c o m p u t a t i o n

a m o u n t

a n d l o w

p r e c i s i o n

o f l o c a l i z a t i o n

p r o c e d u r e

a r e

g i v e n

a s

f o l l o w s ,

w i t h c l a s s i c a l

H o u g h

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . O f c o u r s e t h i s

1 )

I n i t i a l i z e t h e

p a r a m e t e r s

o f r o b o t

i n c l u d i n g

i n i t i a l

l o c a t i o n ,

a p p r o a c h

a l s o

h a s

some

l i m i t a t i o n s

i n c l u d i n g

h i g h

m o v i n g

e l o c i t y ,

etc

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 r e q u i r e m e n t s

f o r

e n v i r o n m e n t ,

a l o t o f f e a t u r e

s t r a i g h t

2 )

When t h e r o b o t i s

r u n n i n g , a c q u i r e

1 6 s o n a r

r e a d i n g s ,

liened,norlssyamcitubcendoo.

l a s e r

r e a d i n g

a n d

g e t

ne w r o b o t ' s l o c a t i o n

a n d

c a l i b r a t e i t

4 )

T h e

r e c o n s t r u c t e d

map

h a s

h i g h e r p r e c i s i o n

w i t h t h e

n e w

w i t h

F a s t - H o u g h

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l

i n

t o o l . S h o w n i n

F i g . 8

we c a n s e e t h a t t h e r e a r e

s t i l l

m a n y

s e c t i o n

I V .

( H e r e we

s e t

t h e f i r s t

t i m e

s t a m p ,

i t s

n o i s e s i n t h e

m a p .

S o we

a r e

c o n s i d e r i n g

a ne w t o o l

m e a s u r e m e n t

p e r i o d

u s e d

i n

o u r

e x p e r i m e n t s

i s

1 0 0

i n s )

c o u p l i n g

w i t h o t h e r

i n f o r m a t i o n

f i l t e r s

a s a

p r e t r e a t m e n t

t o

3 )

C o m p u t e g b b a f

o f t h e

f a n - f o r m

a r e a d e t e c t e d

b y

e a c h

r e d u c e

t h e

n o i s e s

a n d

i m p r o v e

t h e

q u a l i t y

o f

m a p .

s o n a r

s e n s o r

a c c o r d i n g

t o f o r m u l a

( 5 )

t o

f o r m u l a

( 8 ) .

V I .

C O N C L U S I O N

4 )

W h e t h e r

some

c e l l s a r e s c a n n e d

r e n e w e d l y b y

s o n a r

 

hspprw o t

s e n s o r s

( s a m e

s o n a r

i n

d e f e r e n t

l o c a t i o n ,

o r

d i f f e r e n t

s o n a r

I u t n o t h i s p a p e r

l e r e s e n t

a u n e w n

t o o

t o

r e o s t r u i c t

n i o m a p n f o

s e n s o r s ,

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a l s o

p r o v i d e s

a

h u m a n - c o m p u t e r i n t e r a c t i v e i n t e r f a c e

t o [ 1 5 ] F . F a n , D . M a , Z , D a i .

  M o b i l e R o b o t

G l o b a l L o c a l i z a t i o n

B a s e d

o n

m a n a g e a n d m a n i p u l a t e t h e r o b o t r e m o t e l y . T h e m e n t i o n e d

M o d e l M a t c h i n g

i n

H o u g h S p a c e . R o b o t , 2 0 0 5 ,

2 7 ( 1 ) : 3 5 A 4 0

method o f s e l f l o c a l i z a t i o n o v erc ome s some s h o r t c o m i n g s

o f

[ 1 6 ]

A .

M a r t i n ,

C .

O s s w a l d .

 A new

g e n e r a l i z a t i o n

o f

t h e

p r o p o r t i o n a l

c o n f l i c t r e d i s t r i b u t i o n r u l e s t a b l e i n t e r m s o f

d e c i s i o n ,

C h a p t e r

i n

c l a s s i c a l

Hough t r a n s f o r n . H o w e v e r i t

i s d i f f i c u l t t o

A p p l i c a t i o n s

a n d

A d v a n c e s o f DSmTfor I n f o r m a t i o n F u s i o n , e d i t e d

b y

overcome

t h e n a t u r a l s h o r t c o m i n g

o f

n e e d i n g

l o t s o f

f e a t u r e

F .

S m a r a n d a c h e ,

J .

D e z e r t ,

A m e r . R e s . P r e s s , R e h o b o t h ,

2 0 0 6 ,

s t r a i g h t

l i n e s . S o we m u s t m i x i t

w i t h o t h e r

m e t h o d s

i n h t t p : / / w w w . g a l l u p . u n m . e d u /

- s m a r a n d a c h e / D S m T b o o k 2 . p d f .

c o m p l e x

e n v i r o n m e n t .

Since

t h e

PCR6

fusion

r u l e pro po s e d

[ 1 7 ]

D u b o i s

D . ,

P r a d e

H . ,

  R e p r e s e n t a t i o n

a n d c o m - b i n a t i o n o f

u n c e r t a i n t y

c o m p l e x e n v i r o n m e n t . S i n c e

t h e

PCR6 f u s i o n r u l e

p r o p o s e d

w i t h b e l i e f

f u n c t i o n s

a n d

p o s s i b i l i t y

m e a s u r e s ,

C o m p .

I n t e l l . ,

1 9 8 8 ,

r e c e n t l y b y

M a r t i n

a n d O s s w a l d [ 1 6 ]

h a s

a l r e a d y b e e n

s h o w n

4 : 2 4 4 - 2 6 4 .

i n

a n o t h e r

a p p l i c a t i o n

m o r e

e f f i c i e n t

t h a n

PCR5

a n d

many

o t h e r

c l a s s i c a l

f u s i o n r u l e s ( i . e

D e m p s t e r ' s r u l e [ 5 ] , D u b o i s

 

P r a d e ' s

r u l e [ 1 7 ] ,

e t c ) .

We a r e

c a r r y i n g o u t

a f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h

o n DSmC

r u l e

c o u p l e d

w i t h

PCR6 a n d

c o n s i d e r i n g

i n f o r n a t i o n f i l t e r s a s a p r e t r e a t m e n t t a s k i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e

t h e

d y n a m i c

n o i s e s

a n d i m p r o v e

t h e

q u a l i t y

o f

m a p .

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

T h i s w o r k i s s u p p o r t e d b y N a t i o n a l N a t u r a l

S c i e n c e

F o u n d a t i o n o f

C h i n a ( N o . 6 0 6 7 5 0 2 8 ) . T h e

a u t h o r s a r e g r a t e f u l

t o

D r .

J e a n D e z e r t f r o m

ONERA/DTIM, C h a t i l l o n , F r a n c e

a n d

P r o f e s s o r F l o r e n t i n S m a r a n d a c h e f r o m

D e p a r t m e n t

o f

m a t h e m a t i c s ,

U n i v e r s i t y

o f Ne w M e x i c o ,

G a l l u p , U S A ,

f o r

t h e i r

h e l p s

a n d

t e c h n i c a l s u p p o r t s

i n DSmT

a n d P C R .

REFERENCES

[ 1 ] E l f e s , H .

M o r a v e c ,   H i g h

r e s o l u t i o n m a p s f r o m w i d e

a n g l e

s o n a r ,

IEEE

I n t C o n f

R o b o t i c s a n d A u t o m a t i o n ,

p p .

1

1 6 - 1 2 1 , 1 9 8 5 .

[ 2 ]

E l f e s . U s i n g o c c u p a n c y g r i d s

f o r m o b i l e r o b o t

p e r c e p t i o n

a n d

n a v i g a t i o n . C o m p u t e r , 1 9 8 9 , 2 2 ( 6 ) : 4 6 - 5 7

[ 3 ]

G

. O r i o l o ,

G .

U l i v i ,

V e n d i t t e l l i M .

  F u z z y

m a p s :

A

ne w t o o l f o r

m o b i l e

r o b o t p e r c e p t i o n a n d

p l a n n i n g . J o u r a l

o f

R o b o t i c S y s t e m

1 9 9 7 , 1 4 ( 3 ) :

1 7 9 - 1 9 7 .

[ 4 ]

P . D a n i e l e t a l .

 An

e v i d e n t i a l

a p p r o a c h

t o

p r o b a b i l i s t i c

m a p - b u i l d i n g .

i n :

P r o c e e d i n g s

o f

IEEE

I n t . C o n f . o n R o b o t i c s

a n d

A u t o m a t i o n ,

M i n n e a p o l i s , M i n n e s o t a ,

A p r i l ,

1 9 9 6 : 7 4 5 - 7 5 0

[ 5 ]

G . .

S h a f e r .

 A

m a t h e m a t i c a l

t h e o r y

o f e v i d e n c e .

P r i n c e t o n ,

N . J :

P r i n c e t o n

U n i v e r s i t y

P r e s s ,

1 9 7 6

[ 6 ]

W.Wang e t a l .

  U n c e r t a i n t y

S e n s o r I n f o rm a ti o n

P r o c e s s i n g

i n

Map

B u i l d i n g

o f

M o b i l e R o b o t . ACTA AUTOMATICA S I N I C A

2 0 0 3 , 2 9 ( 2 ) : 2 7 0 - 2 7 4 .

[ 7 ]

F .

S m a r a n d a c h e ,

J .

D e z e r t

( E d i t o r s ) ,   A p p l i c a t i o n s

a n d

A d v a n c e s

o f

DSmT

f o r I n f o r m a t i o n

F u s i o n ,

A m e r . R e s .

P r e s s , R e h o b o t h ,

2 0 0 4 ,

h t t p : / / w w w . g a l l u p . u n m . e d u / - s m a r a n d a c h e / D S m T b o o k 1 . p d f .

[ 8 ]

L i ,

X ,

H u a n g .

M .

Wang

  R o b o t

Map

R e c o n s t r u c t i o n

f r o m

S o n a r

S e n s o r s

a n d

DSmT

I n f .

  S e c . : An I n t .

J . , B u l g . A c a d . o f

S c i . ,

S o f i a ,

2 0 0 6 , 2 0 :

1 0 4 - 1 2 1 .

[ 9 ]

X .

L i ,

X ,

H u a n g .

M .

W a n g .

  S o n a r G ri d Map R e c o n s t r u c t i o n Of

M o b i l e

R o b o t s

B a s e d o n

D S m T .

I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

J o u r n a l

2 0 0 6 .

5 ( 2 ) : 2 6 7 - 2 7 2 .

[ 1 0 ]

X .

L i ,

X ,

H u a n g

e t a l .

 A

C o m p a r i s i o n

o f

T h e E f f e c t

o f

S o n a r

G r i d

Map R e c o n s t r u c t i o n

B a s e d o n DSmT

a n d

D S T .

P r o ce e d in g o f

IEEE

W C I C A 2 0 0 6 . D a l i a n C h i n a .

J u n e ,

2 0 0 6 , 5 : 4 0 7 3 A 4 0 7 7 .

[ 1 1 ]

X .

L i ,

X ,

H u a n g

e t

a l .  A

s u c c e s s f u l

a p p l i c a t i o n

o f

DSmT

i n

s o n a r

g r i d

map

b u i l d i n g

a n d

c o m p a r i s o n

w i t h D S T - b a s e d

a p p r o a c h

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

J o u r n a l

o f

I n n o v a t i v e

C o m p u t i n g ,

I n f o r m a t i o n

a n d

C o n t r o l , 2 0 0 7 ,

3 ( 3 )

i n

p r i n t .

[ 1 2 ]

F .

S m a r a n d a c h e ,

J .

D e z e r t ,

  I n f o r m a t i o n F u s i o n B a s e d o n

N e w

P r o p o r t i o n a l

C o n f l i c t R e d i s t r i b u t i o n

R u l e s ,

P r o c .

o f

F u s i o n

2 0 0 5 ,

J u l y

2 0 0 5 .

[ 1 3 ]

R .

0 .

D u d a , P .

E . H a r t .   U s e o f

t h e

H T

t o d e t e c t l i n e s

a n d

c u r v e s i n

p i c t u r e s . Comm. ACM, 1 9 7 2 , 1 5 :

2 1 1 V 2 1 5 .

[ 1 4 ] H . L u ,

Z .

Z h e n g ,

 New

f a s t H o u g h t r a n s f o r m f o r

l i n e d e t e c t i o n .

 

C o m p u t e r A p p l i c a t i o n s , 2 0 0 5 ,

2 5 ( 1 0 ) : 2 3 7 9 ~ 2 3

8 0 .

5 9 5