modern india & geography - tn state board plus2 notes · 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jlff; k; gfjp...

etPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhWetPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhWetPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhWetPd fhy ,e;jpa tuyhW

,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug; nghuhl;l fhyj;jpy; bjhl';fg;gl;l gj;jphpf;iffSk; mtw;iwj;

bjhl';fpath;fSk;bjhl';fpath;fSk;bjhl';fpath;fSk;bjhl';fpath;fSk;

♦ a'; ,e;jpah (Young India) - fhe;jp$p

♦ epa{ ,e;jpah (New India) - md;dpbgrd;l;

♦ ,e;jpah - ghujpahh;

♦ nfrhp/ kuhl;lh - ghyf';fhju jpyfh;

♦ ne#dy; bQuhy;l; (National Herald) - $tQh;yhy; neU

♦ ,z;obgd;ld;l; (Independent) - nkhjpyhy; neU

♦ bg';fhyp (Bengalee) - Rnue;jpuehj;ghdh;$p

♦ jp Qpz;L (The Hindu) - Rg;gpukzpa Iah;

♦ my;Qpyhy; (Al Hilal) - mg[y;fyhk; M!hj;

♦ etrf;jp/ njrgf;jd; - jpU.tp.f.

Rje;jpug; nghuhRje;jpug; nghuhRje;jpug; nghuhRje;jpug; nghuhl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; rl;lj;Jf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpy; r\\\\f/ rka tpHpg;g[zh;itj; f/ rka tpHpg;g[zh;itj; f/ rka tpHpg;g[zh;itj; f/ rka tpHpg;g[zh;itj;

njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;njhw;Wtpj;j ,af;f';fSk; mtw;iw bjhl';fpath;fSk;

♦ gpuk;k rkh$k; - uh$h uhk;nkhfd; uha;

♦ Mhpa rkh$k; - rthkp jahde;j ru!;tjp

♦ gpuhh;j;jd rkh$k; - Mj;khuhk; ghz;Lu';

♦ rj;anrhjf; rkh$k; - n$hjpgha; g{ny

♦ uhkfpU#;zh kp#d; - Rthkp tpntfhde;jh;

♦ jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;o - b$duy; My;fhl; / nklk; gpshbtl;!;fp

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♦ jpahrgpfy; brhi!l;oapd; ,e;jpaf; fpis (milahW) - md;dpbgrd;l;

♦ ,e;jpah nrth r';fk; (Servents of India Society) nfhghyfpU#;zh nfhfny

♦ rhujhrjd;/ fpUghrjd; - gz;oj ukhgha;

♦ xsit ,y;yk; - rnfhjhp Rg;g[yl;Rkp

mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;mg;gy;nyh gapw;rp ikak;

g[tpapay;g[tpapay;g[tpapay;g[tpapay;

nfhs;fs;nfhs;fs;nfhs;fs;nfhs;fs;

nfhs;fSf;F Raxsp fpilahJ. nfhs;fs; Rw;Wk; jpir nkw;fpypUe;J

fpHf;fhf/ a[nud!;. bts;sp/ nghd;w nfhs;fs; fpHf;fpypUe;J nkw;fhf Rw;Wfpd;wd/

g{kpapd; ,aw;if Jiznfhs; xd;W (re;jpud;). Jizf;nfhs;fns ,y;yhj nfhs;fs;

g[jd; kw;Wk; bts;sp. g{kpf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s nfhs; bts;spahFk;.

nfhs;fspy; bts;sp gpufhrkhd nfhs;. nfhs;fspy; g[~l;nlh kpfr;rpwpa

nfhshft[k; tpahHd; kpfg;bghpa nfhshft[k; cs;sJ. rpfg;g[ nfhs; vd

miHf;fg;gLtJ brt;thahFk;. ePy nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp.. caph;thH;

nfhs; vd miHf;fg;gLtJ g{kp. kpfg;gpufhrkhd el;rj;jpuk; rph;u!;.

g[tpg[tpg[tpg[tp

1. g[tpapd; taJ - 4.6 gpy;ypad; tUl';fs;

2. g[tpapd; mikg;g[ - Ftpe;j ge;J nghd;w mikg;g[

3. g[tpapd; epyg;gug;g[ 29% Kk; ePh;gug;g[ 71% Kk; MFk;.

4. g[tp jd;id jhnd xU Kiw Rw;w vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; fhyk; - 23 kzp 56

epkplk;/ 4.69 tpdho MFk;.

5. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpa jdpkk; - Mf;rp$d; (46.6%) MFk;.

6. g[tpapd; ruhrhp btg;gepiy - 14 ofphp bry;rpa!;.

7. JUtg; gFjpapy; g[tpapd; rha;t[ - 23 ½

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8. g[tp Nhpaid Rw;Wk; ntfk; - 29.8 fp..kP / ep

9. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; (mjpfgl;r J}uk;) epfGk; ehs; - $%iy 2

10. g[tpapd; mg;bQypad; J}uk; - 152 kpy;ypad; fp..kPl;lh;fs;

11. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; (Fiwe;j gl;r J}uk;) - epfGk; ehs; - $dthp 2

12. g{kpapd; bghpbQypad; J}uk; - 147 kpy;ypad; fp.kPl;lh;fs; MFk;

13. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; ,ut[/ gfy; fhy mst[ rk epiy (Equinox) ehl;fs;

khh;r; 21/ brg;lk;gh; 21

14. g{kpapd; tlnfhsj;jpy; nfhil fhy fjph;jpUg;g[ehs; (Summer solstice) -

$^d; 21

15. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; fpHf;F nkw;F tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs;

mr;rnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.

16. g[tpapd; nkw;gug;gpy; tlf;F bjw;fhf tiuag;gl;l fw;gidf; nfhLfs; -

jPh;f;fnuiffs; vdg;gLk;.

17. kpfg;bghpa ml;r nuif – g{kj;jpa nuif

18. 231_2 ofphp tl ml;r nuif vd;gJ flf nuif

19. 231_2 ofphp bjd; mr;r nuif vd;gJ – kfu nuif

20. ,e;jpahtpd; jpl;lf;nfhL bry;Yk; ,lk; - myfhghj;

21. fphpd;tpr; kzp neuj;jpw;Fk; ,e;jpa jpl;l neuj;jpw;Fk; cs;s ntWghL – 5

½ kzp neukhFk;.

22. g[tpapd; NH;e;Js;s tha[kz;lyj;jpd; cauk – 960 fp..kP.

23. tha[kz;lyj;jpy; tha[f;fspd; fyg;g[ - iel;u$d; - 78.03%; Mf;rp$d; - 20.99%;

fhh;gd;-il-Mf;irL – 0.03%; ke;j tha[f;fs; - 0.95%

24. tha[ kz;lyj;jpy; Ie;J kz;ly';fs; cs;sd. mitahtd – 1.

onuhngh!;gpah; 2. !;l;nuh!;gpah; 3. kPnrh!;gpah; 4. mandh!;gpah; 5.

vd;n!h!; gpah

25. gUtfhy khw;w';fs; Vw;gLk; tha[ kz;ly mLf;F – onuhngh!;gpah;

26. Mfha tpkhd';fs; gwf;f VJthd gFjp - !;onunlh!;gpah;

27. Xnrhd; vd;w tofl;Lk; kz;lyk; mike;Js;s gFjp - !;onuhnlh!;gpah;

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28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jLf;Fk; gFjp – kPnrh!;gpah;

29. bjhiyJ}u jfty; bjhlh;g[fSf;F gad;gLk; tha[ kz;lyk; -

mandh!;gpah;

30. tha[kz;lyj;jpd; vy;iyahf bray;gLk; kz;lyk; - vf;n!h!;gpah;

,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah – Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;Kf;fpa vy;iyf;nfhLfs;

1. ,e;jpahtpw;F ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL – bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL

2. ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahdJ ?uz;l; vy;iyf;nfhL

3. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; rPdhtpw;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL – kf;nkhfd;

vy;iyf;nfhL

cyfkcyfkcyfkcyfk;;;;

1. cyfpy; Mrpah/ Inuhg;gh/ M!;jpnuypah/ tl mbkhpf;fh/ bjd; mbkhpf;fh/

Mg;hpf;fh/ mz;lhh;ofh vdg;gLk; VG fz;l';fs; cs;sd/

2. fz;l';fspnyna bghpaJ – Mrpah. rpwpaJ – M!;jpnuypah

3. mz;lhh;of;fh fz;lk; bjd; JUtj;ij Rw;wpYk; gutpf; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

4. mz;lhh;ofh fz;lj;ij jtpu kw;w fz;l';fspy; kdpj thH;f;if

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

5. cyfpy; Inuhg;ght[k;/ Mrpaht[k; kf;fs; bjhif brwpe;j fz;l';fshFk;.

6. cyfpd; kf;fs; bjhifapd; 70 tpGf;fhL ,t;tpU fz;l';fspy; thH;fpd;wdh;.

7. cyfpYs;s 191 ehLfs; I.eh. tpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; cs;sd.

cyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bcyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bcyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bcyfpd; Kf;fpa jhJg;bghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;ghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;ghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;ghUl;fSk;. tpisbghUl;fSk;

tpisbghUl;fs;tpisbghUl;fs;tpisbghUl;fs;tpisbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

1. ug;gh; knyrpah

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2. gl;L $g;ghd;

3. njapiy ,e;jpah

4. mhprp rPdh

5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;

jhJbghUl;fs;jhJbghUl;fs;jhJbghUl;fs;jhJbghUl;fs; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehLfs;

6. jfuk; knyrpah

7. ikfh ,e;jpah

8. bgl;nuhypak; rt{jp mnugpah

9. j';fk; bjd; Mg;gphpf;fh

10. jhkpuk; rpyp

cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;cyfpy; kpfg; bghpaitfs;

1. caukhd rpfuk; - vtbu!;l; (8848 kP – neghsk;)

2. kpfg;bghpa gdpahW - rpahr;brd; (,e;jpa ghfp!;jhd; vy;iyg;gFjp)

3. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ - fphPd;yhe;J

4. kpfg;bghpa jPt[ Tl;lk; - ,e;njhnd#pah

5/ kpfg;bghpa fly; - grpgpf; bgU';fly;

6. kpfg;bghpa bly;lh - Re;jh;gd; bly;lh (,e;jpah)

7. kpfg;bghpa ghiytdk; - rfhuh (tlf;F Mg;hpf;fh)

8. kpfg;bghpa ed;dPh; Vhp - Rg;gPhpah; Vhp (mbkhpf;fh)

9. kpfg;bghpa cg;g[ePh; Vhp - fh!;gpad; fly;

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10. kpf ePskhd MW - iey;

11. kpf mfykhd MW - mnkrhd; MW

12. kpfg;bghpa Rth; - rPdg;bgU";Rth;

13. kpfg;bghpa ehL - u!;ah

14. kpfg;bghpa tpkhd epiyak; - fhypj; kd;dh; gd;dhl;L tpkhd epiyak;

(hpahj;)

15. caukhd kuk; - brf;nfhah

16. bghpa fz;lk; - Mrpah

17. bghpa jPgfw;gk; - mnugpah

gd;dhl;L mikg;g[fSk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;gd;dhl;L mikg;g[fSk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;gd;dhl;L mikg;g[fSk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;gd;dhl;L mikg;g[fSk; mtw;wpd; jiyikapl';fSk;

1. br";rpYit r';fk; b$dpth (2002)

2. rhh;f; lhf;fh (2002)

3. nel;nlh (NATO) g[Ubry;!;

4. Mrpatsh;r;rp t';fp Kzpyh

5. cyft';fp (World Bank) th#p';ld;

6. gd;dhl;L epjp (IMF) th#p';ld;

7. I.eh. rig epa{ahh;f;

8. gd;dhl;L ePjpkd;wk; Jp nQf;

9. a[bd!;nfh (UNESCO) Ghhp!;

10. a[dpbrg; (UNICEF) epa{ahh;f;

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11. cyfth;j;jf epWtdk; (WTO) b$dpth

12. cyf Rfhjhu epWtdk; (WHO) b$dpth

13. cyf bjhHpyhsh; epWtdk; (WLO) b$dpth

14. Inuhg;gpa fHfk; (EC) g[Ubry;!;

15. rh;tnjr mqrf;jp fHfk; (IAEA) tpad;dh

16. Mrpahd; (ASEAN) $fh;j;jh

,ul;il bgah;fs;,ul;il bgah;fs;,ul;il bgah;fs;,ul;il bgah;fs;

,ul;ilg; bgah;,ul;ilg; bgah;,ul;ilg; bgah;,ul;ilg; bgah; Kjy;epiyg; bgah;Kjy;epiyg; bgah;Kjy;epiyg; bgah;Kjy;epiyg; bgah;

1. t';fhsj;jpd; Jauk; jhnkhjh; ejp./ nkw;F t';fhsk;/ ,e;jpah

2. ePy kiy ePyfphp Fd;W/ ,e;jpah

3. bjd;Dyf gphpl;ld; epa{yhe;J

4. bghw;fjt[ efuk; rhd;gpuhd;!p!;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh

5. bghw;nfhapy; efuk; mkph;jru!;/ ,e;jpah

6. fdt[nfhg[u efuk; Mf;!;nghh;L/ ,';fpyhe;J

7. muz;kid efuk; fy;fj;jh/ ,e;jpah

8. mHpah efuk; nuhkhg[hp

9. Inuhg;ghtpd; nghh;f;fsk; bgy;$pak;

10. ,Uz;l fz;lk; Mg;gphpf;fh

11. kufjj;jPt[ mah;yhe;J

12. khlf;fl;ol efuk; epa{ahh;f;/ mbkhpf;fh

13. jilbra;ag;gl;l efuk; yhrh/ jpbgj;

14. ,e;jpahtpd; g{e;njhl;lk; bg';f~h;

15. fz;zPh;f; fjt[ ghbgy; kz;lg;

16. ,e;jpahtpd; EiHthapy; gk;gha;

17. iey; Mw;wpd; ed;bfhil vfpg;J

18. fU';fy; efuk; mgh;jPd;/ !;fhl;yhe;J

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19. bghpa bts;is tHp gpuhl;nt/ epa{ahh;f;

20. g[dpj g{kp ghy!;jPdk;

21. fpuhk;g[j; jPt[ !hd;rpghh;

22. Kj;Jj; jPt[ gQ;iud;

23. kj;jpajiuf; flypd; jpwt[nfhy; $pg;uhy;lh;

24. buhl;o ehL !;fhl;yhe;J

25. f';fhU ehL M!;jpnuypah

26. bghw;nfhg[u ehL gh;kh

27. mjpfhiy mikjp ehL Bfhhpah

28. es;sputpy; Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL ehh;nt

29. Nhpad; cjpf;Fk; ehL $g;ghd;

30. Mapuk; Vhpfs; bfhz;l ehL gpd;yhe;J

31. bts;isahis ehL jha;yhe;J

32. Mz;oyPrpd; Kj;J fpa{gh

33. bQh;Fyp!; J}z;fs; $pg;uhy;lh;

34. ,s";rpfg;g[ efuk; b$g;g{h;

35. Inuhg;ghtpd; tpisahl;L mu';fk; !;tpl;rh;yhe;J

36. mugpf;flypd; murp bfhr;rpd;/ ,e;jpah

37. cyfj;jpd; Tiu ghkPh;

38. ,Hpgpwg;ghsh;fspd; Jiztp md;id bjurh

39. rPdhtpd; Jauk; Qth';nQh MW (k";rs; MW)

40. tlf;fpd; btdp!; !;lhf;nQhk;/ !;tPld;

41. bts;is efuk; bgy;fpnuL/ a{nfh!;nytpah

42. bts;isadpd; fy;yiw fpdp flw;fiu

43. g[ayof;Fk; efuk; rpfhf;nfh/ mbkhpf;fh

44. rh;f;fiuf; fpz;zk; fpa{gh

45. jdpikj;jPt[ ohp!;ld; o epa[th

46. Inuhg;ghtpd; nehahsp JUf;fp

47. nfhtpy; efuk; kJiu

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,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah – miktplk;miktplk;miktplk;miktplk;

1. ekJ ehL Kjd; Kjypy; fpnuf;fh;fshy; ,e;jpah vd miHf;fg;gl;lJ. gujd;

Mz;ljhy; ,jw;F ghuk; vd;w bgaUk; cz;L.

2. Mrpah fz;lj;jpd; bjw;Fg; gFjpapy; ,e;jpah mike;Js;sJ.

3. ,e;jpahtpw;F nkw;fpy; mnugpa jPgfw;gKk;/ fpHf;fpy; ,e;njh-rPd jPgfw;gKk;

mike;Js;sd.

4. ,e;jpah 8°4' tl ml;rnuif (Longitude) Kjy; 37°6' tl ml;rnuif

tiuapYk;/ 68°7' fpHf;F jPh;f;fnuif (Latitude) Kjy; 97°25' fpHf;F jPh;f;f

nuif tiuapYk; gutpa[s;sJ.

5. 23 ½° tl ml;rnuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;fpwJ.

6. flfnuif ,e;jpahit ,U gFjpfshf gphpf;fpd;wJ.

7. ,e;jpahtpd; gug;g[ Rkhh; 3.3 kpy;ypad; rJufpnyh kPl;lh; mjhtJ 32/87/263

r.fp.kP. MFk;.

8. ,e;jpah tlf;F bjw;fhf 3214 fp.kP. ePsKk;/ fpHf;F nkw;fhf 2933 fp.kP.

ePsKk; bfhz;Ls;sJ.

9. ,e;jpa vy;iyapd; ePsk; 15/200 fp.kP ,e;jpa fly; vy;iyapd; ePsk; 7/516/6

fp.kP.

10. ,e;jpah Rje;jpuk; miltjw;F Kd; M';fpnyah; Ml;rpapd; nghJ 562

rpw;wuRfs; ,Ue;jd.

11. ,e;jpahtpd; 1. tlnkw;nf ghfp!;jhd; kw;Wk; Mg;fhdp!;jhDk;/ 2. tlf;nf

rPdh/ g{l;lhd;/ neghsKk;/ 3. fpHf;fps; kpahd;kh; ehLk;/ 4. nkw;F t';f

khepyj;jpw;F fpHf;nf g';fshnj#; Mfpa ehLfs; cs;sd.

12. ,e;jpahtpy; 25 khepy';fSk;/ 7 a{dpad; gpunjr';fSk; cs;sd. (7

a{dpad;fspy; 6-a{dpad; gpunjrKk;/ 1-njrpa jiyefh; gFjp bly;ypa[k;

cs;sJ).

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1. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; ghfp!;jhDf;Fk; ,ilnaahd vy;iyf;nfhL – bul;fpsg;

vy;iyf;nfhL



vy;iyf;nfhL.

,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah – fhyepiyfhyepiyfhyepiyfhyepiy

• g[tp jdJ mr;rpy; 23½° rha;e;J RHy;fpwJ.

• Nhpad; epyeLf;nfhl;od; kPJ khh;r;/ brg;lk;gh; khj';fspy; neuhfg;

gpufhrpf;fpd;wJ. (,t;tpU khj';fspYk; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; ,';F br';Fj;jhf

tpGfpd;wd.

• flfnuifapy; $^d; khjKk;/ kfu nuifapy; ork;gh; khjKk; Nhpadpd;

fjph;fs; br';Fj;jhf tpGfpd;wd.

• ,e;jpah epy eLf;nfhl;ow;F tlf;fpy; 8° tl mlrk; Kjy; 37° tl ml;rk;

tiu gutpa[s;sJ.

• 23½° tl ml;r nuifahd flfnuif ,e;jpahtpy; bry;Yfpd;wJ.

• ,e;jpahtpy; khh;r; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; tiu nfhilf;fhyk; epyt[fpd;wJ.

• flf nuiff;Fj; bjw;nf cs;s jPgfw;g ,e;jpah epyeLf;nfhl;ow;F mUfpy;

mike;jpUg;gjhy;/ ,';F khh;r; khjj;jpypUe;J btg;gk; mjpfhpf;fj;

bjhl';Ffpd;wJ.

• flfnuifapy; $^d; khjj;jpy; Nhpadpd; fjph;fs; neuhf tpGfpd;wd.

mg;nghJ flfnuiff;F tlf;nfa[s;s g[wjPgfw;f ,e;jpahtpy; kpf mjpf

btg;gk; gjpthfpd;wJ.

• ,e;jpahtpy; btg;gg; guty; bjw;fpypUe;J tlf;F nehf;fpr; bry;yr;bry;y

mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ.

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• ,e;jpahtpy; Fsph;fhy btg;gepiy brg;lk;gh; Kjy; gpg;uthp tiu epyt[k;

• ,e;jpah $^d; Kjy; etk;gh; tiu gUtf; fhw;Wfspdhy; kiHiag;

bgWfpd;wJ.

• ,e;jpahtpd; nfhilf;fhy kiHfhyk; khh;r; khjk; Kjy; brg;lk;gh; khjk;

tiu.

• ,e;jpahtpd; Fsph;fhy kiHf;fhyk; mf;nlhgh; Kjy; khh;r; khjk; tiu.

,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;,aw;ifj; jhtuKk; kz; tsKk;

• jhtu tsh;r;rpf;F Nhpa xsp/ kiHg;bghHpt[/ kz; Mfpa \d;W ts';fSk;

Mjhukhf mikfpd;wd.

• ,e;jpahtpy; ,aw;if jhtuj;ij \d;W bgUk; gphpt[fshfg; gphpf;fyhk;.

- kiyj; jhtu';fs; - (Hill Vegetation)

- ,iya[jph; jhtu';fs; - (Decidious Vegetation)

- ghiytdj; jhtu';fs; (Desert Vegetation)

• Mz;L KGtJk; gRikahd njhw;wj;Jld; fhzg;gLk; jhtu';fs;

gRe;jhtu';fs; (Evergreen Vegetation) vd;W miHf;fpnwhk;. v.fh.

vgpd;/ njtjhU/ nuh!;t[l;/ fU';fhyp

• Rkhh; 1000 kPl;lh; Kjy; 2500 kPl;lh; tiuapyhd cauj;jpy; btg;gKk;

kiHa[k; Fiwthf ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; jhtuk; gRikahf ,Uf;fpwJ. Mdhy;

jdpj;j ku';fSk;/ g[jh;r; brofSk; bfhofSk; fye;J fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,g;gFjp fyg;g[f; fhLfs; vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• Rkhh; 2500 kPl;lUf;Fk; nkw;gl;l cau';fspy; btg;gk; kpfkpff; Fiwt[/ gdp

epiwe;j ,g;gFjpapy; jhtuk; gdpia jh';Ftjw;F Crpnghd;w ,iyfisg;

bgw;Ws;sd - ,f;fhL Crpapiyf; fhLfs; (Coniferous forests)

vdg;gLfpd;wd.

• Rkhh; 4000 kPl;lUf;F nkw;gl;l cauj;jpy; epue;jukhfg; gdp \oapUg;gjhy;

jhtu';fs; tsh;tjw;F Vw;w NH;epiy ,Ug;gjpy;iy.

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• f';if ejpf;fHpKfj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;g[epyj;jhtu';fs; Re;jutdk; vd

miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

• fhLfs; mHpe;J tUtjhy; ek; ehl;oy; Mz;LnjhWk; 1.5 kpy;ypad; vf;nlh;

epy';fs; tPzhfp tUfpd;wd.

• nluh?dpy; tdj;Jiw Muha;r;rp epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• 1950-Kjy; Mz;L njhWk; ehbl';fpYk; kuk; eLtpHh $^iy-Mf!;L

khj';fspy; eilbgw;W tUfpd;wJ.

• Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw – mjpf tsh;r;rpa[k; brHpg;g[k; ,y;yhj fhLfisj; jpUj;jk;

bra;a[k; bghUl;L/ ey;y ,dj;ijr; nrh;e;j ehl;Lr; brofis cw;gj;jp bra;a[k;

jpl;lbkhd;iw fhl;L ,yhfhtpdh; mnef khtl;l';fspy; mKyhf;fp

tUfpd;wdh;. ,k;Kiw Fkhpg;gaph; Kiw MFk;.

• Fkhpg;gaph;Kiw jpl;lj;jpd; go epykpy;yh ViHfSf;F fhl;oyhfh epy';fs;

rpy Mz;LfSf;F khj;jpuk; Fj;jiff;F tplg;gLk;. Fj;jif vLg;gth;fs;

Fkhjhh;fs; vdg;gLth;.

• fhl;L kz;qf;F vU ,l ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.

• tz;lykz; <uj;ij jh';Fk; jpwd;bfhz;lJ.

• brk;kz; - cUkhwpa ghiwfspy; cs;s ,Uk;g[ Mf;irL kz;zpw;Fr;

bre;epwj;ij mspg;gjhy; brk;kz; rptg;g[ epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• jf;fhz gPlg{kpapd; tlnkw;Fg; gFjpapy; fhpry;kz; mjpf mstpy;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

• ,e;jpahtpd; bkhj;j epyg;gug;gpy; 20 tpGf;fhL epyg;gug;g[ kz;zhpg;gpdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• kz; tsk; ghJfhf;f – gaph;r;RHw;rp Kiwiaf; ifahSjy; ntz;Lk;.

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,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah – tptrha cw;gj;jptptrha cw;gj;jptptrha cw;gj;jptptrha cw;gj;jp

gaph;gaph;gaph;gaph; tpisa[kplk;tpisa[kplk;tpisa[kplk;tpisa[kplk;

1. czt[ gaph;fs;1. czt[ gaph;fs;1. czt[ gaph;fs;1. czt[ gaph;fs;

1. bey; f';if/ gpuk;kg[j;jpuh rkbtsp/ nkw;F

t';fhsk;/ jkpH;ehL/ gPfhh;/ Me;jpuh

2. nfhJik g";rhg;/ Qhpahdh. cj;jpugpunjrk;

3. fk;g[ kfhuh#;ouh/ uh$!;jhd;/ F$uhj;/

cj;jpugpunjrk;

4. nrhsk; khfuh#;ouh/ Me;jpuh/ fh;ehlfh/ F$uhj;

5. nfH;tuF fh;ehlfh/ jkpH;ehL/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/

Me;jpuh

6. gUg;g[ tiffs; uh$!;jhd;/ g";rhg;/ cj;jpugpunjrk;/ gPfhh;

2. gzg;gaph;fs;2. gzg;gaph;fs;2. gzg;gaph;fs;2. gzg;gaph;fs;

1. fUk;g[ cj;jpugpunjrk;/

2. g[ifapiy Me;jpuh

3. gUj;jp kfhuh#;ouh/ F$uhj;/

4. rzy; nkw;F t';fhsk;/

5. epyf;fliy F$uhj;

6. nj';fha; nfush

7. kpsF nfusk;

8. Vyf;fha; nkw;F bjhlh;r;rp kiyg; gFjpfs;/

9. ,";rp nfusk;

10. gl;L fh;ehlfh

3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;3. njhl;lg;gaph;fs;

1. njapiy M!;!hk;

2. ug;gh; nfush

3. fh@@@̀ gp fh;ehlfh

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,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah ,e;jpah – fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;fdpktsk; kw;Wk; bjhHpy;tsk;

m. ,Uk;g[ jhJk;/ ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpYk;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; fdpk';fis \d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk; mit – 1.

cnyhff; fdpk';fs; 2. cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; 3. vhpbghUs; fdpk';fs;

MFk;.

2. ,e;jpahtpy; gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l;/ xhprh/ nkw;F t';fhsk; Kjypa khepy';fspy;

mjpf mstpy; cnyhfj; fdpk';fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

3. xU ehl;od; bjhHpyf tsh;r;rpf;F ,d;wpaikahj fdpkk; - ,Uk;g[j;jhJt[k;/

kh';fdPRk;.

4. ,Uk;g[k;/ kh';fsPRk; - gPfhh;/ $hh;fz;l;/ xhprh kw;Wk; nkw;F t';fhsj;jpYk;

mjpfkhf fpilf;fpd;wd.

5. ,Uk;gpd; Kf;fpa jhJf;fs; ehd;F tifg;gLk; - khf;idl;/ nQkill;/

ypnkhidl;/ rpl;liul;

6. ikf;fh/ Rz;zhk;g[f;fy; nghd;wit cnyhfky;yhj fdpk';fs; MFk;.

ikf;fht[k; Rz;zhk;g[f;fy;Yk; bjhHpyf tsh;r;rpf;F cjt[fpd;wd.

7. xhprhtpy; ,Ug;g[j;jhJ bgUk;ghyhf fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - fpnahd;$hh;/ jhy;brh;

ka{h; f";r;

8. fh;ehlfj;jpy; ,Uk;g[j;jhJ fpilf;Fk; ,lk; Fj;hpKf;

9. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Uf;Fk; ,Uk;g[j;jhJtpd; ,Ug;g[ cyf ,Ug;gpy; - 4y; xU

g';F

10. ,Uk;g[ v`F cw;gj;jpf;F \yg; bghUl;fshf ,Uk;g[j; jhJ epyf;fhpa[k;

njit/ ,ijj;jtpu kh';fdPR/ Rz;zhk;g[f;fy;/ nlhyikl; nghd;w

fdpk';fSk; njitg;gLfpd;wJ.

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11. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; bghpa mstpy; ,Uk;g[ v`Fj; bjhHpw;rhiy

nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; $hk;b#l;g{hpy; $hk;b#l;$p neth$p lhl;lh vDk;

bjhHpy; mjpguhy; 1907y; Jt';fg;gl;lJ.

12. bghf;fhnuh/ Jh;fhg{h;/ gpyha;/ +h;nfyh/ $hk;b#l;g{h;/ gj;uhtjp// nryk;/

tprhfg;gl;odk;/ nQh!;ngl; vDkpl';fspy; ,Uk;g[ v`F bjhHpyf';fs;

bray;gLfpd;wd.

13. $hk;b#l;$p ,Uk;g[ Miyf;F njitahd ePuhdJ brhh;znuhfh

Mw;wpypUe;J fpilf;fpd;wJ.

M. epyf;fhp

1. epyf;fhp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah tfpf;Fk; ,lk; - 4tJ ,lk;

2. epyf;fhpapd; Kf;fpakhd ehd;F tiffs; - Md;j;jpuirl;/ kpl;L kpd!;

ypf;idl;/ gPl;

3. $hh;fz;oy; cs;s epyf;fhpapd; Ru';f';fs; - $hhpah/ bgf;fhnuh fphpf; fuz;g{h;

4. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - uhzpf";r;

5. kj;jpa gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - re;jh g";rntyp

6. Me;jpug;gpunjrj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa epyf;fhp Ru';fk; - rp';fnuzp

7. bea;ntypapy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp jhJ ypf;idl; jhJ

,. bgl;nuhypak;

1. ,e;jpahtpy; kpf gHikahd vz;bza; tay; - jpf;gha;

2. m!;!hkpy; fhzg;gLk; vz;bza; tay;fs; jpf;gha;/ ef;nuhoah bkhuhd;/

rpg;rfh;/ Uj;urhfh;

3. F$uhj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa vz;bza; tay; - M';fny!;th;

vz;bza; tay;

4. kuhl;oa khepyj;jpy; vz;bza; vLf;Fk; ,lk; - ghk;ngiQ

5. jkpH;ehl;oy; bgl;nuhypak; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s gFjpfs; - fhnthp

bly;lhg; gFjpfs;

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<. gpwjhJf;fs;

1. mYkpdpaj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpa jhJthd ghf;irl; $hh;fz;oy; uh";rp kw;Wk;

ghf;irl; fpilf;Fkplk; $gy;g{h;/ gpyh!;g{h; ghyhf;fhl;.

2. ,e;jpahtpy; ituk; fpilf;Fkplk; kj;jpa gpunjrk;.

3. fh;ehlfj;jpy; j';fk; btl;obaLf;fg;gLk; ,l';fs; - nfhyhh; j';f tay;/

Ql;o j';ftay;

4. Jj;jehfk; ,e;jpahtpy; fpilf;Fk; ,lk; - ,uh$!;jhdpYs;s $hth; kw;Wk;

gd;$h#p

c. gpwbjhHpy;fs;

1. nkw;F t';fhsj;jpy; rpj;ju";rd; vDkplj;jpy; kpd; bjhlh; tz;o

v";rpd;fSk;/ thuzhrpapy; Ory; v";rpd;fSk;/ jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;idiar;

rhh;e;j bguk;g{hpy; bjhlh; tz;o bgl;ofSk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

2. me;jkhd; jPtpy; Mrpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa kuk; mWf;Fk; Miy bray;gl;L

tUfpd;wJ.

3. nkw;Fj; bjhlh;r;rp kiyapy; ug;gh; ku';fs; mjpfkhf tsh;fpd;wd.

mjidbahl;o ug;gh; bghUl;fs; jahhpf;Fk; bjhHpyf';fs; jPgfw;g

,e;jpahtpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

4. kj;jpagpunjrj;jpd; negh efhpy; mr;Rf; fhfpj Miy mike;Js;sJ.

5. Kk;igapy; gUj;jp bert[ bjhHpw;rhiyfs; kpf mjpfk; mJ ,e;jpahtpd;

khd;br!;lh; vd miHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

6. nfhak;g[j;J}h; jkpH;ehl;od; khd;br!;lh; vd tH';fg;gLfpd;wd.

7. nkw;F t';fj;jpy; rzy; kpFjpahfg; gapuhtjhy; rzy; berthiyfs; -

QPf;sp ejpf;fiuapy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nghf;Ftuj;Jnghf;Ftuj;Jnghf;Ftuj;Jnghf;Ftuj;J

1. rhiy nghf;Ftuj;J 1850y; ly;yt[rp fhyj;jpy; fy;fj;jh – oy;yp beL";rhiy

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

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2. fpuhz;l; ou'; rhiy b#h;#h Nhp (1540-45) vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

3. ,e;jpahtpnyna ePskhd njrpa beL";rhiy bg';f~h; Kjy; fd;dpahFkhp

tiu bry;fpwJ.

1. ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; nghf;Ftuj;J Vg;uy; 16/ 1853 ,y; ghk;ng – jhdh

,ilna tplg;gl;lJ. ,jd; ePsk; 32 fp.kP

2. Kjy; kpd;rhu ,uapy; - Deccan Queen (Kalyan to Pune)

3. ,e;jpahtpd; mjpntf uapy; - rjhg;jp vf;!;gpu!; (140 Km/Hr)

4. ghjhs uapy; cs;s ,lk; - fy;fj;jh

5. gwf;Fk; uapy; _ kho ,uapy; - brd;id Kjy; y!; tiu

6. ,e;jpa uapy;nt Jiw Mrpahtpnyna kpfg;bghpaJ.

7. cyfstpy; mjpf CHpah;fs; bfhz;lJ ,e;jpa ,uapy;nt

8. mfy uapy; ghij ePsk; - 1.676 kP.

9. kPl;lh; nf$; ePsk; 1.00 kP

10. FWfpa uapy; ghij – 0.762 _ 0.672 M

11. ,uapy; jl';fis mikj;J guhkhpg;gJ bryt[ kpf;fjhFk;.

12. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 4000 fp.kP. ePs ,uapy; jl';fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; 1130 fp.kP.

ePsk; kPl;lh; nf$; kw;Wk; 2870 fp.kP ePsk; gpuhl;nf$;

13. bjd;df ,uapy;nt jkpH;ehL/ nfush/ fh;ehlfk;/ bjd; Me;jpuh gFjpfis

,izf;fpwJ.

14. bjd;df ,uapy;ntapd; jiyikafk; - brd;id

,e;jpa ,uapy;nt kz;ly';fs;

1. bjw;F ,uapy;nt – brd;id 2. nkw;F ,uapy;nt – Kk;ig (rh;r;nfl;)

3. fpHf;F ,uapy;nt – fy;fj;jh 4. tlf;F ,uapy;nt – jpy;yp

5. kj;jpa ,uapy;nt – Kk;ig (tp.o) 6. tlfpHf;F ,uapy;nt – nfhuf;g{h;

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(rpth$p blh;kpd!;)

7. tlnkw;F ,uapy;nt – b$a;g{h; 8. tlfpHf;F vy;iyg;gFjp ,uapy;nt –

bfsQhj;jp

9. tl kj;jpa ,uapy;nt – myfhghj; 10. bjd; kj;jpa ,uapy;nt –

brfe;jpuhghj;

11. bjd;nkw;F ,uapy;nt - bg';f~h; 12. bjd; fpHf;F ,uapy;nt – fy;fj;jh

2. tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J

1. 1931 Mk; Mz;L b$.Mh;.o lhl;lh mth;fshy; ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; tpkhdg;

nghf;Ftuj;J (gk;gha; - fuhr;rp) ,af;fg;gl;lJ.

2. ,e;jpad; Vh;iyd;!; cs;ehl;L tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;jpw;F 1953y;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

3. Vh; ,e;jpah 1953y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J btsp ehLfSf;F tpkhd nrit

g[hpfpwJ.

4. rh;tnjr tpkhd epiya';fs; rpy fPnH bfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit

m. Rgh!; re;jpungh!; tpkhd jsk; - fy;fj;jh (lk;lk;)

M. $tfh;yhy; neU tpkhd jsk; - Kk;gha; (rhe;jfU!;)

,. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tnjr tpkhs jsk; - g[Jjpy;yp (ghyk;)

<. ,uh$hrhd;!p tpkhd jsk; - jpUtde;jg[uk;

5. jkpHfj;jpYs;s kw;w cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiya';fs; brd;id/ jpUr;rp/

nfhak;g[j;J}h;/ kJiu.

3. ePh;tHp nghf;Ftuj;J

1. ePh;tHpfs; kpf bkJthd nghf;Ftuj;J MFk;. ,it ,Utifg;gLk;.

1. cs;ehl;L ePh;tHpg; nghf;Ftuj;J

2. fly; ePh; tHpg;nghf;Ftuj;J

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2. ,e;jpa fg;gy; fHfk; (Shipping Corporation of India) – SCI 1961y;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

3. ,e;jpahtpy; 13 bghpa JiwKf';fs; cs;sd.

4. ,e;jpa flw;fiuapd; ePsk; Rkhh; 7500 fp.kP.

5. jkpH;ehl;oy; Rkhh; 1000 fp.kP. ePs flw;fiua[s;sJ

6. jkpH;ehl;oy; brd;id/ J}j;Jf;Fo Mfpa bghpa JiwKf';fSk; flY}h;/

ehfgl;odk;/ kz;lgk;/ ,uhnk!;tuk;/ fd;dpahFkhp/ Fsr;ry;/ fPHf;fiu Mfpa

vG rpwpwa JiwKf';;fSk; cs;sJ.

7. brd;id - |y';fh ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.

8. brd;id rp';fg;g{h; ruf;F fg;gy; cs;sJ.

9. cyfpd; kpf gHikahd my;yJ Kjy; JiwKfk; nyhj;jy;. ,J rpe;Jbtsp

kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpaJ.

10. nrhHkz;lyf; flw;fiuf;F ,izahf ,Uf;Fk; gf;fp';Qhk; fhy;tha;

jkpHfj;J kuf;fhzk; Kjy; Me;jpuhtpd; bge;jf";rk; tiu 400 fp.kP. ePsk;

bfhz;lJ.

11. 1900f;F Kd; ,f;fhy;tha; ePh;tHp nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F gad;ghl;oy; ,Ue;jJ.

,e;jpa JiwKf';fs;

nkw;Ffiunkw;Ffiunkw;Ffiunkw;Ffiu fpHf;FfiufpHf;FfiufpHf;FfiufpHf;Ffiu

1. fhz;lyh – F$uhj; - thpapy;yh

JiwKfk;

1. Qhy;oah – nkw;F t';fhsk; (Mw;W

JiwKfk;)

2. gk;gha; - kfhuh#;ouk; - ,aw;if

JiwKfk;

2. fy;fj;jh – nkw;F t';fhsk; -

(Mw;Wj;JiwKfk;/ ituj;JiwKfk;)

3. etnrth – kfhuh#;ouk; ($tfh;yhy;

neU JiwKfk;) ,aw;if JiwKfk;

3. ghujPg; - xhprh – (kh';fdPR

JiwKfk;)

4. kh;knfhth – nfhth - ,Uk;g[

mjpfkhf Vw;WkjpahFk; JiwKfk;

4. tprhfg;gl;odk; - Me;jpug;gpunjrk; -

lhy;gpd; neh!; ,aw;if JiwKfk;.

5. k';f~h; - fh;ehlfh 5. brd;id – jkpH;ehL – braw;if

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JiwKfk;/ kpfg;gHikahd JiwKfk;

6. bfhr;rpd; - nfush – (,aw;if

JiwKfk;) (eWkz JiwKfk;)

6. vz;q}h; - jkpH;ehL

7. J}j;Jf;Fo – jkpH;ehL – (Kj;J

JiwKfk;)

Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;Kf;fpakhd ruzhya';fs;

bgah;bgah;bgah;bgah; ,Uf;Fkplk;,Uf;Fkplk;,Uf;Fkplk;,Uf;Fkplk;

1. fh!pu';fh kw;Wk; khd!; (fhl;blUik) m!;!hk;

2. Qrhhpghf; njrpa g{';fh gPfhh;

3. fph;fhLfs; F$uhj;

4. lhf;!pfhk; ruzhyak; fh#;kPh;

5. bghpahh; ruzhyak; nfush

6. $yjhghu ruzhyak; nkw;F t';fhsk;

7. u';fdjpl;L ruzhyak; fh;ehlfh

8. #pt;g[hp njrpa g{';fh kj;jpa gpunjrk;

9. g[tnd#;th; ruzhyak; Xhp!;!h

10. rpkpyp ghy; Xhp!;!h (g[yp)

11. guj;g{h; ruzhyak; gwitfs;

12. KJkiy/ Midkiy ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL

13. ntle;jh';fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; jkpH;ehL

14. re;jpugpugh ruzhyak; cj;jpug;gpunjrk;

15. fhh;ngl; njrpa g{';fh cj;jpug;gpunjrk;

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20

ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ejpf;fiuapy; mike;Js;s ,e;jpa efu';fs;,e;jpa efu';fs;,e;jpa efu';fs;,e;jpa efu';fs;

efuk;efuk;efuk;efuk; ejpfs;ejpfs;ejpfs;ejpfs;

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ah';fd; Iuhtjp

bgh;ypd; !;gPh;

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bfa;nuh iey;

,yz;ld; njk;!;

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1. QpuhFl; - kfhejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xhprh khepyk;. ,J

cyfpd;

kpf ePskhd mizahFk;

2. gf;uhe';fy; - Qhpahdh/ g";rhg; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;bghpa gy;nehf;Fj; jpl;lk;. rl;by$;

kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. jhnkhjh; gs;sj;jhf;F jpl.;lk; - nkw;F t';f khepyk; kw;Wk; gPfhh;

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk;

4. ehfh;$pd rhfh; - fpU#;zh ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (Me;jpu

khepyk;)

5. guk;gpf;Fsk; MhpahW jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL kw;Wk; nfush khepy';fspd;

Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;

6. uhk; f';fh - f';ifapd; Jiz ejpahd uhk; f';fh kPJ

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. cj;jpu gpunjr khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ.

7. guhf;fh - nkw;F t';f khepyk;

8. rk;gy; - kj;jpa gpunjrk; kw;Wk; uh$!;jhd; Mfpa

khepy';fspd; Tl;L jpl;lk; (,J uhzh gpujhg; rhfh;/ fhe;jp rhfh; kw;Wk; $tQh;rhfh;

Mfpa jpl;l';fspd; Tl;lhFk;)

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9. fhf;ughuh - Nuj; khtl;lj;jpy; F$uhj; khepyj;jpy; fhf;ughuh vd;w

,lj;jpy; jgjp ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;lJ

10. nfhrp - gPfhhpy; cs;sJ

11. J';fgj;jpuh - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fh;ehlfh khepy';fspd; Tl;L

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1. vz;q}h; mdy; kpd; epiyak; - jkpH;ehL

2. nfhh;gh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#;

3. rhj;g{uh bjh;ky; gth; - kj;jpa gpunj#; / uh$!jhd;

4. bea;ntyp bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - jkpH;ehL

5. Krhg;g{h; bjh;ky; gth; !;nlrd; - gPfhh;

6. nfhjFz;lk; - Me;;jpuh

Kf;fpa ePh;kpd; jpl;l';fs;Kf;fpa ePh;kpd; jpl;l';fs;Kf;fpa ePh;kpd; jpl;l';fs;Kf;fpa ePh;kpd; jpl;l';fs;

m. ,Lf;fp iQl;nuh vyf;l;hpf; g[uhuf;l; - nfush

M. rghpfphp g[uh$f;l; - nfush

,. Ruhtjp iQl;nuh vyf;l;hpf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

<. rptrKj;jpuk; iQl;nuhl vyf;l;hpf; g[uh$f;l; - fh;ehlfh

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c. ryhy; iQl;nuh vyf;l;hpf; g[uh$f;l; - $k;K fh#;kPh;

C. nkl;?h; jpl;lk; - jkpH;ehL

v. kr;Fz;l; jpl;lk; - Me;jpuh kw;Wk; xhprh

V. |iryk; - Me;jpu khepyk;

I. Qpird; rhfh; - Me;jpuh

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2. gl;L $g;ghd;

3. njapiy ,e;jpah

4. mhprp rPdh

5. fhg;gp gpnurpy;


6. jfuk; knyrpah

7. ikfh ,e;jpah



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6. nj';fha; nfush

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9. ,";rp nfusk;

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1. njapiy M!;!hk;

2. ug;gh; nfush


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2. gl;L $g;ghd;

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9. ,";rp nfusk;

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1. njapiy M!;!hk;

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ghhP!; rPbad;

yhTh; utp

epa{ahh;f; Ql;rd;

ah';fd; Iuhtjp

bgh;ypd; !;gPh;

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bfa;nuh iey;

,yz;ld; njk;!;



cyfpd;

kpf ePskhd mizahFk;



kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.




khepyk;)


Tl;Lj;jpl;lk;







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modern india & geography - tn state board plus2 notes · 28. g[tp btg;gk; miltij jlff; k; gfjp...

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