11

Models of Models of Organizational Organizational

ChangeChange-Dr. V. THANIKACHALAM

22

Organizational ChangeOrganizational Change

IndividualIndividualStructure and SystemsStructure and SystemsOrganizational ClimateOrganizational Climate

33

Individual ChangeIndividual Change

AttitudesAttitudesValuesValuesSkillsSkillsBehaviourBehaviour

44

Structure and System Structure and System ChangeChangeWork designWork designReporting relationshipsReporting relationships Information SystemsInformation SystemsReward SystemsReward Systems

55

Organizational Climate Organizational Climate ChangeChangeLeadership StyleLeadership Style Interpersonal relationsInterpersonal relationsDecision making styleDecision making style

66

Lewin’s ModelLewin’s Model

UnfreezingUnfreezingChangingChangingRefreezingRefreezing

77

UnfreezingUnfreezing

Reducing forces maintaining Reducing forces maintaining the organization's behaviour the organization's behaviour at the present level.at the present level.

Discrepancies between Discrepancies between behaviour desired and the behaviour desired and the existing behaviour.existing behaviour.

88

Changing Changing Shift in behaviour of an organization Shift in behaviour of an organization

to a new level resulting in the to a new level resulting in the developing of new behaviours, values developing of new behaviours, values and attitudes in individuals through and attitudes in individuals through changes in organizational structure changes in organizational structure and process.and process.

Changes initiated must be perceived Changes initiated must be perceived as solutions to the problems identified as solutions to the problems identified during the unfreezing stageduring the unfreezing stage

99

RefreezingRefreezingOrganization stabilizes and Organization stabilizes and

achieve a new state of achieve a new state of equilibrium and a preferred equilibrium and a preferred behaviour.behaviour.

Accomplished through the Accomplished through the use of support systems.use of support systems.

1010

Support MechanismsSupport Mechanisms Organizational CultureOrganizational Culture NormsNorms PoliciesPolicies StructuresStructures Reward SystemsReward Systems Reinforcing the new Reinforcing the new

organizational stateorganizational state

1111

Planning ModelPlanning ModelAssessing

Entry

Diagnosis

Planning

Implementation – Institutionalization

Termination

1212

AssessingAssessing Change agent and the organization Change agent and the organization

jointly explore the need for and areas jointly explore the need for and areas requiring changerequiring change

EntryEntry Development of mutual contract and Development of mutual contract and

mutual expectations.mutual expectations.

1313

DiagnosisDiagnosis Identification of specific Identification of specific

improvement goalsimprovement goals

PlanningPlanning Planning for specific improvement Planning for specific improvement

goalsgoals

1414

ImplementationImplementation Implementation of steps identified Implementation of steps identified

in the planning stage.in the planning stage.

InstitutionalizationInstitutionalization Change is incorporated in day to day Change is incorporated in day to day

activities.activities.

1515

EvaluationEvaluation Determination of the extent of Determination of the extent of

success of the planned change.success of the planned change.

TerminationTermination Decision to leave the systemDecision to leave the system EndEnd Explore another activityExplore another activity

1616

Action Research ModelAction Research Model Cyclical process of planned changeCyclical process of planned change Initial researchInitial research Obtaining requisite informationObtaining requisite information Further action based on the Further action based on the

informationinformation Results of the action are assessed.Results of the action are assessed. Further actionFurther action Cycle is repeated as an ongoing Cycle is repeated as an ongoing

process.process.

1717

Problem identification by Key Problem identification by Key PersonPerson

Consultation with Behavioural Consultation with Behavioural Science ExpertsScience Experts

Data Gathering and Preliminary Data Gathering and Preliminary DiagnosisDiagnosis

Feedback to Key Client or GroupFeedback to Key Client or Group

1818

Joint Diagnosis of the ProblemJoint Diagnosis of the Problem

Joint Action PlanningJoint Action Planning

ActionAction

Data Gathering After ActionData Gathering After Action

Feedback to Client Group by Feedback to Client Group by ConsultantConsultant

1919

Re-diagnosis and action planning Re-diagnosis and action planning by client and consultantby client and consultant

New actionNew action

Fresh data gathering as a result of Fresh data gathering as a result of actionaction

Re-diagnosisRe-diagnosis

2020

Integrative Model of Integrative Model of Planned ChangePlanned Change

2121

Exploration PhaseExploration PhaseChange ProcessNeed Awareness

Searches contracting

Organization decides whether to plan Organization decides whether to plan for a specific change and commit for a specific change and commit resources for it.resources for it.

Leads to a search for OD resources…Leads to a search for OD resources…

2222

Planning PhasePlanning PhaseChange Process

Diagnosis

Design Decision Planning commences once the problems facing the Planning commences once the problems facing the

organization are understood.organization are understood. Resources for OD are committed.Resources for OD are committed. Change process is undertaken following diagnosis.Change process is undertaken following diagnosis. Diagnosis is jointly undertaken by organizational members Diagnosis is jointly undertaken by organizational members

and OD practitioners.and OD practitioners. Goals are set for the changeGoals are set for the change

2323

Action PhaseAction PhaseChange ProcessImplementation

Evaluation

Change activities are monitored and Change activities are monitored and evaluated.evaluated.

Changes are implemented.Changes are implemented. Transitioning the organization.Transitioning the organization.

2424

Integration PhaseIntegration PhaseChange Process

Stablization

Diffusion Renewal

New behaviour is reinforced through New behaviour is reinforced through regular feedback, incentives and regular feedback, incentives and rewards.rewards.

2525

ContractContractContract with the OD Contract with the OD

professional is gradually professional is gradually terminated.terminated.

2626

Any change is stable Any change is stable for a limited time.for a limited time.