Modern Missions

1900-2000Part 2

The battle for the minds of men. Global paradigm shifts were matured in every sphere of life around the world confusing the basis of a Truth-based message

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FundamentalismAfter Civil War the “Evangelical Empire” crumbled under

German Rationalism, and evolution Education and comparative religions undercut the

uniqueness of fundamental Christianity Vast number of Roman Catholic immigrants dissolved the

illusion that America was Protestant

Coalition of Fundamentalists (1900-1920) united around non-negotiables, esp. inerrancy and premillennialism

Debate of Fundamentalism vs. Modernism in public arena (1920-1935) The Liberal wing of the Presbyterians wanted a more

inclusive position where differing views could be tolerated Princeton theologian J. Gresham Machen fought to keep the

“Five Points” of orthodoxy (inerrancy, virgin birth, substitutionary atonement, bodily resurrection and return and miracles), but lost in Princeton, 1927

The greatest media event Attempts to stop evolution from being taught (Scopes Monkey Trial) between William Jennings Bryan defending John Scopes and ACLU won acquittal, but the Liberals felt vindicated

John Gresham Machen

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Fundamentalist Institutions and Agencies

New Institutes established (1930-1950) – Period of “come-outism” – Separation “Fundamentalism” got stricter over time (belief in 2nd

coming became insufficient by 1930 when one had to be Pretribulational Premillennial to be a real Fundamentalist; also many social restrictions

“Fundamentalism” became associated with anti-intellectualism, combativeness, extremism, and being critical of everyone else – (unfair criticism, but common)

Mission Agencies formed with these views GARBC approved missions and Bible Colleges FOM (Fellowship of Missions: Appalachian Bible College,

BIMI, BMM, etc. ) (ABWE was just voted out of this group!)

Bob Jones University mission: Gospel Fellowship Mission, etc.

International Partnership of Fundamental

Baptist Ministries

Regular Baptist Press

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Separatist Fundamentalism and Evangelicals

Conservative Harold Ockenga, Carl F. H. Henry sought to remake fundamentalism that could dialogue with social, cultural and intellectual trends in America calling themselves “Young Evangelicals”

By the early 1950s the Fundamentalists began to split with the Neo (New)- Evangelicals, but each side maintained the core doctrines

Billy Graham led this New-Evangelical movement which decided to cooperate with other Christians who may not hold the core doctrines for evangelistic purposes

The emotional separation and rejection of one another hurt the individual and association cooperation and fellowship across the line of separation

MISSIONS: missionaries may come from different camps and have to cooperate on the field!

J. Frank Norris flamboyant leader of early Fundamentalist

Baptist

Jerry Falwell was Baptist

Bible Fellowship until becoming

Southern Baptist

Billy Graham split with Fundamentalists4

New Evangelicals and Secondary Separation

Fundamentalism is not the same as Evangelicalism, though their core doctrines can be similar The Fundamentalists would be more conservative and narrow in

association, whereas the Evangelicals are culturally and theologically more moderate

The issues tend to be their regard and approach to Scriptures and its broader worldview implications

The Charismatic movement found more space in the Evangelical movement and more criticism in the Fundamentalist movement

Evangelicalism tend to be the middle ground between liberalism and Fundamentalism, though as time goes on the lines become cloudy

Secondary Separation meant that a Fundamentalist could not associate with anyone not in fundamentalist circles (Primary Separation), nor with anyone who associated with anyone not in Fundamentalist circles (Secondary Separation)

Issues provoking this separation include: worldliness: contemporary music, movies, social drinking, dress, hair-style, too accommodating to ; doctrines: Charismatics, often KJV, Social Gospel (evangelical left); associations: Southern Baptists liberalism, mass evangelism with liberals in the direction

Steven Curtis Chapman

Dr. Graham and son Franklin

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SBC Renewal Movements Conservatives first won the 1979 President election Noel Hollyfield’s research in 1976 revealed 87% of new

seminary students believed Jesus was divine, but only 63% of graduates believed

Conservative strategy: elect conservative presidents – 1979 SBC elected Adrian Rogers as first conservative

In 1986 the SBC seminary presidents gave in to the Fundamentalists to fire all Liberals in all the faculties of the six SBC seminaries (SBC colleges not affected)

The FMB (Foreign Mission Board) had to cut funding to foreign seminaries that had liberal professors (like Ruschikon Seminary, Switzerland), which caused major divisions

The issue would force Keith Parks to resign and the election of Jerry Rankin in 1993– as well as the formation of 2 state conventions in Texas and Virginia (one “moderate” and one Conservative).

Eventually all missionaries were forced to sign the 2000 Baptist Faith and Message declaration

Adrian Rogers 1931-2005

Jerry Rankin, Pres. IMB 5,000 missionaries

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1st Wave: Pentecostal Movement 1901

Charles Parham saw students speaking in tongues while seeking the baptism of the Spirit in 1901 Invited to Houston to teach new evidences and Apostolic

Faith concepts William Seymour, a Black holiness pastor was allowed

to listen from an adjoining room Seymour was called to Azusa St. Mission in LA, where a band

of followers fasted and prayed with him until several spoke in tongues

Word spread quickly, newspapers caught the story By 1906 a revival broke out for 3 years

Quickly spread throughout the global Holiness Movement Pentecostal denominations started and grew steadily

Popular leaders include Kathryn Kuhlman and Oral Roberts

Missionaries were sent out thinking they would evangelize with their tongue-gift, but failed New doctrine developed that tongues became evidence of

empowerment to evangelize, rather than the means to do so

William Seymour leader of Azusa St. Revival

Charles Parham

Azusa St. Mission

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2nd Wave: Charismatic Movement 1960

In 1960 Dennis Bennett claimed he was baptized in the Spirit (forced to resign pastorate) but later founded Christian Renewal Association. This gave birth to the Charismatic Movement.

The Neo-Pentecostals (Charismatics) experienced the speaking in tongues (glossolalia) while remaining in their traditional churches

Neo-Charismatics refer to those who left their traditional churches to form their own denominations (i.e. Vineyard Movement)

Numbers: by 2000 (became the 2nd largest branch of Christianity behind the Roman Catholic Church!) : Charismatic Movement: 176 million Neo-Charismatics : 295 million Pentecostals: 66 million 27% of all Christians and almost 60% of all Protestants

In 1967 Charismatics became active in the Roman Catholic Church at Notre Dame in South Bend, IN, and Duquesne University in 1977. By 2000 there would be 120 million Charismatic Catholics Catholics consider this experience another validation of their sacramental

salvation through the Catholic Church.

Dennis Bennett, Anglican priest, first

non-Pentecostal leader to speak in tongues

Todd Bentley, Lakeland, FL revival

2008

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3rd Wave: Signs and Wonders Movement 1981 Initially associated with John Wimber and the Vineyard

Movement Belief that the gospel is best communicated if associated with

supernatural manifestations of the Spirit: esp. prophecy and healings

Deut 26:8, God brought Israel out of Egypt “with a strong hand and an outstretched arm and with SIGNS AND WONDERS”

Wimber’s lectures at Fuller Theological Seminary from ‘82-’85 won over Peter Wagner, Church Growth strategist on faculty who labeled the movement: Power Evangelism

Peter Wagner: Head of Dept for Church Growth at Fuller since 1971 Leader of Strategic Level Spiritual Welfare, Apostolic

Restoration Movement, member of the International Coalition of Apostles and the Apostolic Council of Prophetic Elders

Head of Global Harvest Ministries network prayer ministries, Spiritual Warfare Network (SWN, also called “Gideon’s Army”) and the Wagner Leadership Institute

Peter Wagner9

International MissionsDifficult to track from the US: 2 million short-

term missions vs. 64,000 Protestant Missionaries

More difficult to be accurate overseas: est. 76,000 internationals involved in missions

Many internationals are ethnic missionaries (sent out to reach their own people living in different countries: expatriates)

This is the greatest potential of the global church Vision casting and mobilization Training for tasks and ministries Partnering, teaming, sharing, facilitating 10

Tribal Missions Frank Drown

Lived and worked with Jivaro, “head shrinking” Indians in E. Ecuador. Worked with Roger Youderian of Operation Auca; led the rescue effort

Bruce Porterfield 1957 NTM missionary attempt to contact the wild Yuqui tribe in

Bolivia (ten years before had killed first 5 NTMers to attempt contact)

Famous for choaking you to see how much you can take! Bruce, “Our accounting to God is for faithfulness, not for results”

David Scovill UFM (CrossWorld) pioneer and linguistic missionary to the Danis in

Indonesia Taught Chronological Bible Teaching and established the church in

Dani

Don Richardson In 1962 Don and Carol risked their lives to share Christ with the Sawi

people of New Guinea who were headhunters and cannibals Discovered the Redemptive Analogy from the mythology of tribe that

compared to the gospel

Yuqui Indian in Bolivia- Bruce

Porterfield

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Missionary Martyrs John and Betty Stam – China with CIM – 1934

Communist captured the Stam in 1934 for ransom of $20K Their baby cried and was to be killed, but a released prisoner gave his life

to let the baby live While marching 12 miles Betty stopped to feed the baby, wrapped her in

a sleeping bag and left her Continuing the march a Chinese tried to persuade the soldier not to kill

them, but he was ordered to join them John, Betty and the shopkeeper were beheaded

Paul Carlson – Congo 1964 Medical missionary accused of being an American spy Managed a hospital and leper colony During an unrest he got his family to safety in CAR, returned Fell into the hands of the rebel army, held for over a year, tortured During a rescue attempt he was killed by rebel fire

Chet Bitterman – Colombia 1981 American linguist with SIL, seeking the most difficult tribe in Colombia Just assigned to the “Carabayo” tribe, which Fanning discovered While in Bogota at Guesthouse M-19 broke in and took Chet demanding

that Wycliffe depart the country 48 days later his body was found in a bus, shot in the chest Chet Bitterman

(1953-1981)

John and Betty Stam d. 1934

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Specialization MissionsMedical Missions: Carl Becker – Ituri jungle, Congo

Served between 7 mission stations, one 250-bed hospital A leprosarium of 7,000 patients often treating 2,000/day His ministry started a large church and smaller churches at

each medical station he established Often medical aid is best prevented by adequate funding Accepting government subsidies forfeit freedom to preach;

plus high level of exhaustion, burnout and turnover. Primary health care includes clean water, adequate

sanitation, immunization programs, maternal/child health, food supply and proper nutrition, prevention of endemic diseases and education.

Bible Translation: Cameron Townsen and Kenneth Pike Tried to sell Bibles in Guatemala in 1917-1918 but no one

spoke Spanish In ten years he learned their complex language, translated

the NT and taught literacy In summer of 1934 started SIL and Wycliffe Bible

TranslatorsCameron Townsen

(1896-1982) 13

Specialization Missions Radio Broadcast: Clarence W. Jones, HCJB

Jones went to SA in 1928 looking for site to start a radio station. On Christmas, 1931 began first broadcast

Heralding Christ Jesus’ Blessing Developed 500W transmitters in 1980 to overcome Russian

jamming, for 2,400 programs a month Developed educational tools, Christian Academy of the Air,

Christian School, Hospitals in healthcare outreach

Missionary Aviation: Elizebeth “Betty” Green Betty Green served as “Ferry” pilot in WWII wrote article on

using aviation for missions Navy pilot Jim Truxton read article and asked her to help him

start MAF Betty flew a Waco biplane to Mexico to help SIL in jungle

camp as first MAF pilot

Clarence W. Jones

Betty Green, MAF

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New Methods to know Kenneth Stracham: Evangelism-in-Depth

General Director of Latin America Missions (1945-1965) Began Evangelism-In-Depth, a concentrated, highly mobilized, highly

visible evangelistic activities (marches, crusades, total church participation, etc.)

Donald McGravan, missionary to India: Church Growth Challenged by SVM to spend 30 years in India then became Professor of

Church Growth at Fuller Theological Seminary, wrote Understanding Church Growth

Rejected the popular view of mission as “philanthropy, education, medicine, famine relief, evangelism and world friendship”

Convinced that “good deeds” must never replace the task of missions: building disciples of all peoples

Developed theories that result in growth of churches

Ralph Winter: founder of US Center for World Mission Ten years as professor of School of World Missions at Fuller Instrumental in TEE movement Established William Carey Library, American Society of Missiology,

Prospective Program and International Society for Frontier Missions His focus is Strategy, Mobilization and Training

KennethStracham Evan-In-Depth

Donald McGravan

Ralph Winter 15

TEE and Church-based Training

In 1963 The Presbyterian Church in Guatemala in 19 there were hundreds of pastors who could not attend the seminary in Guatemala City Seminary

Churches are led by men who have families and jobs, thus cannot responsibly leave everything and go to school, so the school must go to them. By using programmed texts and meeting weekly with a teacher. Classes are held in area churches, homes, schools or open air in rural

and urban settings. By 1980, over 200 TEE associations worldwide with 400 programs

and 60,000 students in 90 countries. In 1988 Jeff Reed proposed a Church-Based Leadership

Development concept called BILD (Biblical Institute of Leadership Development. Basic philosophy is that all leadership training should be the core

ministry of the local church, thoroughly equipping members for any ministry

They have developed several degree programs in non-formal education in 1999 with more than 5,200 students

In 1990 Bruce Miller and Gene Getz from Dallas Theological Seminary developed their program of church leadership training through mentoring, in-ministry and life-on-life intensive internship program for developing church leaders and pastors. Today they are in 30 countries , 28 denominations distributing over

40,000 courses.

Jeff Reed, BILD

Ted Ward, creator of TEE programmed

instructional method

Bruce Miller, co-founder CCBT

Monroe Brewer Int’l Dir CCBT 16

House Church Movementsince 1990

Meeting in homes can be obligated by circumstances or preference for informal intimate group dynamics

Distinct from Small Group, or cell group concept which is usually part of a traditional church

“House Church” is a misnomer, rather should be “simple church,” bodylife, “organic church” or biblical church.

Though practiced for first 300 years and revived in the anabaptist, Moravian movement, it has become the methodology for contemporary missions to multiply church bodies in difficult regions (China, Vietnam, India, Cuba, Brazil, and Muslim areas)

Major denominations and mission agencies are now focusing on house church networks, including the IMB

The numbers of participants become staggering in many countries: China, 80-100 million; India, 20-50 million; Cuba, 10,000 HC since 1992

The practice of the priesthood of the believer, serious study of God’s Word with a mutual commitment to practice it weekly, worship and prayer, baptism and Lord’s Supper usually with a shared meal.

Key to Pentecostal global growth, as Korean David Yonggi Cho’s church with 22,000 cell groups.

Key to non-Charismatic growth: Willow Creek, Saddleback churches

Gene Edwards (b.1932), former SBC pastor,

pioneered house church concept

David Garrison, CPM

w/ IMB

Carl George, Small Group guru

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Key Paradigm Shifts in last 50 years of 20th century Indigenous Policy

Church Growth Movement

Short-Term Missions: 2.2 million per year

UPG (NTM and SIL)-- Native translators

10/40 Window – AD 2000 & Beyond

Chronological Bible Storying/Teaching

TESL

Emotive Worship Experience

Donald McGavran

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Lausanne Global Congress on Evangelism

First Internatinal Congress on World Evangelism (ICOWE) 1974, wrote the Lausanne Covenant, drafted by John Stott of England.

Headed by Billy Graham to discuss the progress, resources and methods of evangelizing the world Graham’s commitment to unite all evangelicals for total evangelization of

the world Ralph Winter introduced the term “unreached people groups” to

contradict those calling for a “moratorium on foreign missionaries” UPG should become the primary focus of the Church

Brought 2,700 leaders from 150 nations Refuses to build a bureaucratic organization, rather strives to

be a dynamic, catalytic force that mobilizes a movement of like-minded missional Christians who will pray, plan and work together for global evangelism

Second ICOWE (Lausanne II) was held in 1989 in Manila when the 10/40 Window was announced

Third ICOWE (Lausanne III) will be in South Africa in 2010 to re-stimulate the spirit of unity, humbleness in service and a greater commitment to global evangelism 19

AD 2000 & Beyond Luis Bush at the Lausanne II Congress in Manila in 1989

presented the goal of reaching the major unreached people groups (UPG) with 10K or more by the year 2000

Bush identified 95% of the world’s least reached people within the “10/40 Window”

Objective was mobilize the global Church to a specific goal of the largely ignored: UPGs

1995 sponsored the GCOWE with 4,000 leaders from 186 countries to formulate evangelism plans for 2000. 2/3 of delegates were from non-Western countries

Joshua Project 2000 identified 1,739 UPGs needing church-planting efforts

By 2001 all groups had been initiated and 50 million mobilized to pray for the 10/40 Window

Luis Bush

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