MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI-HOP ROUTING IN WIRELESS

SENSOR NETWORKS BY USING MATLAB

ALI ABDULKHALEQ KHUDHUR

A Master’s Project Report submitted in partial

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

Degree of Master of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

JANUARY 2002

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Dedicated with love to my father for always caring and supporting and to my mother

for her inexhaustible and selfless joy.

DEDICATION

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Foremost, I give thanks to Allah, The most gracious, and most merciful for providing

me this opportunity and granting me the strength and determination to complete my

master's program. I would like to thank my supervisor, DR. SAIZALMURSIDI BIN

MD MUSTAM for the patience, guidance, encouragement, and advice he has provided

throughout my study. His guidance helped me in all the time of my program and

writing of this report.

To my lovely mother and my amazing father, the word alone cannot express

my appreciation to you. I am indebted to all the lecturers that taught me.

I would like to thank all my friends and course-mate from different countries

for providing a stimulating and fun environment in which to learn and grow.

Completing this work would have been more difficult if not for the supports and

friendship provided by my family members and friends. Limited spaces failed me to

mention an individual’s name here. I am indebted to them for their help. Finally, I

would like to thank the Iraqi government for granting me permission to study in

Malaysia. Thanks so much. PTTAPERP

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ABSTRACT

Due to the limited energy and the non-equivalence of wireless sensor network nodes,

it is imperative to reduce and rationally use the energy consumption of the nodes to

prolong the network lifetime. In this project, a random multi-hop routing approach for

wireless sensor networks was modeled and simulated. In order to minimize energy

consumption and improve the network lifetime, the simulated protocol depends on the

selection of specific sensor nodes to be cluster header for the wireless sensor nodes

which receive the packets from other normal sensor nodes randomly and then send it

to a base station or Sink. This project classifies the network into two sizes, large size

and small size and does compression between both networks when applying this

protocol in order to assist the improvement of these networks. Simulation results

showed improvement when the network size is changed from a large size to a small

size. The lifetime is improved by about 76% that means the number of the round is

increased from 80 -333, as well as the end to end delay, is improved around 30% from

180 ns – 280 ns to 100 ns – 170 ns. While for throughput, it is improved 85% from

5x106 bits to 2.5x107 bits. The packet loss also showed the improvement from 12000

to 2500 which means the improvement is about 20.83%. Lastly, the residual energy is

improved by 73% approximately 3200 s (1200 s ~ 4400).

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ABSTRAK

Disebabkan oleh limitasi tenaga dan pengesan nod rangkaian tanpa wayar tidak setara,

adalah amat penting untuk mengurangkan penggunaaan tenaga di nod bagi menambah

jangka hayat rangkaian. Dalam projek ini, penghalaan pelbagai-sambutan secara

rawak telah dimodel dan disimulasi. Untuk mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga dan

menambahbaik jangka hayat rangkaian cadangan protokol yang disimulasi adalah

bergantung kepada pemilihan pengesan nod tertentu sebagai cluster header untuk

pengesan nod tanpa wayar yang menerima paket daripada pengesan nod yang normal

yang lain dan kemudian menghantar semula ke stesen pangkalan atau sink. Di dalam

projek ini rangkaian diklasifikasi kepada dua jenis saiz rangkaian iaitu saiz besar dan

saiz kecil dan perbandingan dibuat antara kedua-dua jenis rangkaian. Dengan

mengadaptasi protokol ini, penambahbaikan rangkaian dapat dinilai. Melalui dapatan

simulasi, ia menunjukan peningkatan apabila perubahan dibuat terhadap saiz

rangkaian dari saiz besar ke saiz kecil. Jangka hayat meningkat sebanyak 76%, ini

bermakna kitaran bertambah daripada 80 kitaran ke 333 kitaran. Sama juga dengan

lengah hujung ke hujung meningkat sebanyak 30% dari 100n saat ke 180n saat.

Manakala untuk penghantaran pula, peningkatan ialah 85% iaitu dari 5x106 bit ke

2.5x107 bit. Kehilangan paket, juga menunjukan peningkatan dari 12000 ke 2500

bermaksud peningkatan adalah sebanyak 20.83%. Akhir sekali, baki tenaga meningkat

sebanyak 73% anggaran 3200s (1200 s ~ 4400 s).

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS xii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

CHAPTER 1 1

1.1 Background of study 1

1.2 Problem statement 2

1.3 Objectives of the study 3

1.4 Scope of the project 3

1.5 Significance of the study 3

1.6 Report outline 4

CHAPTER 2 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Literature review 5

2.3 Wireless Sensor Networks (WNSs) 5

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2.3.1 Drawbacks of WSNs 6

2.3.2 Wireless sensor networks pattern 6

2.4 Routing in WSNs 7

2.4.1 Objective of WSNs 8

2.4.2 Modelling of multi-hop IEEE 802.15.4

networks 8

2.4.3 Relation of multi-hop routing protocol

performance in wireless sensor network and

simulation of energy 9

2.5 Requests of multi-channel direction protocols for

WSN 10

2.5.1 Tragedy organization 11

2.5.2 Conflict / Shadowing processes 11

2.5.3 Manufacturing investigation 12

2.5.4 Touching occurrence tracing 12

2.5.5 Mediums cars involved statement 13

2.6 Review of the previous related works 14

2.7 Summary and concluding remarks 14

CHAPTER 3 16

3.1 Introduction 16

3.2 Block diagram of the WSN system 16

3.3 Flow chart of the project activities 17

3.3.1 Study random multi-hop routing parameters 18

3.3.2 Study WSN parameters 19

3.3.3 Combination multi-hop with WSN

connectivity 19

3.3.4 Modeling of WSN by using MATLAB 19

3.3.5 Simulate and analyze the results 19

3.4 Performance parameters 20

3.5 Chapter summary 21

CHAPTER 4 22

4.1 Introduction 22

4.2 Simulation analysis 22

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4.3 Chapter summary 31

CHAPTER 5 32

5.1 Conclusions 32

5.2 Recommendations 32

REFERENCES 34

APPENDIX A 38

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LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Literature review 14

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LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Example of a streetlight system with WSN 2

2.1 Components of wireless sensor network 7

2.2 Applications of multichannel routing in WSNs 13

3.1 Block diagram of the WSN system process 17

3.2 Flow chart of the project activities 18

4.1 Large size of network 23

4.2 Small size of network 23

4.3 End to end delay for large network 25

4.4 End to end delay for small network 25

4.5 Packet loss of data transmission in a large network 26

4.6 Packet loss of data transmission in a small network 26

4.7 Throughput for large network 28

4.8 Throughput for small network 28

4.9 Lifetime of sensor nodes for large network 29

4.10 Lifetime of sensor node for small network 29

4.11 Residual energy for large network 30

4.12 Residual energy for small network 30

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

ASGRP - Annulus Sector Grid Aided Routing Protocol

BS - Base Station

CH - Cluster Head

CM - Communication Manager

CAMP - Cluster Aided Multi-Path Routing Protocol

EEBCDA - Energy Efficient and Balanced Cluster-Based

Data Aggregation

EEMRP - Energy Efficient Multi-Path Routing Protocol

MATLAB - Matrix Laboratory

WSNs - Wireless Sensor Networks

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Coding of random multi-hop routing for

wireless sensor network 38

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1CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) usually have a huge number of sensor nodes. It

requires more energy especially in positioning the sensor nodes in a wild environment.

Normally, the batteries of each sensor node are difficult to be recharged or replaced

[1]. Consequently, the maximum network lifetime based on the energy-efficient

routing protocols should be developed.

In [1], the energy efficiency in WSNs has improved by using the annulus sector

grid aided routing protocol (ASGRP). ASGRP is also recommended to prolong the life

of the network. In the grid clustering method based on arithmetic progression, the

network area is divided into clusters with various sizes and equal distance. In addition,

an inter-level multi-hop routing algorithm was proposed to improve the energy

efficiency of data transmission between the base station (BS) and cluster head (CH)

nodes [1]. Simulation results showed that by comparing with multi-hop energy-

efficient and balanced cluster-based data aggregation (EEBCDA), energy-efficient

multipath routing protocol (EEMRP) and cluster aided multi-path routing protocol

(CAMP), ASGRP prolongs the network lifetime by 24.36 % -70.68 % in the 200 m x

200 m of network area, and 25.47 % - 90.34 % in the 400 m x 400 m of network area.

Normally, a wireless communication system is used for different applications,

such as fire detection, analysis of soil and weather forecasting for the observations [2].

The advancement of WSNs technologies has enabled the applications to support smart

cities and the Internet of things in order to improve the citizens' welfare and lifestyle

[3, 4]. For example, WSNs are used to decrease energy consumption in the streetlight

system [4] as shown in Figure 1.1. The pole attached to a sensor of streetlight systems

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can reduce the waste of energy by detecting the existence of pedestrians to light up the

streetlight. Therefore, the new protocol is important to improve energy consumption

by each sensor node and prolong the network lifetime.

Figure 1.1: Example of a streetlight system with WSN [4].

1.2 Problem statement

In WSNs, the region consists of a collection of several sensor nodes. In this region, BS

or sink receives the data from the sensor node which is about the event and the physical

phenomena. Each node has a limited range and battery lifetime. When the sensors'

batteries die, it is impossible to change or recharge it. Because of that, the power is

limited and the consumption of energy is an effective challenge in the network [5, 6].

So, it is important to investigate and solve the energy consumption of the sensors node

issues that make the lifetime of the network too short, as well as, the large size of the

network affects relatively with the energy consumption of each node in the network,

which leads to a decrease in the network life gradually [7]. Therefore, this project was

proposed to simulate the WSN system to evaluate the important parameters in order to

improve the network lifetime and decrease the energy consumed by the sensor nodes.

It is expected that the findings from this simulation study can be used to assess the

network improvement when the size of the network is changed.

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1.3 Objectives of the study

The objectives of the project are as follows:

(i) To model the WSNs using MATLAB codes simulation environment.

(ii) To simulate a random multi-hop routing protocol in WSNs using MATLAB

simulation.

(iii) To assess the end to end delay, throughput, packet loss, lifetime, and residual

energy when the network size is modified.

1.4 Scope of the project

The proposed simulation study is limited by several parameters as follows:

(i) Software simulation and coding development were modeled using MATLAB

code covering the following tasks:

a. Set the right parameter within the MATLAB simulation environment,

b. Calculate the key variables to start the engine simulation,

c. Develop the code variables to establish the main framework,

d. Run the real-time simulation,

e. Record the output data and collect the related findings that could

pinpoint the analysis of multi-hop routing for WSNs using MATLAB

capabilities.

(ii) The size of the modeled network is classified into two sizes, which are large

size (100 m x 100 m) and small size (50 m x 50 m).

(iii) The number of sensor nodes for both network sizes is set to be 200 nodes.

1.5 Significance of the study

The significance of this project is it will open the gate for novel experimental study by

simulation modeling and analysis of routing strategies of multi-hop routing in WSN

using MATLAB before the implementation in the real environments.

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1.6 Report outline

This report consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 presents the introduction covering the

background of the study, objectives to conduct the project, scope of the project and the

significance of the study. While Chapter 2 discusses the literature review and the

theories about the multi-hop. It is also reviews of the previous related projects is also

presented in this chapter. The methodology of the project covering the flow of the

whole project which consisting of research design and research structure are explained

in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents the discussion of the finding of the project. Finally,

conclusion and recommendation are concluded and explained in Chapter 5.

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2CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a literature review of the proposed project. It starts with the

history of WSN, then proceeds with the discussion on the most related research work

on multi-hop communications. In addition, a review of the previous related works is

also presented in this chapter.

2.2 Literature review

This section contain of four sections, first section includes a review for wireless sensor

networks as well as the benefits and disadvantages of those networks. Second section

will deal with the multi-hop routing protocol and its link with wireless networks, in

addition to the relationship between it and energy consumption. Third section will

explain some of the WSNs applications. Finally, the last section represents previous

work related to this project.

2.3 Wireless Sensor Networks (WNSs)

WSN is stand for wireless sensor networks which consists of densely distributed nodes

that support sensing, signal processing, embedded computing, and wireless

connectivity; sensors are logically linked by self-organizing means [4]. It’s like

transferring device which collect the information to send it to base station to analyse

it each node has a limited range and battery lifetime. When the sensors' batteries die,

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it is impossible to change or recharge it. Because of that, the power is limited and the

consumption of energy is an effective challenge in the network.

Application of WSN consist for many things such as, tracking, monitoring or

controlling. Some of advantage to WSN offer as following:

(iv) Environmental Monitoring: watershed management, forest fire prediction or

irrigation management. It helps to preserve and maintain the natural resources.

(v) Industrial Monitoring and Structural Health: Detecting of machines

malfunction. It Reduces repair cost and prevents major failure

(vi) Monitoring of Civil Structure: monitoring of large civilian buildings, such as

the high buildings or bridges to avoid human disasters.

(vii) Medical care: It allows doctors to access and control sensitive places remotely

to facilitate their medical work.

2.3.1 Drawbacks of WSNs

Despite the many benefits of the WSN in many applications, there are problems that

affect the network and the design of devices. Some problems affecting show as

following:

(i) Power consumption: Energy consumption directly affects the life time of the

network, which makes it short, and this means that the life time of the sensors

nodes is limited, Which can be solved by creating an appropriate protocol that

reduces energy consumption.

(ii) Self-configuration capability: this issue can be solved by choosing the

appropriate protocol that will be implemented within the network.

2.3.2 Wireless sensor networks pattern

WSNs has limited resources compared to ad-hoc networks, therefor it is deployed

densely, they are prone to failures, The amount of nodes required in WSN is higher

than the ad-hoc network. The topology used in this network is variable, not fixed.

Finally sensor nodes don’t have a global identification. The main components of the

WSN are:

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(i) Sensor Field: The sensor field can be represented as the area in which the

sensor nodes are placed and it range varies depending on the number of nodes

used in the network.

(ii) Sink: the sink can be represented as a station for receiving, processing and

storing data sent by sensor nodes. The sink reduces the total energy

requirements of the network by reducing the total number of messages that

must be sent.

(iii) Task Manager: The task manager also known as base station is an access point

for the human interface and centre for processing and storing information and

it also represents a communication portal with other networks. The base station

is either a workstation or computer. As show in figure 2.1.

2.4 Routing in WSNs

The appropriate routing method in wireless sensor networks varies from network to

another depending on how required to transmit the data. Due to the difference in the

routing method there will be differences in results from network to another. The most

important thing before designing the routing protocol in the wireless sensor network

is to know the distance that separates the sensor nodes in the same network and base

station distance from those sensors. For the success of the routing process in

transferring data it is advisable to choose some of the sensor nodes in the network to

Figure 2.1: Components of Wireless Sensor Networks [1] PTTAPERP

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be a main sensor nodes which is called as well CH nodes that receives information

from the other normal sensor nodes and then send it to base station.

2.4.1 Objective of WSNs

Basically, only some of the sensor network applications require the successful delivery

of data between the source and destination. However, the more interest there is

complaints. This along with the demands of real-time news delivery the maximization

of the life of the networks.

Non-real-time message delivery: One of the most important things in a wireless

sensor network the time it takes to send and receive information. Some applications

require that the message be delivered within a specified time period, otherwise the

message becomes useless, therefor the protocols which uses in the network should be

carefully selected to ensure that information is sent and received in a timely manner,

in addition to reducing information loss during the transferring process in order to be

an integrated and high-performance network to serve users.

Network lifetime: the life time of the wireless sensor networks is important because

of that, the power is limited and the consumption of energy is an effective challenge

in the network. So, it is important to investigate and solve the energy consumption of

the sensors node issues that make the lifetime of the network too short. Therefore,

appropriate protocols should be designed to reduce the energy consumption and

increase the network life.

2.4.2 Modelling of multi-hop IEEE 802.15.4 networks

As a channel wireless sensor size IEEE 803.15.4 is develop it is significant to

understand the performance of multi-hop communication. The analytical research has

provided IEEE 802.15.4 a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is unreliable

because the measurement is based on assumption such as traffic and homogenous

traffic and ideal carrier sensing. Based on the analysis held by the researchers, a new

analysis based on unslotted IEEE 802.15.4 MAC has made. Due to multi-hop and

different traffic generation pattern has been consider[9].

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The monitoring and a broad range of construction management, environmental

monitoring, sensor networks, intelligent networks is done by using multi-hop routing

information applications of the network service[10]. A star network of IEEE 802.15.4

is observed however there is no clear understanding of performance through multi-hop

networks. For a single-hop network, documents, literature, saturated or unsaturated,

acknowledgments retransmissions and IEEE 802.15.4 have to capture the behavior of

the MAC, the proposed models [11-14]. The true test-bed experiment to be valid

according to the Markov chain modelling and Bianchi shoots[15-16]. However, all

these contributions, both saturated and unsaturated conditions, is expected to be

homogeneous. The major limitation is listed as follow:

(i) Single-hop networks, nodes, and they showed a variety of services may be

allowed as a result of various generation rates.

(ii) In multi-hop networks, depending on routing, the traffic load on the roads. In

some networks, little more than the intersection with the ways of routing nodes,

and packages may be subject to the delivery of international traffic. These

nodes in a way that, regardless of the number of packages, that is not

homogeneous.

(iii) Adopted by the hidden terminals and the network, nodes, and each node, traffic

will be, if any. Some of these nodes and other nodes in programs related to the

perception that it is impossible. [17-18].

The researcher proved that the mutual influence between routing decisions and

MAC performance in terms of reliability, delay, and load balancing. According to the

finding result also display the effectiveness of their projected model in capturing the

interaction between IEEE 802.15.4 MAC performances and routing decisions [8].

2.4.3 Relation of multi-hop routing protocol performance in wireless sensor

network and simulation of energy

Due to the challenge occur in communication system the low energy adaptive

clustering hierarchy (LEACH) and minimum transmission energy (MTE) is combined

as a cluster approach. The multi-hop is used in instead of direct communication in

cluster filed. Based on the researcher by using the multi-hop it is significant to improve

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the life span of the the communication system and to provide better performance for

wireless sensor network [19].

The hybrid approach between LEACH and MTE were improve the energy

consumption and prolong the lifetime of the network sensor as simulated in the

research finding [19]. The LEACH allow the sensor node to optimise the transmission

energy, even in the large distance when transmission energy is dominant.

2.5 Requests of multi-channel direction protocols for WSN

Normally, WSNs communication channel used for doing the connection with the two-

hop neighbors, then the node may suffer from the contact impedance. Thus, high

possibility the loss of information or delay information (overflow) for the temporary

storage of packets of information from (local)may happen [20]. Similarly, the channel

of the day, and the attenuation and distortion or jamming of the absence of sufficient

quality, as well as the loss of data, it may lead to interference caused by

retransmissions. Therefore, the performance of the network and can be compromised.

WSNs routing channel is expected, for example, is shown in Figure 2.5 [20]. The

multichannel approach is an effective alternative way to solve the problem issue such

as data latency, data loss, and retransmission in single-channel WSNs. It may be

permitted the sensor node to use the channel to communicate not only with the

neighbourhood but also will provide quality for data communication as much as is

needed [20].

To overcome the degradation of the quality channel, routing protocol

multichannel may use a mechanism such as a channel hopping (may be permitted

sensor node to change dynamically to a quality alternative channel) or estimate the

stability and the channel quality[21-22]. With this method, not only the losses or data

latency can be avoided, but also trustworthiness and throughput will provide the high

performance in WSN.

Even though the multichannel can be seen as costly and complexity for WSN

but the advantages that offer by WSN such as high performance and security in

communication is worth it more that the cost and the complexity. The application of

in this routing multichannel protocol in WSN can be classify as the following

categories:

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2.5.1 Tragedy organization

Normal disasters such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are natural and nature

gradually. Their consequences in the form of hurricanes and severe aftershocks may

undermine the overall effort [23]. The disaster also may impact the structure of

buildings,roads, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) [23], as well as

the traffic could increase by many times can lead to catastrophes. This incident cause

the tightness of the technologies and lead to inconvenience capacity to provide heavy

traffic load, it may suffer from congestion and conflict. Therefore, a technology to

ensure a minimum capacity of disaster-stricken areas to help with rescue is very

important.

About the consequences of these pending disaster-stricken inhabitants of the

region will help to pre-emptively, and thus helps to ensure their lives. Like ordinary

WSNs, Multichannel Wireless Sensor Networks (MWSNs) ICT pectoral placement to

enhance the capacity and features of a fault-tolerant, self-organization can be a

combination of nature, and therefore they are a good candidate disaster-stricken area.

The multichannel sensor node can fall at the affected area caused by a disaster

using the aerial vehicle. Since WSNs cognitive can work on both channel primary and

secondary, it will provide primary infrastructure ICT at the destroyed area if it is half

damage. With this method, MWSN able to help to spread the information and rescue

activities.

2.5.2 Conflict / Shadowing processes

With advanced technology, the Opportunistic Routing (OR) is created.

Security is a big concern [24]. Therefore, it is too risky for military use on the

battlefield. One alternative solution increases the reliability is to provide a dynamic

mechanism such as multihop and estimate the stability and quality channel. Through

this method, it will prevent the hacker from braking the communication system.

Thus, the required high performance and efficiency can be provided. For

example, the EM-MAC [21] and LEMR-Channel [25], the dynamic channel allocation

with the use of hand-channel protocols are available to cope with everything.

Similarly, the internal number-NEAMCBTC [26] The attacks, and everything is good

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MWSNs stream-based communication tool. Similarly, MMOCR [26] with a hybrid

method of selecting a channel among the available channels to find the best possible

solution, co-channel interference, interference - on the basis of the dimension based

on the use of force, one-channel or protocol (CIS).

2.5.3 Manufacturing investigation

In industrial development, the scalar / route data to the control room of the sensor

nodes and the central entity or to the latest information is very important in WSNs

application. Oil / gas extraction plants and mining exploration sites in challenging

terrain, so because of the industrial equipment and the environment may suffer from

exposure to mechanical influences.

This reduction may lead to redefine the network may degrade the performance

of wireless signals. Multi-channel WSNs, providing a more flexible solution to this

problem as well as a lower quality of health care and to avoid the channels, which may

enable the sensor nodes. However, there is no longer advocated by the wireless signals

on the central side of the channels may provide an economical information.

2.5.4 Touching occurrence tracing

To ensure the safety of people's life and property, and if it becomes uncontrolled and

violence, mass move may lead to a level not observed phenomena is important for the

government. Scroll phenomena are important examples to control the fire and the

water flows out. In this regard, the multi-channel sensor networks are special channels

that can adjust the script themselves on fire in air transport in the region may be

measured in accordance with the external temperature range.

After that, the channel proximate sensor nodes through the observation of

treatment may combine the information received from the sensor nodes and feel a part

of the cluster is able to refuse. After that, the channel head of the Higher Management

Bathroom node cluster data. Changes in the temperature of each region, then moving

fire in a Geographic region is clear. As a result, the sensor nodes to move to move to

the same picture of the sampling rate increase. Temperature should be stabilized, and

then the sampling rate also decreased [27].

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