modeling wildfire emissions using geographic information systems (gis) technology and satellite data...
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Modeling Wildfire Emissions Using Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) Technology and Satellite Data
STI-3009
Presented by Neil J. M. WheelerSonoma Technology, Inc.
Petaluma, California
at theFifth Annual Community Modeling and Analysis System (CMAS)
ConferenceOctober 16-18, 2006
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Acknowledgements• Authors
– Dana C. Sullivan* – Stephen B. Reid– Bryan M. Penfold– Sean M. Raffuse– Lyle R. Chinkin
• Sponsors– CENRAP– NASA– USFS– City of Albuquerque
*Corresponding author: Dana C. Sullivan, Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1360 Redwood Way, Suite C, Petaluma, CA 94954; e-mail: [email protected]
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Introduction
• Purpose: Support emissions assessments used for evaluating episodic visibility and air quality impacts from biomass burning.
• Approach: Develop and apply a GIS-based emissions modeling system.
- The approach was first applied to prescribed and agricultural burns in the Midwestern U.S.
- Currently, the approach is being refined and applied to wildfires in Arizona, New Mexico,
and surrounding states
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Overview of ApproachEmission estimates prepared using:• Fire activity data (location, acres burned)
– Satellite derived– Human reported
• Vegetation data (classification, fuel loading)– EPA’s Biogenic Emissions Landcover Database (BELD)– Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS)
• Fuel moisture data– Weather Information Management System (WIMS) data
• Emission factors (specific to vegetation type and fuel moisture content)– First Order Fire Effect Model (FOFEM)
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GIS Land Use/Vegetation Cover
Cross - Walk to (a) Fuel Loading and (b) Emission Factors
(a) (b)
Telephone and Mail Surveys
Development of Fire Histories: Locations, Land Types, Seasons,
and Areas Burned
(a) (b)
Overlay
Multiply: Burn Area x EF x Fuel Loading
Emissions
Satellite Fire Detections Overview of Approach
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Fire Histories: Satellite-Derived Data vs. Human Reports
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Land Use and Vegetation Cover
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Emissions ModelBasic EquationEmissions (lb) =
Burn area (acres) * Fuel loading (ton/acre) * Emission factor (lb/ton)
First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM):– Cross-walk developed with EPA’s Biogenic Emissions
Landcover Database (BELD)– Default or customized fuel loadings may be used– Fuel moisture values set using day-specific Weather
Information Management System (WIMS) data– Produces vegetation-specific emission factors in
lbs/acre burned
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Wildfire Plume Rise EstimationWildfire Modeling:
• Large fire events modeled as numerous individual point sources
• A plume bottom, plume top, and layer 1 fraction were calculated for each fire point source
• Non-layer 1 emissions were vertically allocated at 25m, 75m, 100m, and every 100m up to the plume top
Modeling of the Cave Creek Wildfire in Arizona
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Example Results: Central U.S.
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Example Results: New Mexico
NOx Emissions Densities for the New Mexico Modeling
Domain
July 1, 2005
Source Type NMHC (tons) NOx (tons)
Area Sources 1,507 374
Non-road Mobile Sources 725 1,024
On-road Mobile Sources 871 1,558
Point Sources 517 2,397
Wildfires 4,934 189
Total 8,554 5,542
Emissions by Source Type for the New Mexico Modeling Domain
July 1, 2005
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Final Thoughts
• Advantages of a GIS-based approach – Facilitates effective use of detailed
spatial data for input to the emissions model• vegetation cover• satellite-derived fire data• human-reported fire data
– Facilitates visualization of inputs and outputs
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Final Thoughts
• Results depend on the quality and completeness of the fire histories and emission factors.
• Emission factors are the subject of continuing research.
• Fire histories require significant effort. – Satellite-derived data are timely and consistent, but
only cover fires larger than several hundred acres. – Human reports suffer from human errors, but are the
only available means to capture small fires. – Reconciliation of these data sets is necessary to avoid
double counting, but can be challenging.
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Status and Future Direction
• Currently a set of procedures not a single tool
• Increasing interest in the effects of fire emissions on ozone formation
• Will be incorporated into a national operational modeling system with NASA and USFS funding
• Operational systems may eventually provide input to national inventories
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Topography is too complex for 12-km modeling grid