mobile technologies and their evolution

Mobile Technologies: Consumer Perspective

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Mobile Technologies and their evolution

Eid Al Nakib [email protected]


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GSM EvolutionGSM EvolutionGSM: Stands for Global System for Mobile Communication.The proposed system had to meet certain criteria:•Good subjective speech quality •Low terminal and service cost •Support for international roaming •Ability to support handheld terminals •Support for range of new services and facilities •Spectral efficiency •ISDN compatibility•voice, fax, SMS and Data transmission


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GSM EvolutionGSM EvolutionGSM networks would enhance packet data services primarily in three (four) phases

General Packet Radio Services(GPRS) refers to the first phase of GSM network architecture enhancements that allow mobiles to connect to IP or X.25 based networks.

The GSM/GPRS network architecture will further evolve to support Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), which provides significant improvements over GPRS.


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GSM Supplementary Services - I

• Advice of Charge: provides the mobile subscriber with an estimate of the call charges

• Call Forwarding: This service gives the subscriber the ability to forward incoming calls to another number

• Barring of outgoing calls: This service makes it possible for a mobile subscriber to present all outgoing calls

• Barring of incoming calls: This function allows the subscriber to prevent incoming calls

• Call Hold: This service enables the subscriber to interrupt an ongoing call and then subsequently reestablish the call


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GSM Supplementary Services- II

• Call Waiting: This service enables the mobile subscriber to be notified of an incoming call. The subscriber can answer, reject, or ignore the incoming call

• Explicit Call Transfer• Multiparty Service: The multiparty service

enables a mobile subscriber to establish a multiparty conversation-that is, a simultaneous conversation between three and six subscribers

• Closed user groups (CUGs): CUGs are generally comparable to a PBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only calling


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GSM -> GPRS -> EDGE -> CDMA


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Evolution Toward Third Generation Wireless Networks

1-G / 2-G: Capable of providing voice and low-rate data networks while air interfaces are inadequate for satisfying the high data rates specified.

3-G requirements:

•High data rates and QoS metrics.

•GSM is far the most popular standard in the World and particularly


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GSM Services - Phase 1GSM Services - Phase 1

Service Category Service CommentsTeleservices Speech

EmergencySMS (Short Message Service)

Group 3 Fax

Full Rate 13KbpsPoint to Point & Cell Broadcast

Bearer Services Asynchronous DataSynchronous Data

300 – 9600bps300 – 9600bps

Supplementary Services Call ForwardCall Barring

Subscriber Busy, Not ReachableInternational & Incoming Calls


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GSM Services - Phase 2GSM Services - Phase 2

Service Category Service Comments Teleservices Speech

Emergency SMS (Short Message Service)

Group 3 Fax

Half Rate 6.5Kbps Point to Point & Cell Broadcast

Bearer Services Synchronous Packet Data Access 2400 – 9600bps Supplementary Services CLI (Calling Line Identification)

Call Waiting Call Hold Multiparty

USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data)

Operator Barring Advice on charge


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GSM Services - Phase 2GSM Services - Phase 2++• Primarily concerned with the improvement of

Bearer (data!) services– Full data rate @ 14.4 kb/s– High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)– General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

• Some additional supplementary services also specified


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GPRS Vs. EDGEGPRS Vs. EDGEGeneral Packet Radio Services• Allows GSM mobile subscribers to connect to an IP-

based or X.25-based network.• new network elements are introduced with GPRS to

the GSM architecture

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)• EDGE reuses the GSM/GPRS time slot structure • 200 kHz carrier and multi-slot operation allow service

providers to deploy EDGE transceivers among existing GSM/GPRS transceivers.

• Adaptive radio link protocol will be employed to take advantage of the better channel quality.


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GPRS MSGPRS MS– Two Components

– Mobile Terminal (MT)– SIM card

– Three Classes of terminal– Class A - simultaneous circuit switched (GSM) and

packet switched (GPRS) traffic– Class B- supports both GSM and GPRS

connections but not both at the same time. One call is suspended for the duration of the other

– Class C - handless both GPRS or GSM but can only be connected to one at the same time.


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Architecture of a GSM NetworkArchitecture of a GSM Network

SD

Mobile Station

BTS

MSC/VLR

SIM MEBSC

Base StationSubsystem

GMSC

Network Subsystem

AUCEIR HLR

Other Networks

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

+

PSTN

PLMN

Internet


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What the names meanWhat the names mean• MS: Mobile Station• BTS: Base Transceiver Station• BSC: Base Station Controller• HLR: Home Location Register• VLR: Visitor Location Register• MSC: Mobile Switching Centre• BSS: Base Station System• EIR: Equipment Identity Register• SIM: Subscriber Identity Module• IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity• GMSC: Gateway Mobile Switching Centre• AuC: Authentication Center


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CDMA BASICSCDMA BASICS• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) splits

calls into fragments and send them over different frequencies simultaneously

• The use of multiple frequencies gives CDMA effective protection against interference and lost calls

• CDMA supports true packet switching and does not use time slots, therefore is more bandwidth efficient than TDMA -- also a more direct path to 3G

• Current CDMA penetration in the world market is about 27%


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Overview of cdma2000-1x System CDMA is a new mobile communication mode.

CDMA digital mobile communication network can satisfy the requirements of the second-

generation mobile communication system for subscriber capacity and narrow-band services. It can also transmit smoothly to the third- generation mobile communication system

Compared with GSM mobile communication system CDMA mobile communication system provides obvious technical advantages for the operator, CDMA mobile communication system provides high frequency usability fine coverage and convenient frequency planning. For CDMA mobile communication system provides fine voice quality

subscribers

low disconnection rate, small transmission power and strong security.CDMA2000 is the 3rd generation successor to IS-95 networks It provides up to twice the capacity of earlier CDMA systems, with peak data rates of up to 153.6 kbps in Release 0, planned to increase to 307.2 kbps in Release A.


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cdma2000-1x System Solution Benefits

End to End Overall System Solution, Perfect Services Provided>> Large Capacity, High Reliability, Flexible Configuration>> Abundant Protocols Supported, Flexible Networking Modes>> Provide Custom-built Services According to the Requirements of Operators>> Support R-UIM Completely>> Lower costs to upgrade/add capacity

cdma2000-system services capability

>> Common Telephone Services>> Voice Mail Services>> Fax Services>> Alternating Voice and FaxBearer Services>> 1200-14400 bit/s Asynchronous Data>> 1200-144000 bit/s Packets Data

Alternating Voice and 1200-14400 bit/s Data


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3G Systems Overview3G Systems Overview

3G MigrationSOURCE: CDMA Development Group (CDG) CDG Migration Diagram


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Why do carriers want to Why do carriers want to move to 3Gmove to 3G??

• Faster speeds--able to handle more calls• Efficiencies in data handling (Integration with

the Internet technologies)• More capable, multi-media handsets and

devices• Global interoperability and roaming*• Advanced services and more profitable revenue

opportunities**


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3G - UMTS3G - UMTS

SD

Mobile Station

MSC/VLR

Base StationSubsystem

GMSC

Network Subsystem

AUCEIR HLR

Other Networks

Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.

GGSNSGSN

BTS BSC

NodeB

RNC

RNS

UTRAN

SIM ME

USIMME

+

PSTN

PLMN

Internet


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Supplementary Services>> Call Forwarding-Unconditional (CFU)>> Call Forwarding-No Answering (CFNA)>> Call Forwarding-Busy (CFB)>> Call Forwarding-Default (CFD)>> Call Waiting (CW)>> Three-Way Call (3WC)>> Calling Name Identification Presentation (CNIP)>> Calling Name Identification Restriction (CNIR)>> Do Not Disturb (DND) >> Call Transfer (CT)>> Voice Message Retrieval (VMR)>> Message Waiting Notification (MWN)>> Conference Calling (CC)>> Voice Message Retrieval (VMR)>> Message Waiting Notification (MWN)>> Conference Calling (CC)>> Subscriber PIN Access (SPINA)>> Subscriber PIN Intercept (SPINI)Short Message Services


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1)Basic Services>> User Examination>> Message Submitting and Forwarding>> Repeated Forwarding Attempts>> Message Priority Management>> Message Validity Management>> Message Transmission Status Report>> Chinese Message>> Virtual Short Message Center>> Manual Joint>> .Automatic Joint2) Expanded Services>> Multiple Destination Sending>> Transmitting of User Defined Messages>> Payment Prompt>> Secretary Service

Short Message Services


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>> Mobile Email>> Stock Information on Demand>> Comprehensive Information on DemandVoice Mail Service>> Initiative Leaving Message>> Forward Call Leaving Message>> Short Message Notification>> Listening to Voice Message>> Replying Voice Message>> Forward Voice Message>> Build on Web Function

Intelligent Services >> Pre-Paid Charging Service>> Wireless Virtual Private Network>> Wireless Freephone Services>> Flexible Routing and Charging>> Rejection of Undesired Annoying Calls>> Advice of Charge>> Premium Rate Charging


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G-points in Mobile History

1GAnalog

-voice only-inflexible-not optimized-very transparent

2GDigital/Analog-voice (data)-inflexible-optimized-transparent

2.5GDigital

-voice + data-flexible-optimized-transparent

3GDigital

-data + voice-very flexible-‘optimisable’-not transparent

3.5GDigital

-more data (IP)-very flexible-‘optimisable’-not transparent

4G

digital/analog?-even more data-very flexible-‘optimisable’-transparent


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3rd Generation Wireless 3rd Generation Wireless VisionVision

• Extends current data applications & devices• Enables breakthrough data services

Web Browsing

E-mail

E-Commerce

Telemetry

Vertical Solutions

Vehicle Location

Messaging

Full Web browsing

E-mail w/ Attachments

Richer E-Commerce

Multimedia Messaging

Streaming Audio & Video

Online Games

Video Telephony

Music Download

2nd Generation 3rd Generation

9.6 Kbps 28.8 Kbps 384 Kbps


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New Phones Have MMS, WAP, Java New Phones Have MMS, WAP, Java (GSM) or BREW (CDMA) (GSM) or BREW (CDMA) 400 million plus in 2005400 million plus in 2005

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