Can

ability in the present or future, more usual and less formal (be able)Can you swim? No, I cant. I can run fast.

Skirtas monms ar gyvnams; mokti protinis ir fizinis sugebjimas, jau po pastang imokau, moku.

Can

asking for informal permission

Can I borrow your pen?

Could

more polite permission

Could I borrow your car?

Can

informal request

Can you help me tidy a room?

Could

polite request/suggestion

Could I have a little more cake, please?

Cant

refusing permission

You cant enter this room.Could

its possible possibility/probability

He could still be at home. (its possible)

Could

priekaitai, galjai padaryti, bet nepadarei.

Cant

it does not seem possible, I dont think

You have been sleeping all day. You cant be tired.

(I dont think that you are tired)

Cant/couldnt

I dont think, its logically improbable

She cant be rich. Her house is too small. (I dont think she is rich)

logical assumption - prielaida

Can he be

is it possible? Possibility/probability

Can he still be at work. (is it possible?)

nejaugi

Cant/couldnt

nejaugi, turbt

Could he be abroad?Cant

prohibition (you are not allowed)

You cant enter the club without a card. Cant is the opposite of mustlogical assumption - prielaida

It cant be a true. It must be a lie.

Could/was able to

ability in the past for repeated actions

She could/was able to dance for hours when she was young.

(repeated actions)

Could /may/might

perhaps its possible that sth will happen in the future or perhaps

it is true at the moment (possibility)

She could pass her test this time.

Where is Jean? She could be at school.

Could + perfect

is used for something which was possible but didnt happen

Dont drive so fast! You could have killed that boy. (Luckily you

Didnt kill)Cant/couldnt + perfect

it is impossible that something happened in the past

She cant/couldnt have lost her way, she must have missed the train

(logical assumption prielaida)

(I dont think shes lost her way; I think she has missed the train)

nejaugi, negali bti, / You could have come earlier. Tu gi galjai ateiti anksiau. Can she have done the dishes, Nejaugi ji iplov indus.

Could + perfect may/mightpossibility, perhaps something happened in the past

She looks miserable. She could have lost her job. (perhaps she has lost)

Was able to ( = managed to)ability in the past is used for repeated actions or a single action

He was able to win the race. (single action)

Be able

sugebti, veiksmui atlikti reikia dti pastangas

Couldnt/wasnt able to

ability for repeated or single actions

I couldnt /wasnt able to find my keys. (single action)

He couldnt/wasnt able to ski when he was young. (repeated action)

Could + perfect naudojame oficialiose kalbose

Might + perfect - artimesn kalba, tarp artimesni moniBe allowed to

permission, to talk about the future or present

Pupils are allowed to use the school swimming pool free of charge

Were allowed to

permission, to talk about the past used for repeated or single

actions

The reporter was allowed to take a photo of the pop singer. (single

action)

Wasnt allowed to

in negations or questions for either repeated or single actions

The foreigner wasnt allowed to enter the country without a visa.

(single action)May

asking for formal permission

May I use your phone?

May

formal, giving permission; also is used in written notices or

formal announcements

Luggage may be left here. (written notice)

May might/could

perhaps, its very possible that sth will happen in the future or

perhaps it is true at the moment possibility/probability

He may be back before noon. (its possible)

Sam may pass his test this time

May

formal request

May I have a glass of water? (request) / compare: May I open a

Window? ( asking for permission)

May + perfect might/couldperhaps something happened in the past

She looks miserable. She may have lost her job. (perhaps she has lost)May didesn galimyb, might labia maa galimyb

May oficialus leidimas May I smoke in here? Might nelabai grietas, nerytingas. Might I smoke in here?

May abejotina prielaida / Might maiau galimybi negu may.

It may rain. Gali lyti. I might get a job soon. Gal bt greitai gausiu darbo. You might be a little more tactful.

Might

asking for more formal permission

Might I see your driving license, please?

Might I speak to the bank manager, please?

Might

perhaps, very possible - possibility/probability

There might be some cheese in the fridge. (its possible)

Might may/could

perhaps; its possible that sth will happen in the future or

Perhaps it is true at the moment

He might pass his test this time. (its possible)

Might + perfect may/couldperhaps something happened in the past

She looks miserable. She might have lost her job. (perhaps she has lost)May not mustnt draudimas

May not oficialus

Mustnt labia grietas. You mustnt go out so late at night. (grietas, informal)Must greiiausiai, tikriausiai. - prielaida

Theres a dorr bel. It must be Linda.

Teigiamas must; neigiamas, klausimas cant

Turbt, greiiausiai, tikriausiai.

It cant be Linda.Must - kas lieia vaikus, j sveikat, tv paliepimai vaikamsMust

it is almost certain, I think possibility/probability

They look alike. They must be twins. )I think they are twins)

Must

is used only in the present or future when the speaker

decides what it is necessary to do

I must lose some weight. (I say so)

Must

I think, Im fairly sure; Its logically probable

His face is red. He must be very angry.

Must strong obligation or personal feelings of necessity

We must follow the school rules. (I am obliged)

Must

indicates (parodo) urgency and importance.

I must meet Jane tonight. (its very urgent that I meet her)

I must see a doctor soon. (I decide its necessary)

Must + perfect

its very probable that sth happened in the past.

She couldnt have lost her way; she must have missed the train.

(I dont think shes lost her way; I think she has missed the train)

Mustnt

refusing permission

You mustnt park here.Mustnt

prohibition (its forbidden)

You mustnt enter the room.Cant have negali bti

Must have - tikriausiai

Must esamasis laikasHad btasis laikas

To be likely- bsimasis ( probably gal bt) She is likely to come.Have to - aplinkybs, taisykls, kit moni pageidavimai, susitarimai, paproiai

Have to

is used when the necessity comes from outside the speaker

or when others decide for him what is necessary to do

I have to be at work at 9.00 (the boss says so).

I have to do my homework every day. (others decide)

Ive got to

informal, its necessary

Ive got to leave early today.

Have got to

more informal and usual than have to is used for obligation

on a single occasion

Ive got to tidy my room; Mother is angry.

Dont have to absence of necessity; it is not necessary

You dont have to do it now. You can do it later.

Didnt have to absence of necessity; it wasnt necessary in the past and we may

not know if the action happened or not He didnt have to go to work yesterday.Need nra reikalo,btinumo nebuvimas ( klausimuose). Need we go? Ar mums btina eiti.Kai is anksto tikimasi neigiamo atsakymo.

Must paklausti nesitikima neigiamo atsakymo, gali bti abu. Must I go? Yes, you must. No, you neednt.Need

necessity, its necessary is followed by a passive full infinitive

or an ing form and takes s in the 3rd person singular in

statements.

Your hair needs to be cut / Your hair needs cutting

Neednt

absence of necessity , its not necessary

You neednt take an umbrella. It isnt raining.

Dont need

absence of necessity, its not necessary in the present or future)You dont need to do it now. You can do it later.

Didnt need to it wasnt necessary in the past and we may not know if the action happened or not.

He didnt need to go to work yesterday.

Neednt + perfect be reikalo

You neednt have spent all that money. Now weve got nothing left.Neednt + perfect

absence of necessity; we know that sth happened in the past

Although it was not necessary

She neednt have bought any milk. There was a lot in the fridge.

(I know she bought some milk but there was no need.

Would you like

polite offer

Would you like some more lemonade?Shall I?

asking for advice

Shall I tell him the truth? (is the right thing to do?)

Shall I/we

suggestion/offer

Shall I post this letter for you? (offer)

Shall we buy him a present? (suggestion)

Will

offer/request for the other uses of will (promises, threats, etc)

Will you do me a favour? (friendly request)

Would you/Would you mind?request (asking someone to do something)

more polite and formal than could you

Would you mind typing these letters for me?

Would you post this letters for me?

Should

advice, it is the best thing to do: I advice you

You should walk more / You should stop smoking

Ought to moralin pareiga, atspindi vaik tv santykius, kai vaikai priiri senus tvus.

Ought to

sometimes is used for advice based on laws, rules or

generally accepted ideas

You ought to treat animals kindly. (most people believe this)

Ought to/should

probability - show that something is

Should/ought to + perfect

criticism, saying what the best thing to do in the past was

You shouldnt have been rude to her yesterday. (but you were)

You should have locked the car before leaving (but you didnt)

Had better

advice for a specific situation, its a good idea

Youd better see your dentist

Youd better call you parents or theyll worry. (its a good idea,

specific situation)Round up 4124

2 must, 3 may, 4 - could, 5 must, 6 might, 7 cant, 8 might, 9 cant, 10 may 125

2 cant, 3 might, 4 could, 5 cant, may

126

2 can/may, 3 cant, 4 may/can, 5 cant, 6 may, 7 may, 8 mustnt127

2 could, 3 could, 4 shall, 5 could, 6 can, 7 would, 8 shall128

2 could, 3 would, 4 shall, 5 would, 6 could, 7 will, 8 shall,

130

2 had better, 3 had, 4 should, 5 should, 6 ought/should1322 dont need, 3 mustnt, 4 must, 5 didnt have, didnt have to, do I have to

133

2cant, 3 mustnt, 4 neednt, 5 neednt, 6 cant, 7 neednt, 8 mustnt, 9 cant, 10 cant, 11 neednt

138

2 have to necessity3 may probability possibility4 dont have absence of necessity

5 mustnt prohibition

6 dont need absence of necessity

7 may formal permission asking permission8 shall suggestion

9 would polite suggestion

10 must personal feeling of necessity11 could polite request

12 should - advice

Tau negalima vaikioti taip vlai nakt.

You mustnt go out so late at night.

Tu turi bti ia kol tt gr.

You must be here till father comes back.

Greiiausiai jis gro namo.

He must have returned home.

Tur bt jie buvo labai artimi draugai.

They must have been very close friends.

Turbt lijo vis nakt lauke didels balos.

It must have been raining all night, there ara big puddles outside.

Greiiausiai ji gyvena kakur kaune.

He must be living somewhere in Kaunas.

Tur bt jis skaito daug original.

He must be reading many books in original.

Greiiausiai ji pramiegojo.

She must have overslept.

Tu turi padaryti nam darbus prie irdamas televizori.

You were to do your homework before watching TV.

ias tabletes reikia laikyti, kad nepasiekt vaikai.

These tablets are to be kept out of the reach of the children.

N vienas negali palikti pastato be policijos leidimo.

No one is to leave building the police permission.

Bdamas jaunuolis jis neinojo, kad jam lemta igarsti vliau.

As a young man he didnt know he was able to become famous later.

Kaip gaila, kad tu turi eiti dabar.

What a pity you have to go now.

Nieko nra namie. Jis turi padaryti tai pats.

There is nobody at home. He has to do it himself..

Jis turjo laukti mans prie ijimo. A vlavau 15 min.

Be able or can. Sometimes you may need a negative form.

1. ............. you stand on your head?

I ............ when I was at school, but I .......... now.

Can, could, cant/ couldnt 2. When I passed my driving test I ............. hire a car from our local garage. Could, bet jei atspausdinta Ive passes will be able

3. At the end of the mont the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he ............. pay. (negative) wont be able

4. I ......... remember the address.

............. you even remember the street? Cant, cant

5. When the fog lifts we ............ see where we are. Wont be able

Part. 2

13. He was strong. He .............. ski all day and dance all night. Could / was able

16. We ................... borrow umbrellas, so we didnt get wet. Were able to

17. ............... you walk or did they have to carry you? Were you able / could

18. I had no key so I .............. lock the door. couldnt

19. I knew the town so I .............. advise him where to go. Could / was able to

20. When the garage had repaired our car we ................... continue our journey. Were able to

Part 1

6. Youve put too much in your rucksack; you never ............... carry all that. Will never be able

7. When I was a child I ................. understand adults, and now that I am adult I ............... understand children. (negative, negative) couldnt, cant

8. When you have taken your degree you ............... put letter after your name? Will you be able

Part. 2

21. At five years old he ................... read quite well. Could / was able to

22. When I arived everyone was asleep. Fortunately I ........... wake my sister and she let me in. Was able to

23. The swimmer was very tired but he ............... reach the shore before he collapsed. Was able to

24. The police were suspicious at first but I .............. convince them that we were innocent. Was able to

1. If you want I can come and visit you tomorrow.

2. We could do what we wanted.

3. Could you wait a minute?

4. I am not able to fall asleep lately.

5. I dont know how you work so hard. I would not be able.

6. We tried very much but we were not able to convince them to come with us.

7. They didnt want to go with us together in the beginning but we were able to convince them.

8. The girl fell into the river but, luckily, we were able to save it.

9. Its a nice day. We could go for a walk.

10. The telephone is ringing. It may be Tom.

11. She may be able to help you.

I2. I am so tired. I could sleep for a week.

13. I was so tired. I might have slept for a week.

14. The situation was bad, but it might be worse.

15. You traveled all day. You might be tired.

16. Caroline must be bored at work. She does the same every day.

17. The restaurant is crowded with people. It must be good.

18. The telephone was ringing, but I didnt hear. I might have fallen asleep.

19. When I woke up this morning the light was on. I must have forgotten to switch it off.

20. She couldnt have seen me.

21. She may not have seen you.

22. He is a wonderful man. You must meet with him.

23. He cant go wit us because he has to work.

24. I must get up early because I want to do much.

25. I have to get up early in the morning because my train leaves at 6;30 p.m.

26. We must go.

27. Karen doesnt have to work on Saturdays.

28. Its a secret. You mustnt tell anybody.

29. If you want you can tell me but you dont have.

30. We dont have much time. We have to hurry.

31. We have a lot of time. We dont have to hurry.

32. I didnt need to get up early but it was a nice morning so I got up.

33. Do you think I would have to apply for this job? Yes, I think you would.

34. You would have to apologize.

35. You must apologize.

36. You didnt have to say so.

37. What to you advice me to do?

38. Its necessary you were in time.

39. If he sometimes called tell I will call back.

40. I may go or I may be late.

41. Its high time you understood you were not the most important person in the world.