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Modelling alternative fuel production technologies for Denmark 69th Semi-Annual ETSAP Meeting UCC, Cork - 30th May 2016
Giada VenturiniPhD StudentSystem AnalysisDTU Management [email protected]
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Outline
• Introduction - Danish energy in figures
• Use of residual biomass
• Alternative pathways for the use of straw
• Scenarios in TIMES-DK
• Conclusions and further work
2 7 June 2016
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Danish energy in figures
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2010 2012 2013 2014 2015*
Primary Energy Production (PJ)
Crude Oil Natural Gas Waste, Non Renewable Renewable Energy
Input data retrieved from Danish Energy Agency, 2015 - http://www.ens.dk
• Renewable energy constitutes 22% of the total energy production in 2015• Biomass accounts for 54% of the renewable energy supply and 11% of the
total production in 2014
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2010 2012 2013 2014
Renewable Energy Supply (PJ)
Solar Wind Biomass Bio Oil Biogas Heat pumps
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Residual biomass in Denmark• Straw from agriculture is one of the most abundant (and partially
unused) among residual biomass resources: 90 PJ/year.• Half of the harvested straw is left on fields, sparking the ongoing
discussion on its optimal use.
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23%
16%
11%
50%
Current use of straw (tons)
Energy Fodder Bedding Left on the field
Statistics Denmark, 2016Danish Energy Agency, 2015
25%
14%
3%9%
28%
21%
Energy use of biomass resources (PJ)
Straw Wood chips Wood pelletsWood waste Waste, biodegradable Wood
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
What is the optimal use of straw in the future?A number of alternative pathways can be considered:
1. Left on the fields
2. Production of biogas - anaerobic digestion
3. Heat and power - CHP plants and boilers
4. Production of 2G bioethanol
5. Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) - gasification
6. Production of bioalcohols and biodiesel - gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
5 7 June 2016
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
1. Straw is left on the agriculture fields with consequent beneficial soilconditioning. Additional effects are change in soil carbon balance and CO2emissions.
Alternative pathways to enhance straw use
6 7 June 2016
PloughingStraw
Soil fertilizers
CO2-C
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
2. Straw is used as feedstock in anaerobic digester for the production ofbiogas. Digestate is a co-product which can be spread on fields as fertilizerand thus affecting the carbon storage.
Alternative pathways to enhance straw use
7 7 June 2016
Straw
Waste
Manure Anaerobic Digestion
Biogas
Digestate Spreading on fields
FertilizersNPK
CO2-CCH4
Heat
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
2. Biogas can be upgraded to natural gas quality (SNG) either through CO2removal or by methanation with hydrogenation.
Alternative pathways to enhance straw use
8 7 June 2016
Biogas
Methanation
Hydrogen
Electricity
SNG
Heat
Electricity
PSAC02 removal
SNG
CO2
Biogas
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
3. Straw can be combusted in district heating and individual boilers for theproduction of heat, and used in combined heat and power plants forproduction of heat and electricity.
Alternative pathways to enhance straw use
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Avedøre Power Station, planning full conversionfrom coal to biomass - woodchips and straw(Copenhagen, Denmark)
Straw
Boiler
CHP PlantElectricity
Heat
Heat
Waste
Woodchips
Coal
Gas
CO2
CO2
Boiler
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
4. Straw can undergo hydrolysis and fermentation for the production ofbioalcohols, like bioethanol. Lignin is a co-product, which can be used forCHP production.
Alternative pathways to enhance straw use
10 7 June 2016
Inbicon, bioethanol production from lignocellulosicbiomass (Kalundborg, Denmark)
StrawPretreatment
Hydrolysis Fermentation
Bio Ethanol
Lignin
CHP PlantHeat
Electricity
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
5. Laboratory/pilot biomass to liquid (BTL) technology in which strawundergoes thermal gasification and the output gas is used to synthetizebioalcohols and biodiesel. Ashes can be used as fertilizer and impact thecarbon stock.
Alternative pathways to enhance straw use
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Straw Gasification SNG Fischer-Tropschsynthesis
Ashes Spreading on fields
FertilizersNPK
CO2-C
Bio Ethanol
Bio Kerosene
Bio Diesel
Heat
Electricity
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Modelling in TIMES-DKMain assumptions• Least-cost optimization of the energy system for the period 2015-2050• Biomass resource potentials correspond to current availability (no
imports assumed)• Fertilizers NPK are valued at current market price• CO2 target in all scenarios for 100% fossil-free system 2050 (industrial,
residential and transport sector)• Additional target for transport sector - 10% renewable in 2020
Technology scenarios1. AGR: all straw potential is used only in the agriculture sector2. BGA: all straw potential is used only for biogas production3. CHP: all straw potential is used only in the heat and power sector4. ETOH: all straw potential is used only for bioethanol production5. BTL: all straw potential is used only in BTL technology6. OPT: optimal (least-cost) combination where all straw is used
12 7 June 2016
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Optimal scenario - Straw
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Straw use - Optimal
BTL Biokerosene
BTL Bioethanol
Bioethanol 2G
Biogas AD
CHP plant
Boiler
Left on field
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Optimal scenario - Transport sector
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0
50
100
150
200
250
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
PJ
Transport - Consumption
Natural Gas
Liquid petrol gas
Kerosene
Heavy Fuel Oil
Gasoline
Electricity (Central)
Diesel
Bioethanol G2
Bioethanol G1
Biodiesel G2
Biodiesel G1
Bio Synt. Nat. Gas G2
Bio Synt. Nat. Gas G1
Bio Kerosene G2
Bio Kerosene G1
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Optimal scenario - Residential heating
15 7 June 2016
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
PJ
Residential Heating - Consumption
Wood Pellets RES
Straw RES
Solar RES
Nat Gas RES
Electricity for Heating RES
Diesel RES
Decentralised District Heat RES
Centralised District Heat RES
BioDiesel RES
Bio Synt Nat Gas RES
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Scenario results - Cost
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0
577
3294
198
-120
-1928
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
AGR
BGA
CHP
ETOH
BTL
OPT
million €
Differential system cost
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Scenario results - CO2 Emissions
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4750
4800
4850
4900
4950
5000
5050
5100
5150
5200
AGR BGA CHP ETOH BTL OPT
kton
CO2 Emissions (2050)
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Scenario results - Fertilizers
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
AGR
BGA
BTL
ETO
H
OPT
AGR
BGA
BTL
ETO
H
OPT
AGR
BGA
BTL
ETO
H
OPT
AGR
BGA
BTL
OPT
AGR
BGA
BTL
AGR
BGA
BTL
OPT
AGR
BGA
BTL
OPT
AGR
BGA
BTL
OPT
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
kton
Produced fertilizers
K N P
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Scenario results - Fuel supply
19 7 June 2016
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
AGR BGA CHP ETOH BTL OPT
PJ
Fuel Supply (2050)
Synthetic Natural Gas
Petroleum
Liquid Petrol Gas
BioNaphta
Biokerosene G2
Decentral Heat
Central Heat
Bioethanol G2
Bioethanol G1
Biodiesel G2
Biodiesel G1
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Discussion
• The economic assessment on the optimal use of straw highlights that acombination of technologies (BTL and biogas) is the most cost efficientwhile using straw for heat and power is the least attractive solution.
• However, the choice may have a minor impact on the rest of the energysystem.
• Uncertainty on cost and efficiencies of emerging technologies.
• Potential variability in the availability of straw across and within years(weather, cultivations, crops rotations)
• Wider environmental considerations with respect to the use of biomassmay have an impact on the optimal solution.
20 7 June 2016
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Further work Pyroneer: small-scale gasifier (6 MW demonstration plant)
21 7 June 2016
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Further workMaabjerg Energy Concept: co-production of biogas, bioethanol, wastetreatment, power and district heating.
22 7 June 2016
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Further work Introducing more environmental considerations in TIMES-DK:
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What is the impact on the sustainability andGHG emissions in the agriculture andtransport sectors if biogenic emissions, useof land as well as soil and water pollutionare taken into account?
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
Thank you for your attention !Suggestions and questions?
24 7 June 2016
Giada VenturiniPhD Student
System AnalysisDTU Management Engineering
DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark25 7 June 2016
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
PJ
Power Production
CHP Solar PV Hydro Wind Offshore Wind Onshore