Name: ________________________________World HistoryModern Era- Revolutions

Standard 4.0 3.5 3.0 Not a 3.0 yetStandard 4: Patterns of crisis and recovery resulting from conflict, disease, climate change and economic growth

60 – 55 points

54.5- 50 points

49- 40 points

39.5 or less

Take complete notes of the packet _______/8 pointsSCAP Documents/test ticket _______/4 points Test for Colonialism and Slavery

- Part One – Multiple Choice ______/16 points- Part Two – Short Essay Questions ______/32 points

Objective

Context

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Part I- The Enlightenment

Go to the following lecture on Mr. Wood’s website- Enlightenment Thinkers- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP8k_f3PFq80:00- 1:20 What was life like in Europe before the Enlightenment? (use the terms Absolute Monarch and Divine Right of Kings)

1:20- 1:45 How did thinking change in the Enlightenment?

1:45 – end of the video Take notes on the following Enlightenment thinkersHobbes Locke Montesquieu Rousseau

Taken from APWorldipedia- used with permission

A. During the previous era (1450-1750) Europeans grew less reluctant challenging established authorities on matters of culture, science and religion. Borrowing the methods of science, the new ways of understanding the world began with one's direct observations or experience, organizing the data of that experience, and only then evaluating political and social life. In a movement known as the Enlightenment, European intellectuals applied these methods to human relationships around them. They did not hesitate to question assumptions about government and society that had gone unquestioned for centuries. Dismissing all inherited beliefs about social class and religion, they began from direct experience and asked why things had to be the way they were.

The most profound influence of the Enlightenment was in political thought. New and radical ideas emanated from philosophers that challenged accepted notions of power. The English philosopher John Locke believed that all knowledge arises through experience, a belief that implies that experience rather than birth makes individuals who they are, thus calling into question the basis for the class system of Europe. He went on to argue that every individual has inalienable rights--rights that cannot be taken away without a grievous violation of natural law. For Locke, the most fundamental inalienable rights were life, liberty, and the right to own property. The French philosopher Rousseau argued that the relationship between a government and its people was similar to a contract. This assumes that both parties are on equal footing and either side could violate the contract. Another English philosopher

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named Thomas Hobbes said that the only legitimate role of a government was to protect people from each other and anything beyond that was oppressive. The French philosopher Montesquieu also argued for a limited government. He believed the best way to limit the power of a government was to divide its most fundamental powers--the power to make laws, execute laws, and interpret laws in specific instances-- into three distinct and separate locations of the government. This had a strong influence on the American system of dividing government into legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government with checks and balances between them. The net effect of all these philosophers was to deny the legitimacy of a government with absolute power supported by religion rather than the general will of the people. The philosophers of the Enlightenment used the same assumptions about knowledge as the Scientific Revolution but used the methods to change how life was lived.

Reading Taken from APWorldipedia- used with permission

Part II- The French Revolution

French Revolution The French Revolution was inspired in part by the American Revolution and influenced by many of the same Enlightenment principles. However, the French were attempting to solve a different set of problems than the Americans were, a reality which made the outcome and character of their revolution much different. Unlike the American colonies, France had a class system that was deeply entrenched in the soil of its civilization. The king, an absolute monarch, ruled by divide right. Legitimizing both of these social and political institutions was the Roman Catholic Church. Thus religion, society, and politics were intertwined deeply in an arrangement known as the ancien regime. The French Revolution abolished the feudal class system, separated politics from religion, and ended absolute monarchy. Rather than an anti-colonial independence movement, the French Revolution was a true transformation of the social order.

The class system of France was divided into three basic ranks, or estates. The first estate (the clergy), the second estate (the nobles and aristocracy), and the third estate (the serfs or peasants) each had varying degrees of rights. The top two estates had the most privileges and paid little taxes. The third estate, about 85% of the population, supported the extravagant lifestyles of the other two with hard agricultural labor and heavy taxation. As unfair as this system was, it made sense in the context of the feudal economy of the middle ages. But much had changed since then. Enlightenment notions of the equality of all individuals struck at the heart of this social system. Moreover, the three estates did not adequately describe the social and economic reality of France in the 18th century. Between 1720 and 1780 France's foreign trade quadrupled.[5] Merchants and middle class businessmen who comprised the bourgeoisie (urban middle class) grew enormously in size and wealth but had the same level of rights as the third estate.

FRENCH REVOLUTION- HTTP://WWW.HISTORY.COM/TOPICS/FRENCH-REVOLUTION/PRINT…The French Revolution began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment

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ideals, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the movement played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people.

PRELUDE TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: MONARCHY IN CRISISAs the 18th century drew to a close, France’s costly involvement in the American Revolution and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI (1754-1793) and his predecessor had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy. Not only were the royal coffers depleted, but two decades of poor cereal harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor. Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes yet failed to provide relief by rioting, looting and striking.

In the fall of 1786, Louis XVI’s controller general, Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734-1802), proposed a financial reform package that included a universal land tax from which the privileged classes would no longer be exempt. To garner support for these measures and forestall a growing aristocratic revolt, the king summoned the Estates-General (“les états généraux”)–an assembly representing France’s clergy, nobility and middle class–for the first time since 1614. The meeting was scheduled for May 5, 1789; in the meantime, delegates of the three estates from each locality would compile lists of grievances (“cahiers de doléances”) to present to the king.

Watch the following from Mr. Wood’s Website: The French Revolution History Channel HD- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZdIN3u3cYc&t=480s Begin watching at 3:30 7:50 - 8:50 Name some of the problems that were occurring in France before the revolution

12:25 – 14:05 Explain what impact the Enlightenment had on Paris + France

15:05 - 16:20 Give details about the ceremonies and life at Versailles - focus on Queen Marie Antoinette expenses

20:30 – 22:15 - How did the weather of 1788-89 and the price of bread affect the Revolution?

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AT VERSAILLES: RISE OF THE THIRD ESTATEFrance’s population had changed considerably since 1614. The non-aristocratic members of the Third Estate now represented 98 percent of the people but could still be outvoted by the other two bodies. In the lead-up to the May 5 meeting, the Third Estate

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began to mobilize support for equal representation and the abolishment of the noble veto–in other words, they wanted voting by head and not by status. While all of the orders shared a common desire for fiscal and judicial reform as well as a more representative form of government, the nobles in particular were loath to give up the privileges they enjoyed under the traditional system.By the time the Estates-General convened at Versailles, the highly public debate over its voting process had erupted into hostility between the three orders, eclipsing the original purpose of the meeting and the authority of the man who had convened it. On June 17, with talks over procedure stalled, the Third Estate met alone and formally adopted the title of National Assembly; three days later, they met in a nearby indoor tennis court and took the so-called Tennis Court Oath (“serment du jeu de paume”), vowing not to disperse until constitutional reform had been achieved. Within a week, most of the clerical deputies and 47 liberal nobles had joined them, and on June 27 Louis XVI grudgingly absorbed all three orders into the new assembly.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION HITS THE STREETS: THE BASTILLE AND THE GREAT FEAROn June 12, as the National Assembly (known as the National Constituent Assembly during its work on a constitution) continued to meet at Versailles, fear and violence consumed the capital. Though enthusiastic about the recent breakdown of royal power, Parisians grew panicked as rumors of an impending military coup began to circulate. A popular insurgency culminated on July 14 when rioters stormed the Bastille fortress in an attempt to secure gunpowder and weapons; many consider this event, now commemorated in France as a national holiday, as the start of the French Revolution.The wave of revolutionary fervor and widespread hysteria quickly swept the countryside. Revolting against years of exploitation, peasants looted and burned the homes of tax collectors, landlords and the seigniorial elite. Known as the Great Fear (“la Grande peur”), the agrarian insurrection hastened the growing exodus of nobles from the country and inspired the National Constituent Assembly to abolish feudalism on August 4, 1789, signing what the historian Georges Lefebvre later called the “death certificate of the old order.”

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION’S POLITICAL CULTURE: DRAFTING A CONSTITUTIONOn August 4, the Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (“Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen”), a statement of democratic principles grounded in the philosophical and political ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). The document proclaimed the Assembly’s commitment to replace the ancien régime with a system based on equal opportunity, freedom of speech, popular sovereignty and representative government.Drafting a formal constitution proved much more of a challenge for the National Constituent Assembly, which had the added burden of functioning as a legislature during harsh economic times. For months, its members wrestled with fundamental questions about the shape and expanse of France’s new political landscape. For instance, who would be responsible for electing delegates? Would the clergy owe allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church or the French government? Perhaps most importantly, how much authority would the king, his public image further weakened after a failed attempt to flee in June 1791, retain? Adopted on September 3, 1791, France’s first written constitution echoed the more moderate voices in the Assembly, establishing a constitutional monarchy in which the king enjoyed royal veto power and the ability to appoint ministers. This compromise did not sit well with influential radicals like Maximilien de Robespierre (1758-1794), Camille Desmoulins (1760-1794) and Georges Danton (1759-1794), who began drumming up popular support for a more republican form of government and the trial of Louis XVI.

Watch the following from Mr. Wood’s Website: The French Revolution History Channel HD- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZdIN3u3cYc&t=480s22:50- 23:40 – What is the Estates General and how was it divided?

24:40 – 26:30 Explain what happens at the “Tennis Court Oath” when the Third Estate gets locked out of the Estates

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General Assembly

What is the National Assembly and does it have any real power?

26:30 – 30:10 Explain how the national guard forms and also what happens with the raiding of the Bastille

31:00 – 32:00 What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man? What does the Assembly demand?

34:40 – 35:50 - What happens when the poor women gather over not having bread?

36:18- 39:45 - What happens when the crowd of poor people come to the Palace of Versailles?

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION TURNS RADICAL: TERROR AND REVOLTIn April 1792, the newly elected Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria and Prussia, where it believed that French émigrés were building counterrevolutionary alliances; it also hoped to spread its revolutionary ideals across Europe through warfare. On the domestic front, meanwhile, the political crisis took a radical turn when a group of insurgents led by the extremist Jacobins attacked the royal residence in Paris and arrested the king on August 10, 1792. The following month, amid a wave of violence in which Parisian insurrectionists massacred hundreds of accused counterrevolutionaries, the Legislative Assembly was replaced by the National Convention, which proclaimed the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the French republic. On January 21, 1793, it sent King Louis XVI, condemned to death for high treason and crimes against the state, to the guillotine; his wife Marie-Antoinette (1755-1793) suffered the same fate nine months later.

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Following the king’s execution, war with various European powers and intense divisions within the National Convention ushered the French Revolution into its most violent and turbulent phase. In June 1793, the Jacobins seized control of the National Convention from the more moderate Girondins and instituted a series of radical measures, including the establishment of a new calendar and the eradication of Christianity. They also unleashed the bloody Reign of Terror (“la Terreur”), a 10-month period in which suspected enemies of the revolution were guillotined by the thousands. Many of the killings were carried out under orders from Robespierre, who dominated the draconian Committee of Public Safety until his own execution on July 28, 1794. His death marked the beginning of the Thermidorian Reaction, a moderate phase in which the French people revolted against the Reign of Terror’s excesses.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ENDS: NAPOLEON’S RISEOn August 22, 1795, the National Convention, composed largely of Girondins who had survived the Reign of Terror, approved a new constitution that created France’s first bicameral legislature. Executive power would lie in the hands of a five-member Directory (“Directoire”) appointed by parliament. Royalists and Jacobins protested the new regime but were swiftly silenced by the army, now led by a young and successful general named Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821).The Directory’s four years in power were riddled with financial crises, popular discontent, inefficiency and, above all, political corruption. By the late 1790s, the directors relied almost entirely on the military to maintain their authority and had ceded much of their power to the generals in the field. On November 9, 1799, as frustration with their leadership reached a fever pitch, Bonaparte staged a coup d’état, abolishing the Directory and appointing himself France’s “first consul.” The event marked the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of the Napoleonic era, in which France would come to dominate much of continental Europe.

Watch the following from Mr. Wood’s Website: The French Revolution History Channel HD- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZdIN3u3cYc&t=480s44:30 – 46:00 - What was the Guillotine and why was it used?

48:30- 49:30, 56:28 – 58:55- – How does the Republic begin and how does King Louis XIV die? (Marie Antoinette is later executed as well)

111:20 – 113:50 Describe what “The Terror” was and what happened in it.

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113:50 – 115:15 - Describe what “The Committee of Public Safety” was and what it did and the role of Robespierre.

122:05 - 122:45 What was the Great Terror in 1794-1795?

126:20 – end - How does the terror end and what were the end results of the French Revolution?

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Part III- The Haitian Revolution

Watch the following from Mr. Wood’s Website: PBS Egalite for All: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution (2009) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOGVgQYX6SU Begin watching at 3:20 -

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4:55- 5:55- why was the Declaration of the Rights of Man very “dangerous” in the French colony Haiti (was know as Saint Domingue)

5:55- 8:00- Why was Saint Domingue so important to France and what was the work like for the African Slaves?

9:20- 10:50 - How did some blacks become free in Saint Dominque and who was Toussaint Loverture?

11:30- 13:20- Explain the racial dynamics the existed in Haiti.

13:20 – 15:15 What happened when the mixed race population began making demands for equality in Haiti?

18:40- 20:40- How did the African Slaves begin the revolution in Haiti?

25:00 - 26:20 What were the conditions like when Toussaint Louverture led the rebellion?

27:30- 29:00- What happened when Tossaint Louverture tried to negotiate with the white planters?

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31:20 – 32:25- What did Toussaint Louverture write in 1793 and what was he asking for (disenfranchised means those who do not have power and are not free)?

32:25- 34:00- Why did Louverture make an alliance with Spain? How did the white planters react?

34:00 – 36:10 What happened when a multi-racial delegation went to France to ask and argue for Freedom?

37:20- 39:45- Why did Toussaint Louverture rejoin the French to fight against Britain and Spain? What was the result of this?

44:55- 46:05 Describe both the positive and negatives of the constitution that Loverture wrote for Haiti.

46:05- 49:35 - Explain what was the reaction to Haiti writing a constitution and Haiti declaring independence and what happened to Toussiant Louverture.

49:35- 54:00 - Describe what happened when the French leader Napoleon reinstated slavery. What was the final result of the Haitian Revolution? What was Jean-Jacques Dessalines’s role? What happened to Louverture?

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http://scholar.library.miami.edu/slaves/san_domingo_revolution/revolution.html

At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, the colony of St. Domingue, now Haiti, furnished two-thirds of France’s overseas trade, employed one thousand ships and fifteen thousand French sailors. The colony became France’s richest, the envy of every other European nation. This plantation system, which provided such a pivotal role in the French economy, was also the greatest individual market for the African slave trade. Yet, conflict and resentment permeated the society of San Domingo, and slave resistance began to take an organized form in the late 18th century. The French Revolution did inspire many in 1789, but black resistance had existed for years. In August of 1791 an organized slave rebellion broke out, marking the start of a twelve-year resistance to obtain human rights. The Haitian Revolution is the only successful slave revolt in history, and resulted in the establishment of Haiti, the first independent black state in the New World.

One must emphasize the struggles that had been occurring for decades prior to the 1791 outbreak of full-scale rebellion. Yet the French Revolution was also crucially important, for the conflicts between whites about what exactly its ideals meant triggered an opportunity for blacks. A historically significant step was the issuance of the Declaration of Rights of Man passed in France on August 26, 1789. It stated, "In the eyes of the law all citizens are equal." While the French government did not want to release this to their colonies, word got out. News of the Declaration of Rights of Man brought new hopes to the black masses. Meanwhile, plantation owners and the French government continued to exploit the slaves for profit.

A series of revolts occurred in 1790, by mulattoes led by Vincent Ogé. Descendents of mixed blood were trying to establish suffrage from a recent National Assembly ruling. However the white Colonial Assembly ignored French efforts. These mulatto-led revolts were the first challenges against French rule and the slaveholding system. In August of 1791, the first organized black rebellion ignited the twelve-year San Domingo Revolution. The northern settlements were hit first, and the flood that overwhelmed them revealed the military strength and organization of the black masses. Plantations were destroyed, and white owners killed to escape the oppression. Some of the rebellion’s leaders include Boukman, Biassou, Toussaint, Jeannot, Francois, Dessalines, and Cristophe. These men would help to guide the Revolution down its torturous, bloody road to complete success, although it would cost over twelve years and hundreds of thousands of lives. Many of those leaders themselves would fall along the way, but the force of unity against slavery, a unity deeply embedded in the creole culture that bound the blacks together, would sustain the revolution.

After the revolutionaries’ initial successes in overwhelming the institution of plantation slavery on the Plaine du Nord, Le Cap fell into the hands of French republican forces. Toussaint and thousands of blacks joined them in April 1793. The agreement was if the blacks fought against the royalists, the French would promise freedom. Thus, on August 29, 1793, Commissioner Légér-Felicité Sonthonax abolished slavery in the colony. Then with self-interest in mind, revolutionary France’s British enemies tried to seize an opportunity to grab the colony, so recently the greatest single source of colonial wealth in the whole world. Furthermore, the British wanted to put down the slave rebellion in order to protect their own slave colonies.

In June of 1794 British forces landed on the island and worked with Spain to attack the French. Yet, the British forces soon fell victim to yellow fever. With more uncertainties presenting themselves, Toussaint decided to pledge his support to the French, on May 6, 1794. Toussaint was appointed governor in 1796 and he continued to follow his ideas for an autonomous black- led San Domingo. By January 1802, Toussaint was the head of a semi-independent San Domingo. Napoleon saw this as a threat and sent his brother-in-law Victor-Emmanuel Leclerc from France with 20,000 troops to capture Toussaint, and re-establish slavery in the colony. Toussaint was deceived in 1802, captured and shipped to France, where he eventually died in prison.

But the struggle for independence continued and by late 1803 the north and south arenas of the island united and defeated the 12

French under Rochambeau. Dessalines, Toussaint’s former lieutenant proclaimed the independence of the country of Haiti and declared himself Emperor. He was assassinated in 1806, and the country divided between rival successors. Yet, the rebels had shattered the enslaved colony and forged from the ruins the free nation of Haiti.

Part IV Feminism in the Modern EraWOMENS SUFFRAGE- https://apworldhistoryclass.wordpress.com/2015/02/17/womens-suffrage/

Women were pushed to the sidelines as dependents of men for hundreds of centuries. Women couldn’t vote, own property, or make contracts. Women were only seen as a way of enhancing the social status of a man. Most women worked as domestic servants rather than doctors or architects. It was until 1788, that Mary Wollstonecraft, from London, became one of the worlds first advocate for women’s rights. She published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, one of the first works of feminism. It argued that the educational system of her time deliberately trained women to be incapable. She thought of an educational system that allowed girls the same advantages as boys and it would result in women who would be not only exceptional wives and mothers but also capable workers in many professions. Mary’s work was unique in suggesting that the betterment of women’s status be effected through political change as the reform of national educational systems. Such change would benefit all society. This book brung much controversy, but didn’t bring and reforms until the mid 1800s. Women in the U.S began to join the paid work force, and to seek higher education. Early women’s rights activists like Susan B. Anthony, publicly advocated women’s equal rights in state legislatures. These leaders demanded improved laws regarding child custody, divorce, and property rights for women. Susan argued that women deserved equal wages and career opportunities in law, medicine, education and the ministry. First and foremost among their demands was suffrage. With these movements and advocating it led to the expansion of rights on women. An amendment was put in place for their right to vote, and soon, they would be equal to men.

Women's Suffrage - http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/suffrage/history.htmFrom GrolierThe struggle to achieve equal rights for women is often thought to have begun, in the English-speaking world, with the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). During the 19th century, as male suffrage was gradually extended in many countries, women became increasingly active in the quest for their own suffrage. Not until 1893, however, in New Zealand, did women achieve suffrage on the national level. Australia followed in 1902, but American, British, and Canadian women did not win the same rights until the end of World War I.

The United StatesThe demand for the enfranchisement of American women was first seriously formulated at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848). After the Civil War, agitation by women for the ballot became increasingly vociferous. In 1869, however, a rift developed among feminists over the proposed 15th Amendment, which gave the vote to black men. Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and others refused to endorse the amendment because it did not give women the ballot. Other suffragists, however, including Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe, argued that once the black man was enfranchised, women would achieve their goal. As a result of the conflict, two organizations emerged. Stanton and Anthony formed the National Woman Suffrage Association to work for suffrage on the federal level and to press for more extensive institutional changes, such as the granting of property rights to married women. Stone created the American Woman Suffrage Association, which aimed to secure the ballot through state legislation. In 1890 the two groups united under the name National

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American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). In the same year Wyoming entered the Union, becoming the first state with general women's suffrage (which it had adopted as a territory in 1869).

As the pioneer suffragists began to withdraw from the movement because of age, younger women assumed leadership roles. One of the most politically astute was Carrie Chapman Catt, who was named president of NAWSA in 1915. Another prominent suffragist was Alice Paul. Forced to resign from NAWSA because of her insistence on the use of militant direct-action tactics, Paul organized the National Woman's Party, which used such strategies as mass marches and hunger strikes. Perseverance on the part of both organizations eventually led to victory. On August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment granted the ballot to American women.

Great BritainIn Great Britain the cause began to attract attention when the philosopher John Stuart Mill presented a petition in Parliament calling for inclusion of women's suffrage in the Reform Act of 1867. In the same year Lydia Becker (1827 –90) founded the first women's suffrage committee, in Manchester. Other committees were quickly formed, and in 1897 they united as the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, with Millicent Garret Fawcett (1847 –1929) as president. Like their American counterparts, the British suffragists struggled to overcome traditional values and prejudices. Frustrated by the prevailing social and political stalemate, some women became more militant. Emmeline Pankhurst, assisted by her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, founded the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903. Her followers, called "suffragettes," heckled politicians, practiced civil disobedience, and were frequently arrested for inciting riots. When World War I started, the proponents of women's suffrage ceased their activities and supported the war effort. In February 1918 women over the age of 30 received the right to vote. Suffrage

Olympe de Gouges, The Declaration of the Rights of Woman (September 1791) http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/293/

Marie Gouze (1748–93) was a self–educated butcher’s daughter from the south of France who, under the name Olympe de Gouges, wrote pamphlets and plays on a variety of issues, including slavery, which she attacked as being founded on greed and blind prejudice. In this pamphlet she provides a declaration of the rights of women to parallel the one for men, thus cri t icizing the deputies for having forgotten women. She addressed the pamphlet to the Queen, Marie Antoinette, though she also warned the Queen that she must work for the Revolution or r isk destroying the monarchy altogether. In her postscript she denounced the customary treatment of women as objects easily abandoned. She appended to the declaration a sample form for a marriage contract that called for communal sharing of property. De Gouges went to the gui l lot ine in 1793, condemned as a counterrevolutionary and denounced as an "unnatural" woman.

Olympe de Gouges and the Rights of Woman (Women and the French Revolution: Part 3)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QG3Zg12YcUQ0:35 – 5:15- Describe how Olympe de Gouges advocated for more rights for women during the French Revolution

Mary Wollstonecraft, Writer and Philosopher | BiographyMary Wollstonecraft was an English writer who advocated for women's equality. Her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman pressed for educational reforms.

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Explain how Mary Wollstonecraft fought for more rights for women

1848- Seneca Falls Convention begins - http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/seneca-falls-convention-begins

At the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, N.Y., a woman’s rights convention–the first ever held in the United States–convenes with almost 200 women in attendance. The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two abolitionists who met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. As women, Mott and Stanton were barred from the convention floor, and the common indignation that this aroused in both of them was the impetus for their founding of the women’s rights movement in the United States.

In 1848, at Stanton’s home near Seneca Falls, the two women, working with Martha Wright, Mary Ann McClintock, and Jane Hunt, sent out a call for a women’s conference to be held at Seneca Falls. The announcement, published in the Seneca County Courier on July 14, read, “A Convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women will be held in the Wesleyan Chapel, at Seneca Falls, N.Y., on Wednesday and Thursday, the 19th and 20th of July current; commencing at 10 o’clock A.M. During the first day the meeting will be exclusively for women, who are earnestly invited to attend. The public generally are invited to be present on the second day, when Lucretia Mott, of Philadelphia, and other ladies and gentlemen, will address the Convention.”

On July 19, 200 women convened at the Wesleyan Chapel, and Stanton read the “Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances,” a treatise that she had drafted over the previous few days. Stanton’s declaration was modeled closely on the Declaration of Independence, and its preamble featured the proclamation, “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights…” The Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances then detailed the injustices inflicted upon women in the United States and called upon U.S. women to organize and petition for their rights.

On the second day of the convention, men were invited to intend–and some 40 did, including the famous African American abolitionist Frederick Douglass. That day, the Declaration of Sentiments and Grievances was adopted and signed by the assembly. The convention also passed 12 resolutions–11 unanimously–which called for specific equal rights for women. The ninth resolution, which declared “it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise,” was the only one to meet opposition. After a lengthy debate, in which Douglass sided with Stanton in arguing the importance of female enfranchisement, the resolution was passed. For proclaiming a women’s right to vote, the Seneca Falls Convention was subjected to public ridicule, and some backers of women’s rights withdrew their support. However, the resolution marked the beginning of the women’s suffrage movement in America.

The Seneca Falls Convention was followed two weeks later by an even larger meeting in Rochester, N.Y. Thereafter, national woman’s rights conventions were held annually, providing an important focus for the growing women’s suffrage movement. After years of struggle, the 19th Amendment was adopted in 1920, granting American women the constitutionally protected right to vote.

The Seneca Falls Convention Explained: US History Review- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9k5dKzdJIY

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