modern diatoms of arc4c sea ice - changing arctic ocean...bloom timing downwelling par (μmol m-2...
TRANSCRIPT
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ModerndiatomsofArc4cseaiceCasestudyofDeaseStrait,Nunavut,Canada
KarleyCampbellPostDoctoralResearchAssociateSchoolofGeographicalSciences
UniversityofBristol
TheArc4cSpringBloom
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
1. OverviewoficealgaeintheArc4c&thespringbloom
2.Highlightsofkeytaxa3.CaseStudy:DeaseStrait2014
Credit:SteveDuerkson
Credit:PierreCoupel
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OverviewoficealgaeintheArc4c&thespringbloom
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
[Lightetal.2003,JGR108;Leuetal.2011,ProgOceanog90;Leuetal.2015,ProgOceanog139;Campbelletal.2017,UMB22524]
Condi4onsinherentto‘sec4ons’oftheicecreateuniquecommuni4es(4)Surface• Highlightintensi4es,variable
nutrients• Communityandscaleis
dependentonconnec4vitytothepelagicsystem
[e.g.Mundyetal.2011,PolarBiol34][e.g.Leeetal.2011,Oceanography24:3]
• Freshwater&marineflagellates–chainformingdiatoms
Interior• Nutrients/Ctrappedduring
forma4onorrecycled[Fripiatetal.2014,Biogeochem119]• Abundanceofflagellates
85°N80°N75°N
Mar April May June July Aug Sept
Old Ice 85°N
Bloom Timing
Downwelling PAR
(μmol m-2 s-1)
CommunitiesAggregates
Melosira arctica
Bottom-iceBandMelt pond
A
First-year Ice 80°N
First-year Ice 75°N
500
0
1000
Growth Interface
Brine pocket
Ice Crystal
0.5 - 1 mm
Month
MYI85°N
Surface(meltpond&Infiltra4on)
Interior(brine)
Interior(lenses,bands)
8075
85
TheArc4cSpringBloom
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
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[Lightetal.2003,JGR108;Leuetal.2011,ProgOceanog90;Leuetal.2015,ProgOceanog139;Campbelletal.2017,UMB22524]
85°N80°N75°N
Mar April May June July Aug Sept
Old Ice 85°N
Bloom Timing
Downwelling PAR
(μmol m-2 s-1)
CommunitiesAggregates
Melosira arctica
Bottom-iceBandMelt pond
A
First-year Ice 80°N
First-year Ice 75°N
500
0
1000
Growth Interface
Brine pocket
Ice Crystal
0.5 - 1 mm
Month
MYI85°N
Sub-ice
Sub-ice8075
85
Algalcommuni4esinseaice
[Assmyetal.2017,AsciReports40850]
Phaeocys)sPouche)i ExportofM.arc)ca
tobenthos[Boe4usetal.2013,Science339]
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Photocredit:LauraDalman(HudsonBay)
[Lightetal.2003,JGR108;Leuetal.2011,ProgOceanog90;Leuetal.2015,ProgOceanog139;Campbelletal.2017,UMB22524]
85°N80°N75°N
Mar April May June July Aug Sept
Old Ice 85°N
Bloom Timing
Downwelling PAR
(μmol m-2 s-1)
CommunitiesAggregates
Melosira arctica
Bottom-iceBandMelt pond
A
First-year Ice 80°N
First-year Ice 75°N
500
0
1000
Growth Interface
Brine pocket
Ice Crystal
0.5 - 1 mm
Month
MYI85°N
Boiom-ice• Concentratedbiomass
8075
85
Algalcommuni4esinseaice
Nutrients(N)
Boiom-ice
Boiom-ice(Hummock)
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
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[Lightetal.2003,JGR108;Leuetal.2011,ProgOceanog90;Leuetal.2015,ProgOceanog139;Campbelletal.2017,UMB22524]
85°N80°N75°N
Mar April May June July Aug Sept
Old Ice 85°N
Bloom Timing
Downwelling PAR
(μmol m-2 s-1)
CommunitiesAggregates
Melosira arctica
Bottom-iceBandMelt pond
A
First-year Ice 80°N
First-year Ice 75°N
500
0
1000
Growth Interface
Brine pocket
Ice Crystal
0.5 - 1 mm
Month
MYI85°N
Boiom-ice• Concentratedbiomass
8075
85
Algalcommuni4esinseaice
Boiom-ice
Boiom-ice(Hummock)
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Icemelt&bloomtermina4on
RegionalPPes4matesChla<1-340mgm-2
Produc4on<1-576mgCm-2d-1Regionsofhigh/lowPP• Sizeofpoints• Thresholdofmedianchla
intheArc4c:31mgm-2
High(2.3–576mgCm-2d-1)Low(<1–21mgCm-2d-1)
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Whystudythespringbloom?
[Campbelletal.,2018,UniversityofManitoba,hip://hdl.handle.net/1993/32412]
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Highlightsofkeytaxa(boiom-ice)[LM400x.DeaseStraitcellsunlessotherwisestated]
Algalcommuni4esinseaice
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
PennateDiatom(68%)
CentricDiatom(12%)
Other(14%)
Dinoflagellates(16%)
[Poulinetal.2011,MarBiodiv42]
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Coscinodiscineae(CentricDiatoms)
Family:Melosiraceae• Barrelshape• Crownofspineslockscellstogetherin4ghtchains• Marginalringlabiateprocesses
NordicMicroalgae-SusanneBusch
Family:Thalassiosiraceae• Cellsaresquare-octagonalin
appearance• Chainsseparatedbythreads• Labiateprocess
17x24μm
Suborder:CoscinodiscineaeSymmetricalcellsMarginalprocesses(common)
Suborder:BiddulphiineaeBipolarwitheleva4ons
Family:A.heyaceae
12x17μm
• Hornslong&wavy• Maybeinpairs
Family:ChaetocerotaceaLongsetaePrimarilyinchains
[Hasle&Syvertsen1997]
[Hasle&Syvertsen1997]
SylvieLessard
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
A.heyalongicornis(Crawford&Garnder)Plate50[Crawfordetal.1994]Scalebar10μm
A.heyaseptentrionalis(Østrup)Crawford
Examplespecies:Centricdiatoms
A.heyaspp.
CellSizeHornlengthHornundula4on&protrusion
4–6μm
4–12μmx3
x8-10
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
A.longicornis(Crawford&Garnder)Plate50[Crawfordetal.1994]Scalebar10μm
A.septentrionalis(Østrup)CrawfordDeaseStrait2014
ExampleSpecies
SimilarinappearancetoChaetocerosspp.• Solitaryorinchains• Setaearenotbent(atcell)orwavy• Nosilicifiedstripingonhorns(EM)
Chaetocerusdensus(Cleve)Cleve
SylvieLessard
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Bacillariales(PennateDiatoms)
Suborder:FragilariineaeNoraphe
Suborder:RaphidineaeRaphe(slitsinvalve)
4x36μm
Synedropsishyperborea(Grunow)Hasle,Medlin&Syvertsen
Family:Fragilariaceae• (1)Labiateprocess
nearoneorbothapices
• Singlerowsofstria
3.5x38μm
Fragilariopsiscylindrus(Grunow)KriergerinHelmcke&Krieger
Family:Bacillariaceae• Fibulaepresent(‘4ckmarks’)
NitzschiascabraCleve
(27x10μm)
PleurosigmastuxbergiiCleve&Grunow
265x25μm
Family:Naviculaceae• Nofibulae• Rapheoneachvalve• Largelysolitary• HeavilysilicifiedBigFamily!Handoutkey
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
4x36μm
Synedropsishyperborea(Grunow)Hasle,Medlin&Syvertsen
CylindrothecaClosterium(Ehrenberg)Reimann&J.C.Lewin
120.5x4.8μm
ExampleSpecies
84.5x7μm
Naviculadirecta(W.Smith)Ralfs
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Pseudogomphonemasp.
30x6μm
P.arc@cum/septentrionale
30x6μm
P.Groelandicum/Kamtscha@cam
31x8.5μm
ExampleSpecies
Pseudogomphonemaspp.
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
ExampleSpecies
PleurosigmastuxbergiiCleve&Grunow
265x25μm
GyrosigmaTenuissimumvar.hyperboreaGyrosigmaHudsoniiCredit:SylvieLessard
96x7μm
Pleurosigma/Gyrosigmaspp.
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
NitzschiafrigidaGrunow
ExampleSpecies
Pseudo-nitzschiaseriatavar.obtusa(Hasle)Hasle&LundholmCredit:SylvieLessardImage4496Malina2009,St690,Cast30,Btl19
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
ExampleSpecies
EntonomeisKjellmaniivar.kariana(Cleve)Poulin&Cardinal
120x24μm
NaviculaPelagicaCleve
29x3.5μm
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
CaseStudy:DeaseStrait,2014
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
DeaseStrait,Nunavut
45’ 30’ 15’ 105o
W 45’ 30’
50’
55’
69 o N
5’
10’
Cambridge Bay
Ice Camp
Dease Strait
DeaseStrait:Overview
7March-9JuneSamplingeventsIC1-IC15
ThinSnow(<10cm)ThickSnow(15-25cm)PAR
Surface
BoiomIce(0-5cm)
Interface
Nutrients(NOx,PO4,Si(OH)4)SalinityDOC
Nutrients(NOx,PO4,Si(OH)4)Salinity/Temperature PAR
ChlorophyllaProduc4on(GPP,NCP,BP)PhotophysiologyPar4culateorganiccarbon(POC)TaxonomyAbundance(flowcytometry)
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
hips://www.hydrobios.de/product/combined-plate-chamber
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
PARTransm
iiance(%
)
ThinSnow(<10cm)
ThickSnow(15-25cm)
PAR
Tran
smitt
ance
(%)
e)20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun
30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun
0
1
2
3
4
5 c)
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
AverageRaw
Albedo
Transmittance
9-Jun
6
20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May
f)
d)20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun
0
1
2
3
4
5
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
Albedo
0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
Mar April May June July
Bloom Timing
Downwelling PAR
(μmol m-2 s-1)
Isolated Connected
FYI 75°N
500
0
1000
Growth Interface
Brine pocket
Ice Crystal
0.5 - 1 mm
Brine channelMelt pond
Month
BrineNetwork
Mar April May June July
Bloom Timing
Downwelling PAR
(μmol m-2 s-1)
Isolated Connected
FYI 75°N
500
0
1000
Growth Interface
Brine pocket
Ice Crystal
0.5 - 1 mm
Brine channelMelt pond
Month
BrineNetwork
Light
DeaseStrait:SiteCondi4ons
[Campbelletal.2016,ProgressOceanography149]
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Nutrie
nts(μm
olL-1)
Nutrients
Mar April May June July
Bloom Timing
Downwelling PAR
(μmol m-2 s-1)
Isolated Connected
FYI 75°N
500
0
1000
Growth Interface
Brine pocket
Ice Crystal
0.5 - 1 mm
Brine channelMelt pond
Month
BrineNetwork
Mar April May June July
Bloom Timing
Downwelling PAR
(μmol m-2 s-1)
Isolated Connected
FYI 75°N
500
0
1000
Growth Interface
Brine pocket
Ice Crystal
0.5 - 1 mm
Brine channelMelt pond
Month
BrineNetwork
Nut
rient
s (μm
ol L
)
e)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun
PO4NO2 + NO3Si(OH)4
20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun
6
20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May
9-Jun
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May
9-Jun
f) ThickSnowe)
PO4NO + NO
20-Apr 30-Apr 10-May 20-May 30-May 9-Jun
Date
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 Interface
Nutrie
nts(μm
olL-1)
e)PO4NO + NO
e)PO4NO + NO
28.1psu
ThinSnow(<10cm)
[Campbelletal.2016,ProgressOceanography149]
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PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Sample Date
Choanoflagellate Dinoflagellate Flagellate Pennate Diatom Centric Diatom
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Algae
Com
posit
ion (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9
March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9
a) Thin Snow
b) Thick Snow
68%Pennate
12%Centric
68%Pennate
12%Centric
Sample Date
Choanoflagellate Dinoflagellate Flagellate Pennate Diatom Centric Diatom
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Algae
Com
posit
ion (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9
March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9
a) Thin Snow
b) Thick Snow
68%Pennate
12%Centric
68%Pennate
12%Centric
AlgalSize(%)
7March
Sample Date
Choanoflagellate Dinoflagellate Flagellate Pennate Diatom Centric Diatom
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Algae
Com
posit
ion (%
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9
March 7 11 15 April 21 25 29 May 3 8 13 17 21 26 30 June 5 9
a) Thin Snow
b) Thick Snow
68%Pennate
12%Centric
68%Pennate
12%Centric
87.2
5.87.0
50.430.3
19.3
11.1
61.2
27.7
35.2
37.2
27.6
73.5
7.5
19.0
66.1
17.4
16.5
18.7
43.4
37.9
43.6
27.6
28.8
Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote
7 March
9 June
Seasonal Average
8 May
Thin Snow Thick Snow 87.2
5.87.0
50.430.3
19.3
11.1
61.2
27.7
35.2
37.2
27.6
73.5
7.5
19.0
66.1
17.4
16.5
18.7
43.4
37.9
43.6
27.6
28.8
Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote
7 March
9 June
Seasonal Average
8 May
Thin Snow Thick Snow
8May
M
P
87.2
5.87.0
50.430.3
19.3
11.1
61.2
27.7
35.2
37.2
27.6
73.5
7.5
19.0
66.1
17.4
16.5
18.7
43.4
37.9
43.6
27.6
28.8
Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote
7 March
9 June
Seasonal Average
8 May
Thin Snow Thick Snow
9June
ThinSnow(<10cm) ThickSnow(15-25cm)
N
87.2
5.87.0
50.430.3
19.3
11.1
61.2
27.7
35.2
37.2
27.6
73.5
7.5
19.0
66.1
17.4
16.5
18.7
43.4
37.9
43.6
27.6
28.8
Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote
7 March
9 June
Seasonal Average
8 May
Thin Snow Thick Snow 87.2
5.87.0
50.430.3
19.3
11.1
61.2
27.7
35.2
37.2
27.6
73.5
7.5
19.0
66.1
17.4
16.5
18.7
43.4
37.9
43.6
27.6
28.8
Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote
7 March
9 June
Seasonal Average
8 May
Thin Snow Thick Snow 87.2
5.87.0
50.430.3
19.3
11.1
61.2
27.7
35.2
37.2
27.6
73.5
7.5
19.0
66.1
17.4
16.5
18.7
43.4
37.9
43.6
27.6
28.8
Picoeukaryote NanoeukaryoteMicroeukaryote
7 March
9 June
Seasonal Average
8 May
Thin Snow Thick Snow
PN
M P
N
MM
P
N
PN
M P
N
M
7March 8May 9June
AlgalType(%)
12%Centric
68%Pennate
PennateDiatom
CentricDiatom
PennateDiatom
CentricDiatom
Pico-(<2μm) Nano-(2-20μm) Micro-(>20μm)
[Campbelletal.2018,PolarBiology41]
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
Epiphy4cAAheyasp.onNitzschiafrigidacolony AAheyasp.
Nitzschiafrigida
Species-specifictoleranceofenvironmentalcondiYons?• lowsalinitysurfacewaters• lownitrogencondi4ons• highlightintensi4es(increaseover
springandunderthicksnow)[Melnikovetal.2002,DeepSeaResI49,1623–1649]
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Produc4onwithoutmul4plelightscaiering
Produc4onwithmul4plelightscaiering
00
Importanceofspeciescomposi4ononPP?
Light PhaseIHeterotrophy
PhaseIIAutotrophy
Ē 0(μ
molm
2s-1)
Ê 0(μ
molm
2s-1)
(Abu
ndancex106cellsL-1)
NetCom
mun
ityProdu
c4on
(μmolO
2L-1h
-1)
NetCom
mun
ityProdu
c4on
(μ
molO
2L-1d
-1)
POC(m
gm
2 )
Chla(m
gm
2 )
Ê0
Ē0
PolarMarineDiatomWorkshop2018
[Campbelletal.2017,GRL44]
Timetolookatsomesamples…