Modern History of Yoga

Compiled by: Trisha Lamb

Last Revised: April 27, 2006

© 2004 by International Association of Yoga Therapists (IAYT)

International Association of Yoga Therapists P.O. Box 2513 • Prescott • AZ 86302 • Phone: 928-541-0004

E-mail: mail@iayt.org • URL: www.iayt.org

The contents of this bibliography do not provide medical advice and should not be so interpreted. Before beginning any exercise program, see your physician for clearance.

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NOTE: See also “The Boom in Interest in Yoga in the Mid-1990s and Beyond” and “Commodification of Yoga” bibliographies. Amodeo, John. Self discovery and Hatha yoga. Yoga Journal, May-Jun 1976, pp. 18, 31-32. “During the past ten years [from 1966 – 1976], Hatha yoga has been steadily influencing Western society. Once ridiculed as an off-beat cult, Hatha yoga now enjoys recognition and acceptance by even the most traditional middle-class journals and magazines. It is clear, as Arnold Toynbee so keenly pointed out, that Eastern ways are having a slow, yet steady impact on transforming our way of living and being in the world. The many yoga schools which have blossomed are an integral part of this impact. What is not so clear is the impact which Western society may have on the practice of this art, and it is this question I wish to address here . . .” Anitananda Saraswati, Swami. Yoga in Yugoslavia. Yoga (Sivananda Math), Jul 1995. Article available online: http://www.yogamag.net/archives/1995/4july95/yugo.shtml. Baier, Karl. Iyengar and the yoga tradition. Article available online: http://www.iyengar-yoga.com/articles/yogatradition. The author writes about the controversy that Iyengar Yoga (as developed by B. K. S. Iyengar) has caused over the past two or three decades. “The author goes beyond the usual prejudices and gives an in-depth analysis of Iyengar’s contribution to yoga and his relation to the yoga tradition.” ___________. Yoga auf dem Weg nach Westen. Würzburg, Germany: Verlag Königshausen & Neumann, 1998. (Both ancient and modern history, up to 1930.) [In German.] Balayogi Bhavanani, Ananda. An overview of Yoga in present day India from a geographical perspective. Yoga Life, Apr 2003, 33(4):14-24. ___________. An overview of Yoga in present day India from a geographical perspective. Yoga Life, Jun 2003, 34(6):12-20. ___________, and Meenakshi Devi Bhavanani. An overview of Yoga in present day India from a geographical perspective. Yoga Life, Jul 2003, 34(7):25-32. Biria, Corrine. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in] France. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):38-40. Boger, Dina. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in] Israel. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):50-53.

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[A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in] New Zealand. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):31-32. Budhos, Marina. Out of India. Yoga Journal, Mar/Apr 2002. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/views/672_1.cfm?ctsrc=nlv56. “American yogis have enthusiastically embraced all things Indian. But what do people of Indian descent think of Americans ‘borrowing’ their culture?” ___________. Culture shock. Yoga Journal, May/Jun 2002, pp. 88-93, 164-167. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/views/680_1.cfm?ctsrc=nlv56. “The yoga boom that has hit the West originated in India but like a boomerang has come full circle. The yoga practiced there today is seen in a vastly different light than in previous generations—or is it? In the second of this two-part series, we explore the effect American yoga is having on the practice in its birthplace.” C., S. How the Upanishads came to the West: Part 1—Dara Shukoh. Self-Knowledge, Summer 1992, 43(3):69-74. ___________. How the Upanishads came to Europe: Part 2—Anquetil-Duperron. Self-Knowledge, Autumn 1992, 43(4):107-112. ___________. How the Upanishads came to Europe: Part 3—Schopoenhauer. Self-Knowledge, Winter 1993, 44(1):23-31. Chornik, Anna. Yoga in Argentina (Part 1). Yoga World, Jan-Mar 1999, no. 8, p. 7. ___________. Yoga in Argentina (Part 2). Yoga World, Apr-Jun 1999, no. 9, pp. 8-10. Cogozzo, Linda. Yoga in the U.S.S.R. Yoga Journal, May/Jun 1991, pp. 63-67, 100-103. (One page of this article, p. 65, is specifically devoted to the history of yoga in Russia, dating back to the end of the 19th century, while the remainder covers the contemporary history.) Cornell, Laura. The Moon Salutation: Expression of the feminine in body, psyche, spirit. Master’s thesis. San Francisco, Calif: California Institute of Integral Studies, 2000. Includes a chapter on the history of women in yoga. Cushman, Anne. If yoga’s chic, does that mean I am, too? Yoga Journal, Sep/Oct 1998, pp. 76-79. (See also the follow-up letters to the editor in the Dec 1998 issue, pp. 9-10.) “Unless you’ve been in a very deep Savasana for the last year or so, you’ve probably noticed: Yoga is chic. It’s been proclaimed the country’s number-one fitness system,

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thereby validating the efforts of centuries of yogis who spent their lives in Himalayan caves perfecting ways to eliminate cellulite. “Yoga’s fame peaked a few months ago when it was featured on ‘Oprah,’ sandwiched between spots on Telepathic Pets and Children Who Kill Other Children. And the New York Times has declared, ‘Yoga has so affected popular style that the right physiognomy has become as much as totem of the moment as, say, an APC coat or Chaiken & Capone pants were last year. The yoga body—loose-jointed and lean-muscled—is this year’s look’. . . ” ___________. New light on yoga. Yoga Journal, Jul/Aug 1999, pp. 45-49. Article available online: http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/466.cfm. (On the modern history of Hatha-Yoga.)

___________. Americanized Yoga: Is Yoga losing its spirit by becoming mainstream? Article available online: http://www.beliefnet.com/story/12/story_1218_1.html. DasGupta, Sailendra Bejoy. Kriya—its perspective & dissemination; Kriya goes to America and the West. In Sailendra Bejoy Dasgupta, Kriya Yoga. Portland, Me.: Yoga Niketan, 1999, 2000. Available online: http://www.yoganiketan.net/kriyayoga/index.htm. De Michelis, Elizabeth. A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004. From the publisher: “In recent years yoga and meditation have become mass market pursuits in the West. A History of Modern Yoga traces this phenomenon back to its ideological roots in the esoteric circles of late 18th century Bengal, then follows some of its main developments to date. Fully-fledged Modern Yoga, the author argues, started with the publication of Swami Vivekananda’s seminal Raja Yoga (1896), in which Patañjali’s Yoga Sutras were reconfigured along the lines of a then emerging New Age style of secularised and individualistically oriented religiosity. “But what exactly are yoga and meditation as taught and practised today? Many committed practitioners and sympathisers take them to be straight continuations, or even rediscoveries, of ancient South Asian religious practices, but use peculiarly modern ideas when they define them as ‘powerful tools for cultivating one’s human potential’ and as ultimately aimed at achieving ‘self-realisation.’ Thus, despite the fact that Modern Yoga encapsulates many religio-philosophical presuppositions (some of which are discussed in this book), it is often characterised as a ‘philosophy’ or as ‘a way of life’ rather than as ‘religion’ per se. “In order to map this unknown territory, the present book offers a four-fold typology of Modern Yoga comprising Modern Psychosomatic, Modern Meditational, Modern Postural and Modern Denominational forms. Special attention is then given to Modern Postural Yoga as widely practised today in America, Australia, Britain and other English-speaking countries and milieus. The theory and practice of Iyengar Yoga, one of the most influential schools of Modern Postural Yoga, are analysed in this context, while the

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conclusion shows how a typical Modern Postural Yoga session may be interpreted to reveal the forms and contents of a healing ritual of secular religion.” Contents: Introduction PART I: The Prehistory of Modern Yoga 1. Roots of Modern Yoga 2. The religious foundations of Modern Yoga 3. Vivekananda and the emergence of Neo-Vedantic occultism 4. “God-realisation” and “Self-realisation” in Neo-Vedanta PART II: Modern Yoga Theory and Practice 5. Vivekananda’s Raja-Yoga (1896): Modern Yoga formulated 6. 20th century developments of Modern Yoga 7. Theory and practice of Iyengar Yoga 8. Conclusion: Modern Postural Yoga as healing ritual of secular religion Desai, Gita and Mukesh. Yoga Unveiled DVD. URL: http://www.yogaunveiled.com. 3 hours, 15 minutes. Extraordinary, exquisite documentary on the origins of Yoga in India and how it first came to the West. The final hour looks at the growing field of Yoga therapy in the West. Deutsche Welle staff. Say ‘Öm’: For travelers, Germany is yoga-friendly. Deutsche Welle, 6 Mar 2004. Also available as “‘Om’ say Germans as they take to yoga” at http://news.newkerala.com/india-news/?action=fullnews&id=61398. Some brief historical information is provided in this article on the recent boom in interest in Yoga in Germany: “The first German yoga studio opened in Berlin in 1937. There was a surge of recognition in the 1960s and ‘70s, especially among young people seeking transcendental experiences.” The article begins: “From Berlin to Cologne, Hamburg to Munich, modern-day Germans are using yoga to get fit and explore the body-mind connection, according to German radio Deutsche Welle. “Yoga has long since been transformed from a flaky pursuit of ex-hippies into one of the West's most pervasive fitness trends. “Throw a stone on any New York or Los Angeles street, and it seems you’ ll hit someone on the way to a yoga class, exercise mat in tow.

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“Stars like Madonna, Sting and Gwyneth Paltrow have praised its virtues, and new yoga studios are sprouting in US cities like mushrooms after a rain. “Now, yoga’s rocketing popularity has crossed the ocean. In all its styles and variations, Germans can’ t seem to get enough of yoga. “Kumud Schramm, spokeswoman for Germany’s Yoga Teachers’ Association, says that more than three million Germans do yoga on a regular basis, and there are more than 8,000 teachers in the country who serve them. “‘We’re really experiencing a boom in yoga,’ Schramm recently told Focus magazine. ‘Our lives are hectic, demanding, and take us to the limits of our physical and psychological limits. People are seeking quiet, relaxation, and a look inside themselves. That’s what they get with yoga.’” Devi Bhavanani, Meenakshi. Yoga in modern India: An overview and geographical perspective. Yoga Life, Apr 2003, 33(4):8-13. Excerpted from chapter 7, Meenakshi Devi Bhavanani, Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani, and Devasena Bhavanani, The History of Yoga from Ancient to Modern Times. Satya Press, 2003. ___________. Yoga in modern times. International Centre for Yoga Education and Research, 2004. Author email: amma@icyer.com. ___________, Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani, and Devasena Bhavanani. The History of Yoga from Ancient to Modern Times. Satya Press, 2003. Dhaliwal, Hardeep. The roots of tradition: The lineage of Swami Sivananda. Yoga International, Jun/Jul 2001, pp. 69-74. Dunn, Mary. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in The] Netherlands. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):26-30. Enslin, Noriko. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in] Japan. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):46-49. Feuerstein, Georg. A brief history of Hatha Yoga (part one). Yoga Journal, May/Jun 1987, pp. 50-53. ___________. A brief history of Hatha Yoga (part two). Yoga Journal, Sep/Oct 1987, pp. 65-67, 82-83.

___________. The lost teachings. Yoga International, Oct/Nov 2002, pp. 60-69.

“Are we dumbing down Yoga? Is our goal inner freedom or are we willing to settle for stronger, more flexible bodies? One of America’s . . . Yoga scholars traces the

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transmission (and dilution) of Yoga in the West and makes some startling observations about its future.” Ford-Kohne, Nancy. Yoga, Soviet style—an eyewitness report. Hinduism Today, Dec 1990, pp. 1, 23. French, Shirley Daventry. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in] Canada. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):41-45. Fry, Eileen. A personal perspective of the historical development of Hatha Yoga in Britain. Spectrum: The Journal of the British Wheel of Yoga, Winter 2000, pp. 22-23. Fuchs, Chr. Yoga in Deutschland: Rezeption, Organisation, Typologie. Stuttgart/Berlin: Köln, 1990. [In German.] Gahanananda, Swami. Centenary of Swami Vivekananda’s voyage for the world’s parliament of religion. Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India, Nov 1993, 98:488-491. Gitananda, Dr. Swami. Yoga & the commissars. Yoga Today, Apr 1980, 4(12):24-25. On teaching Yoga in the former Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. ___________. Great ladies in Western Yoga. Yoga Life, Oct 1981, 12(10):15-22. Discusses Lili Kowolska (pen name: Lillian Donat) of the London School of Yoga, Margit Segesman of the Gita School of Yoga in Melbourne, Rukhmani Devi, Indira Devi, Swami Shivananda Radha, Ruth Erickson, and many others from around the world. “Women have done more to spread Yoga throughout the world than their male counterparts. They have literally gone to the ends of the earth in the interest of yoga . . .” Gutesa, Tatjana. More yoga in Yugoslavia. Yoga Today, Nov 1979, 4(7):10. (This article also refers to an earlier article in vol. 4, no. 3.) Hammond, Holly. Meet the innovators. Yoga Journal, Sep/Oct 2000, pp. 80-89, 162-168. (Profiles Patricia Walden, Mary Dunn, Bikram Choudhury, Sharon Gannon and David Life, David Frawley, Lilias Folan, Stephen Cope, Georg Feuerstein, Rodney Yee, Alan Finger, John Friend, Beryl Bender Birch, Dean Ornish, M.D., Maty Ezraty and Chuck Miller, Judith Hanson Lasater, Vyaas Huston, Erich Schiffmann, Gary Kraftsow, Richard Miller, John Schumacher, Robert Svoboda, Yogi Bhajan, and Richard Freeman.) Retitled “Yoga’s Trip to America: Yoga Journal looks back in gratitude to America’s Yoga Pioneers” and published online: http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/467_1.cfm?ctsrc=nlv56. Hatha Yoga Family Tree. Yoga Journal, Source 2001 issue, pp. 106-107.

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How has yoga changed? Reaching Out with Yoga Magazine, no. 5. Theme of the issue.

Isaacs, Nora. Yoga or something like it. Yoga Journal, Oct 2002, pp. 92-95, 159-163.

“Yoga hybrids such as Aqua Yoga and Disco Yoga have sprung up across the country. YJ editor Nora Isaacs heads to the epicenter of yoga experimentation, Manhattan, to see what is gained—and lost—as a result of yoga’s diversification.” Iyengar, B. K. S. My guruji. Yoga Rahasya, 1996, 3(3):9-12. Recounts B. K. S. Iyengar’s time with Krishnamacharya. ___________. The influence and imprints of yoga outside India. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3): 4-9.

Jnaneshvara Bharati, Swami. Modern Yoga vs. ancient Yoga. Article available oline: http://swamij.com/ancientyoga.htm#two. “The typical perception of Yoga has shifted a great deal in the past century, particularly the past couple decades. Most of this is due to changes made in the West, particularly in the United States, though it is not solely an American phenomenon. (Similar shifts have happened with Tantra as well.) The gist of the shift can be summarized in two perspectives, one of which is modern and false, and the other of which is ancient and true.

• False: Yoga is a physical system with a spiritual component. • True: Yoga is a spiritual system with a physical component.

Unfortunately, the view that Yoga is a physical exercise program is the dominant viewpoint. The false view then spreads through many institutions, classes, teachers, books, magazines, and millions of students of Yoga, who have little or no knowledge or interest in the spiritual goals of authentic Yoga and Yoga Meditation . . .” Joshi, K. S. Towards a new yoga-awareness. Yoga Awareness, Feb 1980, 4(1):1-4. “It is amazing to see how an ever- increasing number of us are coming under the influence of a new wave of yoga, which, having started just two decades ago, seems to have hit the shores of all the continents in the world. Yoga activity in the form of schools, classes, ashrams, conferences, satsangs, and so on has been one of the most remarkable features of the society today . . .” Kent, Howard. Elliseva Sayers—where are you now? A casual meeting in New York resulted in yoga being brought to millions of people. Yoga and Life, no. 6, pp. 18-19. Kirkham, Susan. Yoga in New Zealand. Yoga World, Nov/Dec 1997, 1(6):10-11.

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Lee, Michael. Yoga for the Dot.com Age. Article available online: http://www.pryt.com/cmp/news4.html. Keynote speech given at the International Yoga Symposium held at the Hilton Hotel in Singapore September 14, 2001. The theme of the symposium was “Yoga for the Dot.com Age.” Leviton, Richard. How the swamis came to the states: A comprehensive history of yoga in the U.S., from Swami Vivekananda in 1893 to prospects for hatha yoga in the 1990s. Yoga Journal, Mar/Apr 1990, pp. 40-55, 119-128. (Part of Yoga in America: The first 100 years: A special report.) ___________. Celebrating 100 years of yoga in America. Yoga Journal, May/Jun 1993, pp. 67-71. Lizardi, Patxi. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in] Spain. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):54-57. McMichael, James Douglas. The rise and fall of Yoga in America. The Yoga Review, Summer & Autumn 1983, 3(2&3):109-118. Mehta, Rajvi H. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in] India. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):58-60. ___________. Lord Yehudi Menuhin and Yogacharya B. K. S. Iyengar. Yoga Rahasya, 1999, 6(2):5-9. (This entire issue of Yoga Rahasya is devoted to the relationship between Lord Menuhin and Yogacharya Iyengar.) ___________. Reaching out and winning hearts. Yoga Rahasya, 2003, 10(1):36-41. On B. K. S. Iyengar’s influence on the spread of Yoga in the West beginning with his teaching of well-known violinist Yehudi Menuhin in 1954. ___________. Winning hearts and earning respect. Yoga Rahasya, 2003, 10(2):47-50. Discusses how Mr. Iyengar “sustained the interest the masses were gaining in yoga.” Miller, D. Patrick. Yogananda’s legacy. Yoga Journal, May/Jun 1991, pp. 59-62, 107-109, 120. History of Self-Realization Fellowship in America, with secondary content on the history of Yoga in America. Mukherjee, Jayasree. The emergence of Swami Vivekananda at Chicago. Prabuddha Bharata or Awakened India, Nov 1993, 98:494-504.

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“In this research paper the author depicts lucidly not only the triumph of Swamiji at the Parliament of Religions, but also the tumultuous aftermath which he had to face with stoic patience.” Sections include: Swamiji’s message at Chicago, Immediate reactions at Chicago, Attacks on Swamiji in America, Attacks from Indians, A critical hour, Efforts to counter the attack, Contemporary Indian appreciation for Swamiji, The genesis of a movement Mumford, Jonn. What are the origins of Hatha Yoga? Article available online: http://www.yogamagik.com/yogamagik/hathayoga.

Naura, Hela. What exactly is Yoga? Journal of the Yoga Institute, Jun 1982, 27(11): 11-13.

Recounts Vivekananda’s trip to the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893 and his subsequent influence in the West and Yogendra’s trip to New York in 1919, his effect on physicians and scientists there, and his subsequent return to India in 1922 to found the Yoga Institute.

Narwani, Jaleh. Teaching yoga in Iran. Yoga Awareness, Feb 1980, 4(1):19-21.

Niranjanananda Saraswati, Swami. The growth of yoga. Yoga (Sivananda Math), Sep-Oct 2001, 12(5):8-11. Nolan, Anna. Yoga down under. Yoga World, Jun-Dec 2001, nos. 18-19, pp. 6-12. Author email: anna.nolan@spiritmail.zzn.com. A history of Yoga in Australia from 1897 through the present. ___________. A history of yoga in Australia. Parts 1 and 2. Australian Yoga Life, nos. 4 and 5. ___________. Anchors away! Australian Yoga Life, Jul-Nov 2004, no. 9, pp. 11-13. “Shortly after ‘A History of Yoga in Australia’ (Part 1) was published in Australian Yoga Life (November 2002) I received a neatly handwritten letter from Tom Ralfs, aged 84, who had attended yoga classes with Michael Violin beginning in 1950.” Offermanns, Juergen. The long path of Zen Buddhism to Germany: From the sixteenth century to Rudolf Otto. Ph.D. dissertation. Lunds Universitet (Sweden), 2002. Dissertations Abstract International, Fall 2002, C 63/03, p. 374. Not available from UMI. Abstract: At the beginning of the 21st century, Zen Buddhism is no longer an unknown religion in the West. Zen meditation enjoys great popularity, the books regarding the subject are among the bestsellers and the auditoriums are crowed if the topic concerns the bringing home of Zen Buddhism to a Western audience. At the same time Zen Buddhism today is by no means merely the religion of Zen Buddhists, but practices and teachings of

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Zen Buddhism are being integrated into a Christian context or find themselves incorporated in the practice of religious groups that can be related to the New Age movement. The reception of Zen Buddhism, as well as the collateral adaptation to Western ideas and conditions of life are however of an older date. It began already during the 16th century with the first letters from the Jesuit missionaries in China and Japan reporting about the strange religion of Fo. The reports of the Jesuit missionaries were translated in Europe, censored and then circulated by means of letter collections, the Jesuit theater and scholastic literature. Since those days the Zen-Buddhist religion in Europe has most of all been an idea, a world of imagination, exposed to social, economical, theological and political interests. The information of the Jesuit missionaries from China and Japan, as well as the increasingly popular travel literature not only triggered the enthusiasm for China during the Age of Enlightenment, but were the basis for the entire reception of Buddhism during the 17th and 18th century. These sources of information formed the understanding of Zen Buddhism of individuals like Athanasius Kircher, G. W. Leibniz, Immanuel Kant or the French deist Francois Marie de Marsy. Only in the beginning of the 19th century the first Buddhist writings were translated and thus made available to a wider public. In particular during the 19th century the reception of Zen Buddhism was exposed to the continuously changing influence of power political interests and diverging theological arguments. Among other things two occurrences were of particular importance for the reception of Zen Buddhism in Germany: the Meiji-restoration in Japan (1868) and the attempts of various theologians, philosophers and psychologists to reduce “religion” to a universal essence, which is not accessible to rational reason. The Zen interpretations of both D. T. Suzuki and Rudolf Otto were decisively determined by these political and intellectual developments of the 19th century. Ojha, Ashok. Yoga: Is therapy good without the philosophy? The Journal of Online Education, no. 99. Article available online: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/waoe/ashok.html. Includes sections on the modern history of Yoga. Orton, Jayne, and Cathy Rogers. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in the] U. K. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):11- Persson, Asha. Embodied Worlds: Yoga Practice in the West. New York: Columbia University Press, Forthcoming. Author’s description: This book is one of the first studies of a South Asian cultural practice transplanted into and performed by a distinctly different culture and society. Yoga (in its various schools), meditation, and other Asian practices have achieved a great, and increasing, level of popularity in the West yet have not been studied by anthropologists and ethnographers of western culture. The book examines the physical practices (asanas), meditation, ritual, breathing techniques (pranayama), chanting, and sannyasa (spiritual life) as they have been adapted

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within a cohesive community of initiated members connected to a broader international network and to a particular spiritual lineage. The author follows the complex journeys of Western yogis as they attempt to unlearn their culturally dominant mode of being and adopt another that is informed by a widely different cosmology. Because of the broad popularity of yoga in the West, I anticipate a general readership for the book as well as a scholarly audience. It will also be useful in courses in cultural studies, ethnography, anthropology, religious studies, and sociology of religion. Philips, Brigid. A glimpse on how guruji’s [B. K. S. Iyengar’s] teachings spread over the years. Yoga Rahasya, 2001, 8(4):39-43. Pimentel, Eduardo. Yoga Cuba: Abstract. 2002. Article available online: http://www.geocities.com/cubayoga/abstract.htm. Prebish, Charles. Charles Prebish surveys the Buddhist landscape: A leading historian of Buddhism in America looks at the wide range of teachers, programs and practices the student can now choose from. Shambhala Sun, Mar 2002, pp. 43-54.

Prugh, Linda. Vivekananda: Conqueror of death! Prabuddha Bharata, Jun 2002, 107:300-308.

On this history of Vivekananda’s work and his last years and transition.

Puri, Gopal S., and Kailash Puri. Yoga industry. Yoga Today, Feb 1981, 5(10):44-45.

“The authors, consultants to the World Federation of Healing and members of several leading health and scientific bodies, offer [a] controversial view of the development of yoga in Britain.” Rakic, Slavisa. Yoga in Yugoslavia. Yoga World, Oct-Dec 1999, no. 11, p. 7. Ruiz, Fernando Pagés. Krishnamacharya’s legacy. Yoga Journal, May/Jun 2001, pp. 96-101, 161-168. Satchidananda, Swami. The Woodstock Years CD set. Buckingham, Va.: Shakticom. Digitally remastered. From the publisher: “He shaped the destiny of an entire generation.” Contains the address he gave to the Woodstock music festival in 1969. “He became known as the ‘Woodstock guru’ after he opened that epochal music festival in 1969 declaring music ‘the celestial sound that controls the whole universe.’” —Los Angeles Times Satyananda, Saraswati, Swami. Yoga of the 1980’s. Yoga (Sivananda Math), Jan 1977, pp. 5-12.

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“The spiritual quest—that is the most important thing, and that is going to be the yoga of the 1980’s . . .” Scaravelli, Vanda. [A brief history of yoga in Italy]. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):23-25. Schonholzer, Berber. [A brief history of yoga in The] Netherlands. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):16-17. Sequeira, H. The science of yoga—the third wave. Yoga and Total Health, Oct 2001, pp. 22-23. Sitharamiah, A. Outline of history of yoga. Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad, 1980, 10(1-4):15-22. PMID: 11613674. Sjoman, N. E. The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace. New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications, 1996. Abhinav Publications, E-37 Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India. History of the rebirth of Hatha-Yoga. Skolnick, Adam. Swamis, hippies, and Hollywood: An LA yoga retrospective. LA Yoga, Sep/Oct 2002, 1(1). Article available online: http://www.layogapages.com/issue1/feature/feature.htm. On the history of Yoga in Los Angeles, California. Smith, Michael R. Yoga in America . . . what went wrong? Redefining an ancient art, science, and philosophy for the twenty-first century. Syracuse, N.Y.: Morningside School of Yoga and Physical Culture, 2003. Somerville, Rebecca. Yoga through the ages. Australian Yoga Life, 2002, No. 3, pp. 38-41. Judith Clements, publisher of Australian Yoga Life, comments in her editorial in the 2003 (issue no. 6) issue about the letters received from long-time Yoga practitioners in response to this article. Sparrowe, Linda, with Yoga Journal. Yoga. Hugh Lauter Levin Associates, 2002. The Yoga history section of this book is available online: http://www.lotus-medicine.com/pages/y-yj-history.html. From the publisher: “Yoga is everywhere these days. Hollywood stars take their personal instructors with them on location; newspapers and magazines hail yoga as the answer to the unrelenting stress in our society; pregnant women wrap their cell phones in their yoga mats and hurry to class. The yoga we practice today bears little resemblance to the yoga that began humbly almost 5,000 years ago, but in its rich and varied history, yoga has always evolved to meet the needs of the culture it serves.

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“Linda Sparrowe’s text follows the long and complex history of yoga. While it changed dramatically over many thousands of years certain concepts have always prevailed: the union of opposites; the affect the outside world has on the body; the yearning for and seeking of some form of liberation; and the interest in discovering and attaining one’s true Self. Above all else, yoga has been and continues to be about the process of transformation. “Following her clear and well-organized discussion of the evolution of yoga, rooted in the devotional and metaphysical teachings of the sacred yoga texts including the Vedas, Upanishads, and the Bhagavad-Gita, and progressing to an in-depth look at the philosophy of Patanjali, the father of modern yoga, Sparrowe addresses yoga in our modern world. Here are brief introductions to the 20th-century yogis who were influential in making yoga a western, indeed a worldwide, obsession: Swami Sivananda Saraswati, T. Krishnamacharya, Pattabhi Jois, Indra Devi, B.K.S. Iyengar, and T.K.V. Desikachar. “But the icing on this multi- tiered cake are the 400 poses, or asanas, artful black and white photographs taken especially for this book, that illustrate the relatively new development (within the past 150 years) of physical postures derived from an ancient Indian tradition. As beautiful as these photographs and poses are, it is important to remember that even modern yoga touches more than the physical body; the flexibility and stamina achieved on the yoga mat will doubtless transcend to more important aspects of everyday life.” Stache-Rosen, Valentina. German Indologists: Biographies of Scholars in Indian Studies Writing in German, with a Summary on Indology in German Speaking Countries. New Delhi, Max Mueller Bhavan, 1990. Stevens, Kathy. Group fitness trends. CNN.com, 3 Jun 1999. Article available online: http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/diet.fitness/9906/03/group.fitness. “Yoga, a discipline developed in India more than 5,000 years ago, is the mother of all mind-body exercises . . .” Stuart, Joyce. [A brief history of yoga in] South Africa. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):18-22.. Sun-young, Choi. Seeking wellness through yoga. JoonAng Daily , 6 Jan 2005. “As part of the ‘well-being’ craze in the country, yoga has become popular among those who desire to be healthier physically and mentally. Adding to its appeal, many celebrities have testified to its positive effects. ”With more and more yoga centers opening in Korea, and given the variety of yoga types and practices, how can a potential practitioner find the school that best meets his or her needs?

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”Koreans’ familiarity with yoga does not have a long history. According to Kim Kwang-baik, president of the Daehan Yoga Association and the Yoga Life chain, a few people sought to promote yoga in Korea back in the 1960s, but the practice did not catch on. “Some books on yoga and small classes were available at the time, but he says people’s mentality did not seem ready for yoga. Only some Buddhist monks related their study to yoga practices to a certain extent. “The country began to show an interest in yoga only a few years ago, Mr. Kim says, mainly as a result of media exposure. “‘I started considering learning yoga when the actress Choi Yun-young said on TV about two years ago that she stayed in shape by practicing yoga,’ says Jeong Mi-ran, who has been practicing yoga for a year. “The yoga boom began with the ‘well-being’ trend, particularly among the well-off in the Cheongdam and Apgujeong districts of Seoul, where many of those who went abroad to study introduced the fashion and trends of upscale lifestyles in such cities as New York. With the media promoting the well-being craze, and some supermodels and actresses conducting a ‘yoga business’ by selling books and videotapes, yoga centers became more popular. “But many practitioners, including Ron Katwijk, a yoga teacher from the Netherlands who has taught here since 1997, are quite negative about the current yoga boom . . .” Sureshwar Saraswati, Swami. Eastern spirituality in the nineties. Swami Sureshwar Saraswati, c/o Harry Aveling C/- “Asian Languages Dept.” La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia 3083, tel: (03) 479 1560. Available online: http://www.yogalinks.net/Articles/EasternSpiritualityInTheNineties.htm. (Traces briefly the development of Yoga in Australia from the 1950s through the 1990s.) ___________. Gumnut swamis: Research into the history and nature of Sannyas in Australia. Swami Sureshwar Saraswati, c/o Harry Aveling C/- “Asian Languages Dept.” La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia 3083, tel: (03) 479 1560. Available online: http://www.yogalinks.net/Articles/GumnutSwamis.htm. Sussmann, Karen. Changing faces of yoga. Spectrum: The Journal of the British Wheel of Yoga, Summer 1998, pp. 16-17. Tathagatananda, Swami. The Bhagavadgita casts its spell on the West. Prabuddha Bharata, Aug 2002, 107:416-421. Contents: The impact of the Asiatic Society and Charles Wilkins’ Bhagavad-Gita on Europe; France becomes a centre for Indian studies; The Bhagavadgita’s central role in

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Germany’s spiritual life; England’s appreciation of the Bhagavadgita—Sir Edwin Arnold’s Song Celestial Addresses the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Thursby, Gene. Hindu movements since mid-century: Yogis in the states. Author email: gthursby@religion.ufl.edu. The ups and downs of Hinduism in the West (editorial). Hinduism Today, Jul 1995. Article available online: http://www.hinduism-today.com/archives/1995/7/1995-7-05.shtml. Waldman, Steven. The most spiritually important entertainer of our time: George Harrison transformed the spiritual landscape by making eastern spirituality cool. Article available online: http://www.beliefnet.com/story/94/story_9439.html. “The evidence can be seen in every health club in America that offers yoga, every athlete who meditates before the game, everyone who shops at a holistic health food store, and every rock star who gives a benefit concert. It was George Harrison and the Beatles who popularized Eastern spirituality and later crafted a different role for the American rock star. He took Indian religious practices from being counter-culture weird to pop-culture cool.” Willets, Ruth. [A brief history of Iyengar Yoga in] Australia. Yoga Rahasya, 1997, 4(3):33-37. Worthington, Vivian. A History of Yoga. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982/London: Arkana, 1989. Yoga: Its Beginnings and Development. Available from The British Wheel of Yoga. Yoga Today documentary. Yellow Cat Productions, 505 11th Street SE, Washington, DC 20003. To order, call Mary Flannery at 202-543-2221, email her at mary@yellowcat.com, or visit the website at http://www.yellowcat.com/yoga.html. 55 minutes. This documentary was shot in May 1993 at the Unity in Yoga Conference celebrating 100 years of Yoga in America. Set in the Pocono mountains, the documentary includes interviews with some of the Yoga masters well-known internationally, including Yogi Bhajan, Amrit Desai, Swami Satchidananda, Swami Anandamoy, and Dr. Pratap. Also interviewed are Yoga instructors such as Lilias Folan of the long-running PBS series and Rama Jyoti Vernon, medical doctors, psychologists, Yoga therapists, and Yoga practitioners from all over the world. Topics covered include Guru & Disciple; Yoga & Health; Yoga, Mind & Spirit; Yoga & Sexuality; Yoga & the Material World; and Yoga & Religion.

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Zebroff, Kareen. Yoga trends—Beatles to Bikram: A brief chronology. Common Ground (Canada), Nov 2002. Article available online: http://www.commonground.ca/iss/0211136/22_20yrs_yoga.shtml. Ziv, Avishai. Yoga in Israel. Yoga World, Sep/Oct 1997, 1(5):6. Of Related Interest Any modern history of Hatha-Yoga should explore the work of Krishnamacharya, sometimes referred to as the father of modern Hatha-Yoga, and the teacher of B. K. S. Iyengar, Pattabhi Jois, T. K. V. Desikachar, and Indra Devi. Desikachar, T. K. V. Health, Healing and Beyond: Yoga and the Living Tradition of Krishnamacharya. Aperture, 1998. Sri Krishnamacharya the Purnacarya. Krishnamacharya Yoga Mandiram, 13, 4th Cros St., R. K. Nagar, Chennai 600 028, India. Researchers Mrs. Eileen Fry Project Manager School of Education and Social Science University of Derby Mickleover Derby DE3 5GX United Kingdom URL: www.multifaithnet.org Mrs. Fry is currently writing a book on the history of Yoga in Great Britain. Contacted IAYT 1/00. We learned in mid-2003 that Mrs. Fry has postponed her work on this project. Emily Guarriello Email: nobello@bellatlantic.net Is doing a research paper on the history of Yoga and comparative study of Yoga, Tai Chi, and Qiquong. Contacted IAYT 5/00. Helen Wang College of William and Mary hywang@wm.edu wangyihwa@gmail.com Is an American Studies gradua te student writing her dissertation on the Americanization of Yoga and its exported form to Hong Kong, and about Yoga, American anxiety, and the

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culture of sacred spaces. Includes taking oral histories regarding the permeation of Yoga into Hong Kong society. Contacted IAYT 4/04 and 4/05. Note from IAYT: There are several documentaries in production on the history of Yoga in the West.