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Modeling of Multifunctional Modeling of Multifunctional Substation Devices Substation Devices

Dr. Alexander ApostolovLos Angeles, CA

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IntroductionIntroduction

• IEC 61850 is now an approved international standard

• It allows the development of a new generation of distributed applications

• The successful implementation requires:

• Good understanding of the principles of the standard (No Ignorance!)

• Teamwork• Ambition

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ObjectsObjects• An object is “.. a thing that can be seen and

touched; material thing that occupies space .. “.Webster New World Dictionary of the American Language

• In object-oriented design (OOD) an object is an abstraction of real world entities and functions in a problem domain.

• Problem Domain is the application or process that is being modeled by Object Oriented representation (Classes and Objects) – power system protection and control.

• Objects are encapsulated — that is, they contain both their code and their data, making them more easier to maintain

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Classes and ObjectsClasses and Objects

• A class is a template for the creation of objects, the description of one or more objects with the same definitions for information and behavior.

• An object is defined as an instance of a class• Objects represent information and behavior :

• properties (or components, attributes) • Data that describe an object

• services (or methods, and events)• Methods are things you can tell the object to do• Events are things the object does

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Class ExampleClass Example

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Class ExampleClass Example

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Class Instance ExampleClass Instance Example

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Classes and ObjectsClasses and Objects

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Substation Communications Substation Communications ArchitectureArchitecture

Substation Computer

IED IED IED

Switch

Substation HMI

Router

IED IED IED IED

Switch

SCADA Master

WAN

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System Communications System Communications ArchitectureArchitecture

IED

Switch

Analysts

WAN

Substation 1

Substation 2

Substation i

Substation j

SubstationGateway

EMS

SCADA ServerISD

EMS

Traders

IED IED

IED

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Function DefinitionsFunction Definitions

• Functions in the substation are performed by the protection, control, monitoring and recording system.

• A function can be divided into sub-functions and functional elements.

• The functional elements are the smallest parts of a function that can exchange data.

• These functional elements in IEC 61850 are called Logical Nodes

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Logical Node GroupsLogical Node Groups

• System Logical Nodes LN Group: L • Logical Nodes for protection functions LN Group: P • Logical Nodes for protection related functions LN

Group: R • Logical Nodes for control LN Group: C • Logical nodes for generic references LN Group: G • Logical Nodes for interfacing and archiving LN

Group: I• Logical Nodes for automatic control LN Group: A

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Logical Node GroupsLogical Node Groups

• Logical Nodes for metering and measurement LN Group: M

• Logical Nodes for sensors and monitoring LN Group: S

• Logical Nodes for switchgear LN Group: X • Logical Nodes for instrument transformers

LN Group: T • Logical Nodes for power transformers LN

Group: Y • Logical Nodes for further power system

equipment LN Group: Z

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Relay Object ModelsRelay Object ModelsObject ModelsObject Models

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IED Functional HierarchyIED Functional HierarchyProtection

IEDDeviceIdentity

Over-current

Ground Definite time #1 Pickup Value

Function

Function

Phase

Negat. Seq.

Inverse time

Instant.

Time delay

Directio-nality

Minimum

Maximum

Step

FunctionControl

Sub-FunctionControl

Device Functional HierarchyDevice Functional Hierarchy

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IED Functional HierarchyIED Functional Hierarchy

IEC 61850 Server ClassIEC 61850 Server Class

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IEC 61850 Server ClassIEC 61850 Server Class

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IEC 61850 Logical Device ClassIEC 61850 Logical Device Class

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IED Functional HierarchyIED Functional HierarchyIEC 61850 Logical Node ClassIEC 61850 Logical Node Class

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IEC 61850 Data ClassIEC 61850 Data Class

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Logical Nodes Information Logical Nodes Information CategoriesCategories

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Functional ConstraintsFunctional Constraints• The property of DataAttribute that shows

its use is a Functional Constraint (FC). • Some more commonly used are:

•CO – control•SP – set point•CF – configuration•DC – description•SG – setting group•MX – measurements

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Object HierarchyObject HierarchyServer

Logical Device

Logical Device

Logical Device

Logical Node

Logical Node

Logical Node

Data Data Data

Data Attribute

Data Attribute

Data Attribute

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Nested Nested DataAttributesDataAttributes

DATAInstance

DataAttr DataAttr

DAComp DAComp

DAComp DAComp

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Nested Nested DataAttributesDataAttributes

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Data path exampleData path exampleMMXU1.A.phsB.cVal.mag.f• MMXU1: instance of LN class MMXU defined in

Part 7-4 • A: instantiation of the Composite DATA class WYE

(defined in 7-3) • phsB: value of the current in phase B as a Simple

Common DATA class of type CMV (defined in 7-3 )• cVal: is the complex value of the current in phase

B (of the Common DataAttribute type Vector)• mag: this object represents the magnitude of the

complex value (type AnalogValue - defined in 7-3) • f is a DataAttributeComponent which is of the

basic type FLOATING POINT (defined in 7-2)

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Common data classes for Common data classes for measurandmeasurand informationinformation

•Measured value (MV)•Complex measured value (CMV)•Sampled value (SAV)•WYE•Delta (DEL)•Sequence (SEQ)•Harmonic value (HMV)•Harmonic value for WYE (HWYE)•Harmonic value for Delta (HDEL)

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Metering and Measurement Metering and Measurement Logical NodesLogical Nodes

• Differential measurements Name: MDIF• Harmonics or interharmonics Name: MHAI• Non phase related harmonics or interharmonics

Name: MHAN• Metering Name: MMTR• Non phase related Measurement Name: MMXN• Measurement Name: MMXU• Sequence & imbalance Name: MSQI• Metering Statistics Name: MSTA

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Measured values attributes in Measured values attributes in MMXUMMXU

Name Type DescriptionPPV DEL Phase to phase voltagesPhV WYEPhase to ground voltagesA WYEPhase currentsW WYEPhase active power (P)VAr WYEPhase reactive power (Q)VA WYEPhase apparent power (S)TotW MV Total Active Power (Total P)TotVAr MV Total Reactive Power (Total Q)TotVA MV Total Apparent Power (Total S)TotPF MV Average Power factor (Total PF)Hz MV FrequencyPF WYEPhase power factorZ WYEPhase Impedance

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Protection Logical NodesProtection Logical Nodes

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Protection Logical NodesProtection Logical Nodes

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Logical Nodes DataLogical Nodes Data

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Setting DataSetting Data

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Overcurrent Protection LN Overcurrent Protection LN PTOCPTOC

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Distributed ApplicationsDistributed Applications

PD2

LNn

LD1

F2

PD1

LN4

LNn

LD1

F1

F3

LN1

LN2

LN3

LN4

LN1

LN2

LN3

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Measuring Functions Measuring Functions DecompositionDecomposition

IARC IHMI

MMTR MMXU

TVTR TCTR

SubstationLevel

BayLevel

ProcessLevel

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Multifunctional IED Object Multifunctional IED Object ModelModel

Server

LN1

LN2

LN3

LN4

LNn

LD1

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Distance FunctionDistance Function

Distance

FaultDetection

FaultedPhaseSelection

DirectionalDetection

DistanceCharact.

Compensation Power SwingDetection

I> V< Z< ΔV ΔI

ΔV, ΔIPolarized

V V0 V2 I0

ΔI/dtdZ/dt

K0 I0mut Ich Iload

Line Impedance

Setting Criteria

CCVT

SIR

VT Supervision

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Distance FunctionDistance FunctionDistance

Zone

Complex Simple

MhoOhm

Direction

Characteristic

Ohm

LoadEncroachment

Rbl Xbl rbl xbl Mho

Rbl rbl LXbl LxblOhm

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R

X

PoRchMod

PoRchModPolar Reach Module

PoRchAng Polar Reach Angle

OfsModReverse Offset Module

OfsAngReverse Offset Angle

RisRchModResistive Reach Module

RisRchAngResistive Reach Angle

ReaRchModReactive Reach Module

ReaRchAngReactive Reach Angle

PlrMth Polarizing Method

PlrVal Polarizing Value

OfsMod RisRchMod

RisRchAng

ReaRchAng

ReaRchMod

OfsAng

PoRchAng

Mho Characteristic ModelMho Characteristic Model

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R

X

Negative Reactance Angle 2NReaAng2

Positive Characteristic AnglePCharAng

Negative Characteristic AngleNCharAng

Negative Reactance Angle 1NReaAng1

Negative Reactance ReachNReaRch

Negative Resistive Angle 1PRisAng1

Negative Resistive ReachNRisRch

Positive Reactance Angle 2PReaAng2

Positive Reactance Angle 1PReaAng1

Positive Reactance ReachPReaRch

Positive Resistive Angle 1PRisAng1

Positive Resistive ReachPRisRch

PCharAng

NCharAng

Z

x

r

z

Quadrilateral Characteristic Quadrilateral Characteristic ModelModel

Positive Resistive Angle 2PRisAng2

Negative Resistive Angle 2PRisAng2

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