model transformation techniquespeople.irisa.fr/jean-marc.jezequel/enseignement/modeltransfo.pdf ·...

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Model Transformation TechniquesModel Transformation Techniques(or: (or: WhyWhy I'd I'd likelike writewrite programsprograms thatthat writewrite programsprograms

ratherrather thanthan writewrite programsprograms))

Prof. Jean-Marc Jézéquel(Univ. Rennes 1 & INRIA)

Triskell Team @ IRISACampus de Beaulieu

F-35042 Rennes CedexTel : +33 299 847 192 Fax : +33 299 847 171

e-mail : [email protected]://www.irisa.fr/prive/jezequel

© J.-M. Jézéquel, 2005 4

ModelingModeling andand WeavingWeaving

DesignModel

Use CaseModel

SecurityModel

QoSModel Business

Model

ObjectModel

TestModel

UIModel

PlateformeModel

CodeModel

tester

Challenges:-Automatic Weaving-Product Lines-Reuse design know-how reified as Model Transformations

Challenges:-Automatic Weaving-Product Lines-Reuse design know-how reified as Model Transformations

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ModelModel--toto--Text vs. ModelText vs. Model--toto--ModelModelModelModel--toto--Text TransformationsText Transformations–– For generating: code, xml, html, doc. For generating: code, xml, html, doc. –– Should be limited to syntactic level Should be limited to syntactic level transcodingtranscoding

ModelModel--toto--Model TransformationsModel Transformations–– PIM to PSM a la OMG MDAPIM to PSM a la OMG MDA–– Refining modelsRefining models–– Reverse engineering (code to models)Reverse engineering (code to models)–– Generating new viewsGenerating new views–– Applying design patternsApplying design patterns–– RefactoringRefactoring modelsmodels–– Deriving products in a product lineDeriving products in a product line–– … any model engineering activity that can be automated…… any model engineering activity that can be automated…


ModelModel--toto--Text ApproachesText ApproachesFor generating: code, xml, html, doc. For generating: code, xml, html, doc. –– VisitorVisitor--Based Approaches: Based Approaches:

»» Some visitor mechanisms to traverse the internal representation Some visitor mechanisms to traverse the internal representation of a model and write code to a text streamof a model and write code to a text stream

»» IteratorsIterators, Write (), Write ()–– TemplateTemplate--Based ApproachesBased Approaches

»» A template consists of the target text containing slices of metaA template consists of the target text containing slices of meta--code to access information from the source and to perform text code to access information from the source and to perform text selection and iterative expansionselection and iterative expansion

»» The structure of a template resembles closely the text to be The structure of a template resembles closely the text to be generatedgenerated

»» Textual templates are independent of the target language and Textual templates are independent of the target language and simplify the generation of any textual simplify the generation of any textual artefactsartefacts

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Transformation ArchitectureTransformation Architecture

Transformation

Meta-model A

Model A

Conforms To

Meta-model B

Model B

Conforms To

Apply Transformation

Define Transformation


ModelModel--toto--Model: Typical ExampleModel: Typical ExampleFrom UML to RDBMS

Transformation

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Element stereotype

Design pattern application(parametric collaboration)

Historycmd_executed : string

last_command() : string

<<persistent>>

ServiceProvider

<<com mand>> action_1()<<com mand>> action_2()<<com mand>> action_3()

Interpreter

execute()

0..*

1

0..*

11..*1..* 1..*

+invoker

1..*

…and alsoTagged values& Contracts

Command pattern

receiverinvoker

M2M: Reuse Engineering KnowM2M: Reuse Engineering Know--How (Design/Test/…)How (Design/Test/…)


The resultThe result wewe wanwantt : : design patterns applicationdesign patterns application

Historycmd_executed : string

last_command() : string

<<persistent>>

History_StorageProxy

load_last_command() : stringstore_last_command(cmd : string)

action_1_cmd

do()

action_2_cmd

do()

action_3_cmd

do()

ServiceProvider

<<command>> action_1()<<command>> action_2()<<command>> action_3()

+proxy

Interpreter

execute()

0..*

1

0..*

1

ServiceProvider_Command

do() 10..*

+cmdTarget

10..*1..*0..* 1..*

+commands

0..*

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Why complex transformations?Why complex transformations?Example: Air Traffic ManagementExample: Air Traffic Management–– “business model” quite stable & not that complex“business model” quite stable & not that complex

Various modeling languages used beyond UMLVarious modeling languages used beyond UML–– As many points of views as stakeholdersAs many points of views as stakeholders

Deliver software for (many) variants of a platformDeliver software for (many) variants of a platform–– Heterogeneity is the ruleHeterogeneity is the rule

Reuse technical solutions across large product Reuse technical solutions across large product lines (e.g. fault tolerance, security…)lines (e.g. fault tolerance, security…)Customize generic transformationsCustomize generic transformationsCompose reusable transformationsCompose reusable transformationsEvolve & maintain transformations for 15+ years!Evolve & maintain transformations for 15+ years!


Classification Classification ofofModel Transformation TechniquesModel Transformation Techniques

1.1. General purpose programming languagesGeneral purpose programming languages–– Java/C#...Java/C#...

2.2. Generic transformation toolsGeneric transformation tools–– Graph transformations, XSLT…Graph transformations, XSLT…

3.3. CASE tools scripting languagesCASE tools scripting languages–– ObjecteeringObjecteering, Rose…, Rose…

4.4. Dedicated model transformation toolsDedicated model transformation tools–– OMG QVT styleOMG QVT style

5.5. MetaMeta--modeling toolsmodeling tools–– MetacaseMetacase, , XactiumXactium, , KermetaKermeta……

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1. General purpose language approach1. General purpose language approachJava, VB, C++, C#,... Java, VB, C++, C#,... Your favorite Your favorite language!language!Currently available in the tools via APIsCurrently available in the tools via APIsRules and scheduling implemented Rules and scheduling implemented from scratch using the programming from scratch using the programming languagelanguageExample:Example:–– JMI (MOFJMI (MOF--compliant Java Interface)compliant Java Interface)

»» JSRJSR--000040 Java000040 Java™™ Metadata Interface Metadata Interface


JMI examplesJMI examplespackage javax.jmi.model;

import javax.jmi.reflect.*;

public interface Attribute extends StructuralFeature {public boolean isDerived();public void setDerived(boolean newValue);

}

package javax.jmi.model;

import javax.jmi.reflect.*;

public interface Operation extends BehavioralFeature {public boolean isQuery();public void setQuery(boolean newValue);public java.util.List getExceptions();

}

Attributes

Operations

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General purpose language approach: General purpose language approach: ConclusionConclusion

No overhead to learn a new languageNo overhead to learn a new languageTool support to write the transformationsTool support to write the transformations

But wait:But wait:–– We resort to modeling (before programming) for mastering We resort to modeling (before programming) for mastering

complexity, right?complexity, right?–– Does it mean that transformations never get complex?Does it mean that transformations never get complex?

»» Or that the problem only appears for non toy applications…Or that the problem only appears for non toy applications…

=> Monsieur Jourdain’s approach


2. Generic transformation tools2. Generic transformation toolsAwkAwk--like (inc. like (inc. sedsed, , perlperl…) …)

XSLTXSLT

Graph Transformation toolsGraph Transformation tools

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Intermediate transformation languageIntermediate transformation languageTypically XML basedTypically XML based–– But XML (XMI) is verboseBut XML (XMI) is verbose

XSLT can be used to transform XML trees into XSLT can be used to transform XML trees into other (XML) (trees)other (XML) (trees)–– More batch than interactiveMore batch than interactive–– Parameters are passed by valuesParameters are passed by values–– XSLT transformations are not really easy to maintainXSLT transformations are not really easy to maintain

Better for simple transformationsBetter for simple transformations


Example of XSLT transformation

If isSynchronous

Else

Do this

Do that

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GraphGraph--TransformationTransformation--BasedBasedDeclarative, based on the theoretical work Declarative, based on the theoretical work on graph transformationson graph transformations–– Operates on typed, attributed, labeled graphsOperates on typed, attributed, labeled graphs–– Rule (LHS, RHS : Graph Pattern)Rule (LHS, RHS : Graph Pattern)–– Automated source element selection, nonAutomated source element selection, non--determinism in determinism in

scheduling and application strategyscheduling and application strategyWell known technology, albeit hard to masterWell known technology, albeit hard to master

»» M. M. AndriesAndries, G. , G. EngelsEngels, A. , A. HabelHabel, B. Hoffmann, H., B. Hoffmann, H.--J. J. KreowskiKreowski, S. , S. KuskeKuske, D. , D. KuskeKuske, D. Plump, A. , D. Plump, A. SchürrSchürr, and G. , and G. TaentzerTaentzer. Graph . Graph Transformation for Specification and Programming. Technical Transformation for Specification and Programming. Technical Report 7/96, Report 7/96, UniversitätUniversität Bremen, 1996, see Bremen, 1996, see http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/article/andries96graph.html http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/article/andries96graph.html


Generic transformation tools: Generic transformation tools: ConclusionConclusion

AwkAwk--like (inc. like (inc. sedsed, , perlperl…) …)

XSLTXSLT–– Good for syntactic Good for syntactic transcodingtranscoding, ,

not for semantic manipulations not for semantic manipulations

Graph Transformation toolsGraph Transformation tools–– PowerfullPowerfull, but complex because of the non, but complex because of the non--determinism in determinism in

scheduling and application strategyscheduling and application strategy–– Require careful consideration of termination of the Require careful consideration of termination of the

transformation process and the rule application orderingtransformation process and the rule application ordering

SE Limit: ~100 LOC

SE Limit: ~1000 LOC

SE Limit: PhD needed!

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3. CASE tool scripting languages3. CASE tool scripting languagesArcstylerArcstyler fromfrom Interactive Interactive ObjectsObjects–– MDAMDA--CartridgeCartridge, , JPythonJPython (Python & Java)(Python & Java)ObjecteeringObjecteering fromfrom ObjecteeringObjecteering SoftwareSoftware–– J languageJ languageOptimalJOptimalJ fromfrom CompuwareCompuware–– TPL TPL languagelanguageFujabaFujaba ((FromFrom UML to Java UML to Java andand Back Back AgainAgain))–– Open Source Open Source ……


CASE tools scripting languagesCASE tools scripting languagesProPro–– Good level of maturityGood level of maturity–– Excellent integration with their CASE toolExcellent integration with their CASE toolDrawbacksDrawbacks–– Proprietary languages and/or tight coupling with the CASEProprietary languages and/or tight coupling with the CASE–– Often developed as a second thought, not centralOften developed as a second thought, not central–– Many limitations when model transformation get complexMany limitations when model transformation get complex

»» StructurationStructuration, modularity, reuse problem, modularity, reuse problem»» Configuration management issue when they need to be evolved Configuration management issue when they need to be evolved

and maintained for long periodsand maintained for long periods

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4. Dedicated Transformation 4. Dedicated Transformation LanguageLanguage

OMG QVT styleOMG QVT style–– Kind of DSL for transformationKind of DSL for transformation

Simplify development and maintenance of Simplify development and maintenance of modelmodel--transformationstransformationsHigher expression powerHigher expression powerEnhanced Enhanced structurationstructuration–– Composition of rulesComposition of rules–– InteroperabilityInteroperability


MOF 2.0 Queries/Views/Transformations RFP

Define a language for querying MOF modelsDefine a language for transformation definitionsAllow for the creation of views of a modelEnsure that the transformation language is declarative and expresses complete transformationsEnsure that incremental changes to source models can be immediately propagated to the target modelsExpress all new languages as MOF models

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QueryQueryAn expression evaluated over a modelAn expression evaluated over a model–– Returns one or more instances of types defined either in Returns one or more instances of types defined either in

the source model or by the query languagethe source model or by the query language

OCL is an example of a query languageOCL is an example of a query language


ViewViewA view is a model that is completely derived A view is a model that is completely derived from another modelfrom another model–– The metaThe meta--model of the view is typically not the same as the model of the view is typically not the same as the

metameta--model of the sourcemodel of the source

Model ViewTransformation

Meta-Model A Meta-Model A’

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TransformationTransformationA transformation generates target models A transformation generates target models from source modelsfrom source models

Transformation TargetModel

SourceModel

May be bi-directional


Q Q vsvs V V vsvs TTA query is a restricted kind of viewA query is a restricted kind of view

A view is a restricted kind of transformation A view is a restricted kind of transformation –– The target model cannot be modified independently of the The target model cannot be modified independently of the

source modelsource model

A transformation generates target models A transformation generates target models from source modelsfrom source models

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ClassificationClassificationSeveral approachesSeveral approaches–– GraphGraph--transformationtransformation--based Approachesbased Approaches–– Relational ApproachesRelational Approaches–– StructureStructure--Driven ApproachesDriven Approaches–– Hybrid ApproachesHybrid Approaches

CommercialCommercial–– MiaMia--TransformationTransformation ((MiaMia--SoftwareSoftware), ), PathMATEPathMATE ((PathfinderPathfinder Solutions)Solutions)

Many academic toolsMany academic tools–– ATL & MTL (INRIA), ATL & MTL (INRIA), AndroMDAAndroMDA, BOTL (, BOTL (BidirectionalBidirectional ObjectObject orientedoriented

Transformation Transformation LanguageLanguage),),CoralCoral ((ToolkitToolkit to to createcreate//editedit//transformtransform new new modelsmodels//modelingmodeling languageslanguages atat runrun--timetime), ), ModMod--TransfTransf (XML (XML andand ruledruled basedbasedtransformation transformation languagelanguage), ), QVTEclipseQVTEclipse ((preliminarypreliminary implementationimplementation ofof somesome ideasideasofof QVT in QVT in EclipseEclipse) ou encore UMT) ou encore UMT--QVT (UML Model Transformation QVT (UML Model Transformation ToolTool))


DeclarativeDeclarativeDeclarative languages describe relationships Declarative languages describe relationships between variables in terms of functions or between variables in terms of functions or inference rules and the language executor inference rules and the language executor (interpreter or compiler) applies some fixed (interpreter or compiler) applies some fixed algorithm to these relations to produce a algorithm to these relations to produce a resultresult

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ImperativeImperativeAny programming language that specifies Any programming language that specifies explicit manipulation of the state of the explicit manipulation of the state of the computer system, not to be confused with a computer system, not to be confused with a procedural languageprocedural language


Declarative vs. Imperative StyleDeclarative vs. Imperative Style

Declarative (what to do)Declarative (what to do)–– Invariant relations between source and target modelsInvariant relations between source and target models

Imperative (how to do it)Imperative (how to do it)–– How to derive a target from a sourceHow to derive a target from a source

May be combined via preMay be combined via pre-- and postand post--conditionsconditions

Imperative RuleDeclarative

Pre-ConditionDeclarative

Post-Condition

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Execution StrategyExecution StrategyInvocation of the transformation rulesInvocation of the transformation rules–– Explicit, via invocation operations (Java like)Explicit, via invocation operations (Java like)–– Implicit, based on context and rules’ signature (Prolog like)Implicit, based on context and rules’ signature (Prolog like)


TraceTraceTrace associates one (or more) target Trace associates one (or more) target element with the source elements that lead element with the source elements that lead to its creationto its creation–– For RoundFor Round--trip developmenttrip development–– Incremental propagationIncremental propagation

Rules may be able to match elements based Rules may be able to match elements based on the trace without knowing the rules that on the trace without knowing the rules that created the trace created the trace

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RuleRuleRules are the units in which transformations Rules are the units in which transformations are definedare defined–– A rule is responsible for transforming a particular selection A rule is responsible for transforming a particular selection

of the source model to the corresponding target model of the source model to the corresponding target model elements.elements.


DeclarationDeclarationA declaration is a specification of a relation A declaration is a specification of a relation between elements in the LHS and RHS between elements in the LHS and RHS modelsmodels

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ImplementationImplementationAn implementation is an imperative An implementation is an imperative specification of how to create target model specification of how to create target model elements from source model elementselements from source model elements–– An implementation explicitly constructs elements in the An implementation explicitly constructs elements in the

target modeltarget model–– Implementations are typically directedImplementations are typically directed


MatchMatchA match occurs during the application of a A match occurs during the application of a transformation when elements from the LHS transformation when elements from the LHS and/or RHS model are identified as meeting and/or RHS model are identified as meeting the constraints defined by the declaration of the constraints defined by the declaration of a rulea rule–– A match triggers the creation (or update) of model A match triggers the creation (or update) of model

elements in the target modelelements in the target model

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IncrementalIncrementalA transformation is incremental if individual A transformation is incremental if individual changes in a source model can lead to changes in a source model can lead to execution of only those rules which match execution of only those rules which match the modified elementsthe modified elements


M2M: Relational ApproachesM2M: Relational ApproachesDeclarative, based on mathematical relationsDeclarative, based on mathematical relations–– Good balance between flexibility and declarative expressionGood balance between flexibility and declarative expression

ImplementableImplementable with logic programmingwith logic programming–– Mercury, FMercury, F--Logic programming languagesLogic programming languages–– Predicate to describe the relationsPredicate to describe the relations–– Unification basedUnification based--matching, search and backtrackingmatching, search and backtracking

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Example of logic programmingExample of logic programmingExcerpt of Mercury codeExcerpt of Mercury code


M2M : StructureM2M : Structure--Driven ApproachesDriven Approaches1st Phase1st Phase–– Creation of hierarchical structure of target modelCreation of hierarchical structure of target model2nd Phase2nd Phase–– Set the attributes and references in the targetSet the attributes and references in the target

Users provide the transformation rulesUsers provide the transformation rulesFramework determines the schedulingFramework determines the scheduling

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M2M : StructureM2M : Structure--Driven ApproachesDriven ApproachesPragmatic approaches developed in the Pragmatic approaches developed in the context of EJB and Databases schema context of EJB and Databases schema generation from UML modelsgeneration from UML modelsStrong support for 1Strong support for 1--toto--1 and 11 and 1--toto--n n correspondence between source and targetcorrespondence between source and targetUnclear how well these approaches can Unclear how well these approaches can support other kinds of applicationssupport other kinds of applications


M2M : Hybrid Approaches M2M : Hybrid Approaches -- othersothersAny combination of different techniquesAny combination of different techniques

Practical approaches are very likely to have Practical approaches are very likely to have the hybrid characterthe hybrid character

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Dedicated model transformation Dedicated model transformation tools: Conclusiontools: Conclusion

How many developers are familiar with the How many developers are familiar with the prologprolog--like style of rules writing?like style of rules writing?

Where is the advantage of a dedicated Where is the advantage of a dedicated explicit language vs. a general purpose explicit language vs. a general purpose language?language?

Hybrid Languages or transformation libraries Hybrid Languages or transformation libraries for general purpose languages…for general purpose languages…


5. Meta5. Meta--modeling toolsmodeling toolsBuildBuild (OO) (OO) ModelsModels ofof TransformationsTransformationsUse MDE to Use MDE to runrun themthem

Commercial Commercial toolstools::–– MetaEditMetaEdit++ fromfrom MetaCaseMetaCase–– XMFXMF--MosaicMosaic fromfrom XactiumXactium

OpenOpen--SourceSource–– KerMeta KerMeta fromfrom INRIA INRIA –– www.kermeta.orgwww.kermeta.org

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General schemeGeneral scheme

Design Decisions(OO patterns e.g.

template method…)

Pre-Design Decisions(OO frameworks)

Metamodels

ExecutableMeta-program

ModelMetamodels

MetamodelModel

Model

ModelModel

Model


““Programming style” IssuesProgramming style” IssuesThe transformation is simply the model of an The transformation is simply the model of an objectobject--oriented program that manipulates oriented program that manipulates model elementsmodel elements–– Navigation through model is first class though (like in OCL)Navigation through model is first class though (like in OCL)OO techniquesOO techniques–– Customizability through inheritance/Customizability through inheritance/dyndyn. binding. binding–– Pervasive use of Pervasive use of GoFGoF like Design Patternslike Design Patterns

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Defining the metamodelsDefining the metamodels

name: EString

Classifier

name: EString

Association

is_primary: EBooleanname: EString

Attribute

is_persistent: EBoolean

Class

PrimitiveDataType

ClassModel

type

1

classifier

*

dest1 src1

association

*

parent

0..1 name: EString

Table

FKey

name: EStringtype: EString

Column

RDBMSModel

pkey

1..*cols

1..*

fkeys

*

table1..*

cols1..*references1

Input metamodel Output metamodel


Visual / TextualVisual / Textual

package RDBMSMM;require kermetausing kermeta::standardclass Table{

attribute name : Stringattribute cols : Column[1..*]reference pkey : Column[1..*]attribute fkeys : FKey[0..*]

}class FKey{

reference references : Tablereference cols : Column[1..*]

}class Column{

attribute name : Stringattribute type : String

}class RDBMSModel{

attribute table : Table[1..*]}

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UML2RDBMS template methodUML2RDBMS template methodCreate tablesCreate tables–– Tables are created from classes marked as persistent in the inpuTables are created from classes marked as persistent in the input t

modelmodelCreate columnsCreate columns–– For each persistent class process all attributes and outgoing For each persistent class process all attributes and outgoing

associations to create corresponding columns. The foreign keys aassociations to create corresponding columns. The foreign keys are re created but the created but the cols cols property cannot be filled and the corresponding property cannot be filled and the corresponding columns cannot be created because primary keys of columns cannot be created because primary keys of referencesreferences table table cannot be known before it has been processed.cannot be known before it has been processed.

Update foreignUpdate foreign--keyskeys–– The foreignThe foreign--key columns are created in the table that contains the key columns are created in the table that contains the

foreignforeign--key and the property key and the property cols cols of foreignof foreign--keys is updated.keys is updated.

=> Handle details/variability into subclasses


package Class2RDBMS;require kermeta // The kermerta standard libraryrequire "trace.kmt // The trace frameworkrequire "../metamodels/ClassMM.ecore" // Input metamodel in ecorerequire "../metamodels/RDBMSMM.kmt“ // Output metamodel in kermeta[...]class Class2RDBMS {

/** The trace of the transformation */reference class2table : Trace<Class, Table>

/** Set of keys of the output model */reference fkeys : Collection<FKey>

[…]

Writing the transformationWriting the transformation

Loading ECore andKermeta metamodels

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operation transform(inputModel : ClassModel) : RDBMSModel is do// Initialize the traceclass2table := Trace<Class, Table>.newclass2table.createfkeys := Set<FKey>.newresult := RDBMSModel.new// Create tablesgetAllClasses(inputModel).select{ c | c.is_persistent }.each{ c |

var table : Table init Table.newtable.name := c.nameclass2table.storeTrace(c, table)result.table.add(table)

}// Create columnsgetAllClasses(inputModel).select{ c | c.is_persistent }.each{ c |

createColumns(class2table.getTargetElem(c), c, "")}// Create foreign keysfkeys.each{ k | k.createFKeyColumns }

Create Tables

Create Columns

Update Foreign Keys

Trace Initialization


Getting the input modelGetting the input model

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Executing the transformationExecuting the transformation


Generated output modelGenerated output model

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ObjectObject--orientationorientationClasses and relations, multiple inheritance, Classes and relations, multiple inheritance, late binding, static typing, class late binding, static typing, class genericitygenericity, , exception, typed function objects exception, typed function objects OO techniques such as patterns, may be OO techniques such as patterns, may be applied to model transformationsapplied to model transformations–– Template method as aboveTemplate method as above–– Command, undoCommand, undo--redoredo

»» Refactorings exampleRefactorings exampleabstract class RefactoringCommand{

operation check() : Boolean is abstractoperation transform() : Void is abstractoperation revert() : Void is abstract

}


CompositionComposition of transformationsof transformationsPackages, classes, operations and methods, Packages, classes, operations and methods, inheritance and late bindings inheritance and late bindings Rule Rule recursivityrecursivity is handled by function is handled by function recursivityrecursivity

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Robustness and error handlingRobustness and error handlingKermeta is statically typed, and the code can Kermeta is statically typed, and the code can be fully checked for correctness at be fully checked for correctness at compilation time. compilation time. For unexpected behavior at runtime, the For unexpected behavior at runtime, the language provides exception handling. language provides exception handling.


Design variations, libraries vs. Design variations, libraries vs. DSLsDSLsA final design reflects a set of tradeoffs A final design reflects a set of tradeoffs made by the developermade by the developerThe variation of the designs may be more or The variation of the designs may be more or less constraint by the amount of preless constraint by the amount of pre--design design and reuse provided by the language and reuse provided by the language environmentenvironment

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Software Engineering ConcernsSoftware Engineering ConcernsModularity in the small and the large Modularity in the small and the large –– classes & packagesclasses & packagesReliabilityReliability–– static typing, typed function objects and exception handling static typing, typed function objects and exception handling Extensibility and reuse Extensibility and reuse –– inheritance, late binding and inheritance, late binding and genericitygenericityV & VV & V–– test casestest cases


ConclusionConclusionTransformations are AssetsTransformations are Assets–– apply sound SE principles: apply sound SE principles: Modeling!Modeling!

»» from requirements, analysis, design, to implementation, V&V, from requirements, analysis, design, to implementation, V&V, and Configuration Managementand Configuration Management

Developing Model Transformations inDeveloping Model Transformations in--thethe--large is large is not different from developing softwarenot different from developing software–– Unclear Requirements, Bugs, Unclear Requirements, Bugs, –– Learning Curve (yet another language)Learning Curve (yet another language)

A specific language does not help much to A specific language does not help much to address these generic SE issuesaddress these generic SE issues–– Rely on proven techniques: OO languages, patterns, frameworksRely on proven techniques: OO languages, patterns, frameworks

Model-Driven Approach to Model Transformation

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