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UNCLASSIFIED
Modelling Complex WarfightingStrategic Research Initiative
Joint and Operations Analysis Division
Dr Tim McKayRL Land Capability Analysis
Dr Darryn ReidPrincipal Scientist
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Joint & Operations Analysis Division
The JOAD Vision
The JOAD Vision
To be Australia’s most trusted and influential source of evidence-based analysis – shaping and enhancing Defence and national security decision making across the capability lifecycle.
The JOAD Mission
The JOAD Mission
To develop and employ trusted analytical methods and decision support tools that give Defence and national security decision superiority across all aspects of force design, operational planning, command and control, and support to ADF forces on operations.).
The JOAD Perspecti
ve
The JOAD Perspecti
ve
Our diversity, as evidenced by skills and experience, geographic spread and military domain knowledge, positions us to develop a whole-of-force perspective and provide an integrating function across all domains and disciplines at the strategic, operational and tactical level
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Major Science & Technology Capabilities •Maritime Mathematical Science
•Maritime Simulation, Experimentation & War-gaming
•Maritime Systems Analysis
•Australian Maritime Warfare Centre
Maritime Capability Analysis
•Joint Warfare Mathematical Science•Joint Organisation & Social Science•Joint Simulation, Experimentation & War-gaming
•Defence Systems Integration•Defence Operations Support Centre•Scientific Adviser CJOPS
Joint Capability Analysis
•Land Mathematical Science•Land Organisation & Management Science
•Land Simulation, Experimentation & War-gaming
Land Capability Analysis
•Strategic Analysis•Force Design•Technology Forecasting & Futures•Strategic Security Risk Assessment
Strategic Capability Analysis
•Aerospace Mathematical Science•Aerospace Organisation & Management Science
•Aerospace Simulation, Experimentation & War-gaming
•Aerospace Systems Analysis
Aerospace Capability Analysis
•Planning and Logistics•Situation Assessment•Command Intent•Behaviour and Control
Decision Sciences
Trusted Autonomy, Behaviour, Complexity
and Control
Principal Scientist
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Modelling Complex Warfighting (MCW) DST Group is launching the MCW Strategic Research
Initiative. It is a five-year research initiative that forms part of
the CDS-sponsored strategic research program. It draws on JOAD’s operations analysis and C2
capabilities and experience supporting individual domains.
Through partnership with academia and industry the SRI will revolutionise the application of OA to future force design.
Revolutionise Operations
Analysis
Enhance Force Design
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Creating the Future Force
PREPARE AND EMPLOY
THE CURRENT
FORCE
PREPARE AND EMPLOY
THE CURRENT
FORCE
DESIGN AND DEVELOP
THE FUTURE FORCE
DESIGN AND DEVELOP
THE FUTURE FORCE
CONNECTED THROUGH
TIME
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MCW SRI Problem statement
“Determination and evaluation of options for the effective allocation of limited Defence resources to future force composition and employment, where the consequences of resource allocation decisions are realised in future scenarios that the decision-makers cannot fully control nor know at the time of the decision.”
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Innovative simulations
Modelling Complex Warfighting Research Themes
Scientific methods to enable robust Force Design decisions to produce a resilient force through the understanding and
management of uncertainty in Defence.
Methods to enable understanding of properties of the joint force emerging as a result of nonlinear interactions between
the many constituent elements.
Novel modelling and simulation techniques to enable exploration of whole-of-force warfighting concepts and
force options.
Conquering Uncertainty
Synthesis of analytical and simulation results to support development of a joint force which is integrated by design.
Modelling complexity
Knowledge synthesis
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Current Force Future Force
SR 5: Capability decision evaluation under uncertainty
SR 6: Concepts for complexity-enabled warfare
SR 2: Simulation-based concept exploration
MCW SRI: Strategic Responses (SR)
SR7: Modelling unknowns
SR 4: Modelling complex human systems
SR 3: Force design data life cycle
SR 1: Machine discovered behaviour
0 10 20
Time Horizon (years)
Innovative simulations
Conquering Uncertainty
Modelling complexity
Knowledge synthesis
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SR 1: Machine Discovered BehavioursHow do we model adversarial scenarios having heterogeneous teams of complex socio-technical systems and their behaviour?
How do we generate and discover new behaviour for teams that is novel and operationally credible?
How do we ensure behaviours satisfy multiple military objectives while remaining tactically, operationally and strategically robust?
How can we combine different techniques across the joint domain and scaling from a tactical to an operational and strategic context?
Novel Tactics Discovery
Human Autonomy TeamingOptimal Path Planning
Machine Discovered Behaviour
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SR2 develops simulation models for analysing complex joint operational concepts Involves developing executable models:
1. Generate complexities and uncertainties of multiple interacting forces in complex environments
2. High dimensionality, computational intractability, new analysis strategies
SR 2: Simulation enabled Operating Concept Development
Uses data farming to execute experiments of the modelled force against simulated threats
Analysis of simulation results provides system insights
More rigorous than traditional approach to FSR
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SR3: Data management to support force design Quality data is a fundamental to base-
lining, model quality analysis, and quality decisions.
How should meta-data be collected to maximise data re-use when future problems/questions are not known?
How should “big”/”diverse” data sets be stored to enable flexible analysis workflows and queries?
How should data acquisition tools be designed to enable (e.g. automated) acquisition from a variety of ADF systems/activities?
Four research areas: Data re-use Data acquisition Data storage Data governance
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SR4: Modelling Complex Human Systems under Uncertainty
Project Objective Develop an S&T capability for better appreciation of the inter-
subjectivity of the non-material cultural, social, human, and political factors and the material components, including but not limited to technology and capabilities, in disruptive future operating environment; and the evaluation of kinetic and non-kinetic, traditional and non-traditional force design options and operational effects
S&T Aims to devise a suite of wide-ranging social scientific methods of
analysis and synthesis to capture factors of uncertainty unexploited in current assessments of the FOE and force design that are non-linear and disruptive in nature;
to develop a framework for operationalization of intersubjectivity of material and non-material factors and their inclusion in the force design process, including force modelling and simulation.
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SR 5: Force Effectiveness Modelling
Extensive research into OA methods and study techniques to determine which are:
– The best, for what types of problems– Where in the DCAP they are most suited– How they are best implemented– What not to do– What resources/ assumptions are required.
Generate essentially a guide to conducting Force Effectiveness studies.
Build a library of tools to complement the guide book.
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SR6: Concepts for Complexity- Enabled Warfare
Understanding complexity, uncertainty and non-linearity in joint force design and employment – Dynamically robust against shocks – resilience– To give it advantage against a near-peer
adversary
We know some of the answers in abstracto – now is the time to see it for things that look like the ADF
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SR7: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Modelling unknowns
A multi-level, transdisciplinary approach to modelling unknowns and understanding and managing their impact on decision making in the force design and employment.– Dealing with open, complex, socio-technical systems
• The Threat (with associated unknowns)• The Joint Force (with associated unknowns)
– What is the best (mix of) capabilities needed to defend Australia and its national interests?
– How are these capabilities to be employed?– Assessment of the transferability of decision methods, in
particular those for high-risk/high-cost decision, to force design
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MCW SRI on a Page
Force employment and integration
Well designed Force
Resilient joint force
Modelling Complexity
(SR1) Machine discovered behaviour research
(SR5) Capability decision evaluation on uncertain futures
(SR6) Concepts for complexity enabled warfare
Knowledge synthesis
(SR3) Data culture supporting force design
Conquering uncertainty
(SR4) Modelling complex human systems under uncertainty
(SR7) Modelling unknowns
Innovative simulation
(SR2) HPC-simulation for future operational concept exploration
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The MCW SRI will be launched in September 2017 It will commence with five Strategic Responses
(SRs 1, 2, 4, 5 & 6) with two more in development during Yr 1 (SRs 3 & 7).
SR project plans to be released during October 2017
MCW SRI Symposium to be held during November 2017
Yr 1 (FY17/18) is a period of discovery within each SR
Yr 2 will see integration of SR outputs
MCW SRI Launch
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Questions?
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UNCLASSIFIED
Modelling Complex WarfightingStrategic Research Initiative
Joint and Operations Analysis Division
Dr Tim McKayRL Land Capability Analysis
Dr Darryn ReidPrincipal Scientist
1
2
Joint & Operations Analysis Division
The JOAD Vision
The JOAD Vision
To be Australia’s most trusted and influential source of evidence-based analysis – shaping and enhancing Defence and national security decision making across the capability lifecycle.
The JOAD Mission
The JOAD Mission
To develop and employ trusted analytical methods and decision support tools that give Defence and national security decision superiority across all aspects of force design, operational planning, command and control, and support to ADF forces on operations.).
The JOAD Perspecti
ve
The JOAD Perspecti
ve
Our diversity, as evidenced by skills and experience, geographic spread and military domain knowledge, positions us to develop a whole-of-force perspective and provide an integrating function across all domains and disciplines at the strategic, operational and tactical level
JOAD Mission – We achieve our mission through strategy, concept development, force design, capability needs and requirements and support to ADF forces on operations
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Major Science & Technology Capabilities •Maritime Mathematical Science
•Maritime Simulation, Experimentation & War-gaming
•Maritime Systems Analysis
•Australian Maritime Warfare Centre
Maritime Capability Analysis
•Joint Warfare Mathematical Science•Joint Organisation & Social Science•Joint Simulation, Experimentation & War-gaming
•Defence Systems Integration•Defence Operations Support Centre•Scientific Adviser CJOPS
Joint Capability Analysis
•Land Mathematical Science•Land Organisation & Management Science
•Land Simulation, Experimentation & War-gaming
Land Capability Analysis
•Strategic Analysis•Force Design•Technology Forecasting & Futures•Strategic Security Risk Assessment
Strategic Capability Analysis
•Aerospace Mathematical Science•Aerospace Organisation & Management Science
•Aerospace Simulation, Experimentation & War-gaming
•Aerospace Systems Analysis
Aerospace Capability Analysis
•Planning and Logistics•Situation Assessment•Command Intent•Behaviour and Control
Decision Sciences
Trusted Autonomy, Behaviour, Complexity
and Control
Principal Scientist
•We are structured around six Major S&T Capabilities (MSTCs). These develop and apply analytical methods, techniques and tools to inform decisions impacting on Aerospace Capability, Land Capability and Maritime Capability. We support the integration of Joint Capability through a tailored program of operations analysis and experimentation and Strategic Capability through risk assessments, concept development and technology forecasting. Our research and development in the Decision Sciences enhances military decision making at the individual, team and organisational levels.
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Modelling Complex Warfighting (MCW) DST Group is launching the MCW Strategic Research
Initiative. It is a five-year research initiative that forms part of
the CDS-sponsored strategic research program. It draws on JOAD’s operations analysis and C2
capabilities and experience supporting individual domains.
Through partnership with academia and industry the SRI will revolutionise the application of OA to future force design.
Revolutionise Operations
Analysis
Enhance Force Design
DST Group has a longstanding program of strategic research initiatives where CDS sponsors future looking research. This year we are pleased to announce the creation of a new SRI, Modelling Complex Warfighting (MCW). The motivation for the SRI is designing the future Australian Defence force; in particular, to revolutionise operations analysis and improve force design within Defence.
The SRI will comprise a portfolio of research projects that seek to deliver a game changing capability for Defence. Given the large ambition a higher risk of failure than is normally found in the client program is acceptable. The portfolio of projects will need to address the complexity of an uncertain future, synthesise knowledge from non-commensurate systems and developing and using computational models to inform decision-making under uncertainty through innovative mathematics and simulation. This is grounded in data exploitation and facilitated by High Performance Computing. The SRI centres on identifying, understanding and analysing the emergent behaviours of an interdependent and integrated Joint Whole-of-Government Force operating in an uncertain and non-ergodic future.
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Creating the Future Force
PREPARE AND EMPLOY
THE CURRENT
FORCE
PREPARE AND EMPLOY
THE CURRENT
FORCE
DESIGN AND DEVELOP
THE FUTURE FORCE
DESIGN AND DEVELOP
THE FUTURE FORCE
CONNECTED THROUGH
TIME
The 2016 Defence White Paper and the First Principles Review provide guidance on what the ADF of the future must be able to do and the type of capability it owns. However, the future force is intrinsically linked to the capabilities the ADF has today and the large number of planned defence projects. So the SRI will cover both integration and novel employment of the planned force as well as designing the future force for uncertain environments. The key point to note is that as we go beyond a few years out we are unable to effectively forecast the operating environment and the required ADF capability. The SRI will address the ever increasing complexity present in the Australian Defence Force and the challenges operating at the whole of force or Joint level, particularly in a highly uncertain environment. Our goal is that within seven years we will have made a demonstrable improvement to the quality of force design within the ADF.
We can’t build the mother or all simulations for force design, rather we need an approach that builds on JOAD’s M&S strengths while introducing a number of new techniques.
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MCW SRI Problem statement
“Determination and evaluation of options for the effective allocation of limited Defence resources to future force composition and employment, where the consequences of resource allocation decisions are realised in future scenarios that the decision-makers cannot fully control nor know at the time of the decision.”
How do we achieve decision superiority when the future is deeply uncertain? Our adversaries will change to exploit weaknesses in our decisions. Inventions, innovations and changes in circumstances will alter what is possible. Models that assume stationarity and regularity will appear successful until they fail catastrophically. Yet the timelines of force design and capability acquisition, delivery and service are likely to remain lengthy. How can we turn long term decisions into a series of shorter term decisions; tracking and frequently testing analytical assumptions? How can we build flexible alternatives and characterise their adaptability? How can we integrate, support and operate future forces to navigate complexity with agility? We must model complexity, innovate in simulation, exploit data and synthesise knowledge to achieve decision superiority.
Modelling Complexity: Our models must inform decisions made under fundamental uncertainty. We will develop world leading analytical red teaming and wargaming, holistically model the joint force, model the effects of joint enablers and develop realistic models of combined arms combat. This involves developing new and improved methods to construct preparatory scenarios, develop adaptive options, improve on intuition, identify and mitigate biases, embed C2 models in warfighting environments and wargame at operational and strategic levels. We will move beyond partial data observability to model data incompleteness. Our models will inform strategic decisions about capability, integration and structure as well as providing operational commanders with decision superiority toolkits.
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Innovative simulations
Modelling Complex Warfighting Research Themes
Scientific methods to enable robust Force Design decisions to produce a resilient force through the understanding and
management of uncertainty in Defence.
Methods to enable understanding of properties of the joint force emerging as a result of nonlinear interactions between
the many constituent elements.
Novel modelling and simulation techniques to enable exploration of whole-of-force warfighting concepts and
force options.
Conquering Uncertainty
Synthesis of analytical and simulation results to support development of a joint force which is integrated by design.
Modelling complexity
Knowledge synthesis
Conquering Uncertainty: Scientific methods to enable robust Force Design decisions to produce a resilient force through the understanding and management of uncertainty in Defence.
Innovative Simulations: Novel modelling and simulation techniques to enable exploration of whole-of-force warfighting concepts and force options.
Knowledge Synthesis: Synthesis of analytical and simulation results to support development of a joint force which is integrated by design.
Modelling Complexity: Methods to enable understanding of properties of the joint force emerging as a result of the interactions between the constituent elements.
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Current Force Future Force
SR 5: Capability decision evaluation under uncertainty
SR 6: Concepts for complexity-enabled warfare
SR 2: Simulation-based concept exploration
MCW SRI: Strategic Responses (SR)
SR7: Modelling unknowns
SR 4: Modelling complex human systems
SR 3: Force design data life cycle
SR 1: Machine discovered behaviour
0 10 20
Time Horizon (years)
Innovative simulations
Conquering Uncertainty
Modelling complexity
Knowledge synthesis
This slide shows the seven strategic responses (projects) that are under development within the MCW SRI. And it indicates how they align with the research themes and the two epochs: current force and future force.
Five of these projects will be funded this year (Yr 1 of the SRI) while the force design data life cycle and modelling unknowns projects will be scoped in year 1 in preparation for year two.
So let’s take a look at the activities, noting that some build on existing research and teams while others represent new scientific endeavour within DST. (Turn to the next page as it lists some extra points for each activity).
Machine discovered behaviour research aims to develop novel techniques at the intersection between Operations Research, Artificial Intelligence and Data Science that enable and facilitate the discovery of novel tactics, including for both autonomous and manned systems. What is new in this proposal is to extend this modelling paradigm from representing standard procedures / tactics and aggregating them, to allowing discovery at the joint operational level.
Through HPC-simulation based concept exploration the SRI will
develop purpose built simulation that exploits HPC power to test complex warfighting concepts. DST’s acquisition of such a facility opens up opportunities to directly contribute to the generation and testing of new joint concepts of operation.
Force design data life cycle. The SRI will develop a data-driven
research capability and improved organisational data culture. This topic resides in the overlap between organisational science, cognitive science, and ethnography. By data culture we mean the tools, methods and practices to build in data exploitation into the SRI from the get go.
Through modelling complex human systems under uncertainty
the SR will adapt a number of approaches to evaluating future capability options that are currently well outside of defences current know-how. This will include a mix of approaches or methods that are themselves new or emerging (feasible scenario space analysis, quadratic knapsack algorithms), or are well established in other fields (Nash equilibria, Bayesian optimisation or Target benefit formulation).
Capability decision evaluation on uncertain futures. One of the
strengths of the recent DST research that won the MORS Rist prize (a first for non-US researchers) was the novel way that the team looked at the impact of capability decisions on the ability of the ADF to meet future tactical needs. The proposed SRI will extend the application beyond the tactical land domain. We propose to apply an innovative multi-methodology approach to explore social, cultural and political factors currently not represented in planning models.
Concepts for complexity enabled warfare. Defence needs to
develop completely new paradigms to objectively account for cognitive, technical, social and geopolitical complexities in the force design process. The research will employ new techniques, and computational capabilities that will not be available until the HPC capability is online. Specifically, HPC enabled data-farming will be utilised to investigate complexity of decision-making models immersed in representations of operational environments. System resilience will be quantified and metrics for resilience will be developed using examples of critical infrastructure networks such as power, transportation, and communications.
In the Modelling unknowns project we will explore
transdisciplinary approaches to the problem of characterising uncertainty, possibly exploring innovative diagnostic and decision methods from the mathematical and statistical sciences that currently have applicability in the oil & gas industry.
It is expected that all research projects will have a significant partnership component.
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SR 1: Machine Discovered BehavioursHow do we model adversarial scenarios having heterogeneous teams of complex socio-technical systems and their behaviour?
How do we generate and discover new behaviour for teams that is novel and operationally credible?
How do we ensure behaviours satisfy multiple military objectives while remaining tactically, operationally and strategically robust?
How can we combine different techniques across the joint domain and scaling from a tactical to an operational and strategic context?
Novel Tactics Discovery
Human Autonomy TeamingOptimal Path Planning
Machine Discovered Behaviour
Initial techniques to be consideredAutomated PlanningEvolutionary AlgorithmsOptimal ControlDifferential GamesDeep Reinforcement LearningBayesian LearningReal Time Strategy Games
Largest S&T ChallengeMost of the above techniques have only been
applied to relatively simple scenarios with few entities.
The state of the art in machine learning cannot yet “solve” the problems being proposed
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SR2 develops simulation models for analysing complex joint operational concepts Involves developing executable models:
1. Generate complexities and uncertainties of multiple interacting forces in complex environments
2. High dimensionality, computational intractability, new analysis strategies
SR 2: Simulation enabled Operating Concept Development
Uses data farming to execute experiments of the modelled force against simulated threats
Analysis of simulation results provides system insights
More rigorous than traditional approach to FSR
SR2 is an ambitious project – delivers S&T capability for exploring & developing complex joint operating concepts
Grapples with the following S&T challenges:• Complexity of 5th generation friendly & enemy
forces as a highly integrated & interdependent system of systems
• Developing modelling strategies to represent these abstract concepts in HPC-simulations
• Computational intractability in large scale simulation
• Difficulty in deriving insights from high dim problem spaces
• Developing analysis strategies for high level concepts explored with data farming 10
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SR3: Data management to support force design Quality data is a fundamental to base-
lining, model quality analysis, and quality decisions.
How should meta-data be collected to maximise data re-use when future problems/questions are not known?
How should “big”/”diverse” data sets be stored to enable flexible analysis workflows and queries?
How should data acquisition tools be designed to enable (e.g. automated) acquisition from a variety of ADF systems/activities?
Four research areas: Data re-use Data acquisition Data storage Data governance
Quality data is a fundamental input to analysis
The scope of force design decision making, across all ADF capabilities, implies a large data catchment, and the need for a strategic response
Some of the most useful data comes from ADF activities, operations, platforms, and systems
To run our models and simulations. To support our statistical analyses.
Collecting and managing data is difficult
E.g. holding exercises involving ADF platforms is expensive so it’s important that we make the most of the opportunities
The decisions we make about technologies to invest in have big consequences
Here, I’ve tried to make the point that data management is a strategic issue for us as an analysis organisation. There are technical options for data management that will affect the impact and type of analysis that we can perform.
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SR4: Modelling Complex Human Systems under Uncertainty
Project Objective Develop an S&T capability for better appreciation of the inter-
subjectivity of the non-material cultural, social, human, and political factors and the material components, including but not limited to technology and capabilities, in disruptive future operating environment; and the evaluation of kinetic and non-kinetic, traditional and non-traditional force design options and operational effects
S&T Aims to devise a suite of wide-ranging social scientific methods of
analysis and synthesis to capture factors of uncertainty unexploited in current assessments of the FOE and force design that are non-linear and disruptive in nature;
to develop a framework for operationalization of intersubjectivity of material and non-material factors and their inclusion in the force design process, including force modelling and simulation.
12
13
SR 5: Force Effectiveness Modelling
Extensive research into OA methods and study techniques to determine which are:
– The best, for what types of problems– Where in the DCAP they are most suited– How they are best implemented– What not to do– What resources/ assumptions are required.
Generate essentially a guide to conducting Force Effectiveness studies.
Build a library of tools to complement the guide book.
14
SR6: Concepts for Complexity- Enabled Warfare
Understanding complexity, uncertainty and non-linearity in joint force design and employment – Dynamically robust against shocks – resilience– To give it advantage against a near-peer
adversary
We know some of the answers in abstracto – now is the time to see it for things that look like the ADF
15
SR7: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Modelling unknowns
A multi-level, transdisciplinary approach to modelling unknowns and understanding and managing their impact on decision making in the force design and employment.– Dealing with open, complex, socio-technical systems
• The Threat (with associated unknowns)• The Joint Force (with associated unknowns)
– What is the best (mix of) capabilities needed to defend Australia and its national interests?
– How are these capabilities to be employed?– Assessment of the transferability of decision methods, in
particular those for high-risk/high-cost decision, to force design
I’ve tried to summarise the context that is described in the project plan by considering the force design problem which is really the Government of Australia’s (GOA) problem where they are dealing with two open, complex, socio-technical systems – the threat system and the ADF system – each of which have associated unknowns. And the questions being asked are “What is the best mix of capability that is needed to defend Australian and its national interests?” (that might be thought of as the VCDF problem) and “How are these capabilities to be employed?” (that’s the CJOPS problem).
And then there’s the DST Group problem which is “How do we best support the force design system?”, which is itself an open, complex, socio-technical system with associated unknowns. But it’s really this question of unknowns - understanding and characterising the different types of unknowns and the impacts that they have on decision-making, and ultimately working out ways to manage them to support decision-making, which motivated this project.
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MCW SRI on a Page
Force employment and integration
Well designed Force
Resilient joint force
Modelling Complexity
(SR1) Machine discovered behaviour research
(SR5) Capability decision evaluation on uncertain futures
(SR6) Concepts for complexity enabled warfare
Knowledge synthesis
(SR3) Data culture supporting force design
Conquering uncertainty
(SR4) Modelling complex human systems under uncertainty
(SR7) Modelling unknowns
Innovative simulation
(SR2) HPC-simulation for future operational concept exploration
18
The MCW SRI will be launched in September 2017 It will commence with five Strategic Responses
(SRs 1, 2, 4, 5 & 6) with two more in development during Yr 1 (SRs 3 & 7).
SR project plans to be released during October 2017
MCW SRI Symposium to be held during November 2017
Yr 1 (FY17/18) is a period of discovery within each SR
Yr 2 will see integration of SR outputs
MCW SRI Launch
It is anticipated that I will bring the SRI back to the DST Group Leadership Team in 2018 for Yr2-4 funding and that during the pitch I will introduce two new responses: strategic integration and demonstrating SRI outcomes. The former will provide the golden thread that runs through the seven responses and shows how they come together to deliver improved force design; and the latter will be our plan to demonstrate the tools and techniques within the Defence Capability Assessment Program. Yr 1 represents a period of scientific exploration and technique development around a collection of research challenges each of which is critical to effective force design.
JOAD has an excellent history of modelling warfighting systems to achieve client outcomes, yet Defence struggles to model joint force integration or exploit modelling and simulation within force design. This SRI will develop trustworthy, dependable and auditable suites of techniques to enable DST to provide world beating decision support to the force design process, particularly in relation to the integration and employment of Defence capabilities.
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Questions?