modern evolutionary classification 18-2. in a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species...
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MODERN EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION
18-2
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In a way, organisms determine who belongs to their species by choosing with whom they will __________!
Taxonomic groups are “invented” by scientists to group organisms with similar _______________.
MATE
characteristics
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BUT. . . which characteristics are MOST IMPORTANT?
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Should a dolphin be grouped with fish because it has fins and lives in water?
OR with mammals because itbreathes air and makes milk for its young?
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MODERN TAXONOMYGrouping organisms based on their evolutionary history =_____________________Evolutionary classification
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MODERN TAXONOMYThe study of an organism’sevolutionary history
= phylogeny
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____________is a system of classifying organisms that considers only characteristics that are “new evolutionary innovations”.
Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
= __________________
CLADISTICS
Derived characters
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Derived characters can be usedto construct a diagram thatshows evolutionary relationshipsamong groups of organisms
= ________
cladogram
Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg
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Derived charactersappear at branchesof the cladogramshowing where
theyfirst arose.
Cladograms helpscientists
understandhow one lineagebranched fromanother
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing ©2006
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All of the classification methods discussed so far are based on physical similarities and differences.
Even organisms with very different anatomies can share common traits.
EX: All living things use ______________to pass on information and control growth.
DNA and RNA
http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
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GENES of many organisms show remarkable similarity at the molecular level.
Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships between organisms.
http://sbchem.sunysb.edu/msl/dna.gif
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Humans have a gene that codes for a protein that helps our muscles move called __________
Researchers have found a gene in yeast that codes for a myosin protein, that enables internal cell parts to move.
MYOSIN
http://universe-review.ca/I11-32-yeast.jpg
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Similarities in DNA can be used to help show evolutionary relationships and how species have changed.
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
African vulture American vulture Stork
Traditionally these first two were classified together in falcon family.Storks were put in a separate family.
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American vultures have a peculiar behavior. When they get overheated, they urinate on their legs to cool off
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
African vulture American vulture Stork
The only other bird that does this is the STORK.
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DNA comparisons showed more similarities between American vulture and stork DNA than DNA from the two kinds of vultures suggesting a more ______________________ between storks and American vultures
Images from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
African vulture American vulture Stork
recent common ancestor
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Comparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary time
A model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently
= ________________MOLECULAR CLOCK
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____________ occur all the time and cause slight changes to the DNA code.
Degree of _________is an indication of
howlong ago two speciesshared a common
ancestor
Mutations
dissimilarity
Image from: Biology by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
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Different genes accumulate mutations at different rates so there are many molecular clocks “ticking”.
http://www.kahlert.com/web/images/tech_clock.gif
Allows scientists to time different kinds of evolutionary events, like using different hands on a clock.