modeling complex interactions of overlapping river and road networks in a changing landscape umbc...
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Modeling Complex Interactions of Overlapping River and Road
Networks in a Changing Landscape
UMBC February 20, 2004
Programmatic overview
Structure and Hypothesis
Preliminary findings
Challenge for modern science
• Integrate different disciplines– DNA, Plate tectonics, Mass extinction's
• Promote advances in modern technology– Data acquisition and information
• Remote sensing, DNA….
– Information management• Public access to data, monitoring, 5 year rule
• Public relevance – Pure vs applied science– Education, increasing science literacy
NSF’s Solution RFP’s for Integrated Research Proposals
• Multi-year, multidisciplinary research teams with outreach and education component– LTER, Margins, EMSI
• Biocomplexity– Beyond biodiversity; interactions – Complex biological interactions over range of spatial
and temporal scales
• Advantages and disadvantages to approach– Expectations vs. resources– Integrated research vs. “old boy network”
Successful Biocomplexity proposals must
• Address the inherent complexity and highly coupled nature of relevant natural and human systems as well as their interactions
• Describe plans for the work of interdisciplinary teams from the natural, social, mathematical sciences, engineering, and education – Whose coordinated work will enhance
theoretical understanding
Evaluation Criteria • Strength of the collaborations planned and degree
of interdisciplinary UPENN, CSU, USU, UGA, UPR
• Effectiveness of the group organization and management plan 4 year work plan, previous interactions
• Value to education in these topical areas;– Graduate and undergraduate students in 5 Universities
• Strength of the dissemination plans– Workshops with high-school teachers, managers
• Extent, effectiveness, and long-term potential of collaborations with industries, national laboratories….USDA Forest Service, Commonwealth of PR
Modeling Complex Interactions of Overlapping River and Road Networks in a
Changing Landscape
Three overlapping networks
Rivers, Roads, Aquatic food webs
Major response variables
Channel Morphology, Recreation & Aquatic populations
Modeling Complex Interactions of Overlapping River and Road Networks in a Changing Landscape
Overall GoalDevelop set of integrated models than can predict
what happens if a road is built at a specific location
Geomorphic changes Recreation changes
Biotic changes
Modeling Complex Interactions of Overlapping River and Road Networks in a Changing Landscape
• Complexity is greatest at intersections – Aquatic diversity, channel and habitat structure, recreational use
• Energy minimization (is not everything)– Stream channel network: Ramirez, Wohl, Scatena– Road networks; energy or history: Tomlin, Gutiérrez– Aquatic migrations: Covich, Crowl, Scatena– Recreation use; travel cost; Loomis, Caban
• Underlying template– Structure, process and time– Scale dependence
Island of many rivers
Study area
Luquillo Mountains, NE Puerto Rico
Road density, km/km2
km a
ll ro
ad
s/km
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Island of many roads
All roads
Roads per capitaKm roads/1000 people
km a
ll ro
ad
s/1
00
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
More people using the same roads
Influence of public transport
Road Density of US States' km/km2km
/km
2
0
2
4
6
8
PR Top 5 in USRhode IslandNew JerseyMassachusettsConnecticutPuerto Rico
MD is 6th, 4.25km./km2
Why large breaks in distribution?
Road Density of US States' km/1000 people
PR MD USA ND
km/1
000
peo
ple
0
100
200
300
400
500
Lowest 5Hawaii
Puerto RicoNew JerseyCalifornia
Massachusetts
Maryland = 7thMaryland is 7th
–Subtropical Dry (1200 mm/yr) to Wet (5000 mm/yr)
–Intense population pressure;
–Highest visitor/area of National Forests
Rio Fajardo
Rio Espiritu Santo Rio Mameyes
Three study watershed Develop models in 2 Test in third
Elevation Climate, geology, landownership
Nodes Order of road Order of stream
Road Order Highway Two lane One-lane Dirt
Sampling at, above & below nodes Aquatic, Recreation, Geomorphologic
Sample Design
How to define area of node?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
P
S
T
C4
12
34
Nu
mb
er o
f N
od
es
River Order
Stream Order – Road Order - # nodes
Second order streams & Second and Tertiary Roads
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
P
S
T
C4
12
34
Ha/
No
des
Roa
d O
rder
River Order
River order - Road order - drainage area/node
3rd Order streams and Secondary and Tertiary Roads
Climate TopoDem
LanduseUPR
UrbanCenters
Stream NetworkRamirez, Wohl
Scatena
Road NetworkTomlin, Laituri
StreamHabitatScatenaCrowl Visitor
LoomisUPR
AquaticsCrowlCovich
Recreation/human behavior models• Human visitation; amount and type
– F (road type, travel time, channel morphology)– Travel costs and scale issues;
• Method– Visitor use surveys, channel surveys
• Previous WTP studies– Picnic, family access, swimming and age, – channel structure vs recreation potential ??
• Policy Implications– Where to promote and limit recreation
Climate TopoDem
LanduseUPR
UrbanCenters
Stream NetworkRamirez, Wohl
Scatena
Road NetworkTomlin, Laituri
StreamHabitatScatenaCrowl Visitor
LoomisUPR
AquaticsCrowlCovich
History and energy
Legend
Drains2
Streams
Feature Type
APPARENT LIMIT
CLOSURE LINE
DAM OR WEIR
DITCH OR CANAL
LEFT BANK
MANMADE SHORELINE
REEF
RIGHT BANK
SHORELINE
STREAM
Drains2 is the Project-Derived Stream coverage. Streams is the USGS hydrography coverage.
Apparent limits, closure lines, dam or weir, left bank, manmade shorelines, reefs, right banks and natural shorelines were removed to create drains2. River centerlines were manually digitized to replace the left bank and right bank features. ®
0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.750.125 Miles
0.3 0 0.3 0.6 0.90.15 Kilometers
1:25,179
Scale
Rio Espiritu Santo
Rio Fajardo
Rio Mameyes
Urbanizations
IndustrialParks
Overall pattern since
Pre-Columbian and Colonial times
Climate TopoDem
LanduseUPR
UrbanCenters
Stream NetworkRamirez, Wohl
Scatena
Road NetworkTomlin, Laituri
StreamHabitatScatenaCrowl Visitor
LoomisUPR
AquaticsCrowlCovich
Population structure = f(network location, reach morphology, visitors)
Life Cycle of Freshwater Snail Life Cycle of Freshwater Snail (Neritidae: Neritinae: Gastropoda)(Neritidae: Neritinae: Gastropoda)
Headwaters
Ocean
Newly hatched larva
AdultJuvenile
Spat
Planktotrophic larva
Neritina virgineaNeritina virginea
1 day downstream migration
6+ years upstream migration
Blanco and Scatena, in review
Main channelof bridge
1000’s ofmigrating
snails
1 m
3 cm1 cm
SideChannel
Cooperationvs
Predation
Main Reach Higher velocities Turbulent, Fr > 1 Lower fish predators/area Smaller snails migrate in side boundary layer Side Reach, high flow channel Lower velocities Less turbulent, Fr <1 Higher fish predator/area Larges snails migrate
Velocity and predationinfluence
Main channelof bridge
1000’s ofmigrating
snails
Ugly concrete maybe good!
Velocity & channel margin
habitat are critical
Food web componentabsolute and relative abundance of aquatic
organisms (shrimp, fish, snails)H1: In headwater streams social factors (visitation,
harvests) are better predictors of food web structure than habitat; (bedrock vs people)
H2: Lower elevation streams, physical factors are better predictors…(alluvial channel vs recreational quality)
MethodSampling at study nodes..
Developing habitat abundance relationships
Freshwater shrimp
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.450
5
10
15
20
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
Ind
ivid
ual
s o
bse
rved
0
40
80
120
160
Atya – Daytime 47 individuals
Atya – Nightime353 individuals
Abundance vs depth
Policy implications
Relative role of recreation vs. land-use
• Swimming vs harvesting
• Downstream barriers to migration vs reach level impacts
Climate TopoDem
LanduseUPR
UrbanCenters
Stream NetworkRamirez, Wohl
Scatena
Road NetworkTomlin, Laituri
StreamHabitatScatenaCrowl Visitor
LoomisUPR
AquaticsCrowlCovich
Habitat = f(network location, bridge influences, type of use)Shrimp, People, and Roads seek low energy environments; deep pools
Stream Habitat Morphology• Habitat-Visitor
– Controls local reach section for type of recreation
• Habitat-channel network– Network energy gradients vs local habitat abundance– Bedrock vs self adjusting channels
• Road network-aquatic habitat– Local habitat changes, bridge scour
Methods Channel cross-sections; hydraulic analysis (Pike) DEM Energy based modeling (Ramirez)
Scatena and Johnson, 2001
Head water stream morphology and shrimp biomassIndividual pool scale
Swimming pool size vs shrimp pool size
Shrimp Biomass vs Pool depthTwo headwater streams
Human recreation preference; pool depth > 1 meterSwimming may not have influence on abundance
Harvesting will….
Reach-scalevariability in habitat
abundance
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Drainage area vs Channel slope
0 10 20 30 40
Slo
pe
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
FFFBBBD FFBDF
BDBD
BD
BD
BBDB
BD
BD
F
B
BDBDBD
B
BD
BB
BDBDBBDBDBBD
F
FRR
RR RR
R
PP PP
P
PPPPP FFFF
Majority of recreation at mid elevation, moderate slopesBalance between water quality, abundance, slope, access
Longitudinal continuum vs geomorphic discontinuities
Mameyes
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Distance from Headwaters (m)
Ele
vati
on
Sabana
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
0.00 2000.00 4000.00 6000.00 8000.00 10000.00 12000.00 14000.00
Distance from Headwaters (m)
Ele
vati
on
Longitudinal Profiles Pike, in progress
Knick pointSt. Johns Peneplain
Fish barrier
Knick pointSt. Johns Peneplain
???
Mameyes
0
50000000
100000000
150000000
200000000
250000000
300000000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Distance from Headwaters (m)
Str
eam
Po
wer
Ind
ex
(Slo
pe *
To
tal
Ru
no
ff)
Sabana
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
160000000
180000000
0.00 2000.00 4000.00 6000.00 8000.00 10000.00 12000.00 14000.00
Distance from Headwaters (m)
Str
eam
Po
wer
Ind
ex
(Slo
pe *
To
tal
Ru
no
ff)
“Stream Power” ~ slope*total runoff
Water slides
Family recreation
Mameyes
0
50000000
100000000
150000000
200000000
250000000
300000000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Distance from Headwaters (m)
Str
eam
Po
wer
Ind
ex
(Slo
pe *
To
tal
Ru
no
ff)
Mameyes
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
Distance from Headwaters (m)
Ele
vati
on
Runoff and slope…knick point retreat
Climate Topo LanduseUPR
UrbanCenters
Stream NetworkRamirez, Wohl
Scatena
Road NetworkTomlin, Laituri
StreamHabitatScatenaCrowl Visitor
LoomisUPR
AquaticsCrowlCovich
Where are we headed?Field work, High-school teachers workshop