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Modernising Scientific Careers Programme

BSc (Hons) IN HEALTHCARE SCIENCE

Medical Physics Technology

(Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering)

Learning Outcomes and

Indicative Content 2011/12

Introduction to the Modernising Scientific Careers Healthcare Science Practitioner Training Programme

Following the publication of Modernising Scientific Careers – The UK Way Forward1, which set out the four UK countries’ policy and proposals to reform healthcare science training and careers for 21st century patient care, new curricula have been developed to inform academic programmes and work-based training for different stages of the healthcare science career pathway.

Successful completion of the Practitioner Training Programme (PTP) will lead to qualification as a Healthcare Science Practitioner. The PTP comprises BSc (Hons) degree programmes in different aspects of healthcare science (Life Sciences, Physiological Sciences, Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering), which will be delivered, and quality assured by Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The degree programmes will integrate academic and work-based learning.

The PTP curricula comprise the knowledge, skills, experiential learning and associated personal qualities and behaviours (professionalism), which a Healthcare Science Practitioner will need to work safely and effectively in the NHS. HEIs will develop degree programmes based on the agreed framework and high-level curriculum content specified by the Modernising Scientific Careers programme working with colleagues in the profession. The degrees should deliver the specified learning outcomes and the requisite balance of academic and work-base learning. HEIs’ degree programmes should address equality and diversity issues, as is their responsibility as a public body.

The detailed curricula which will deliver the specified learning outcomes for the work–base learning are described in Training Manuals which further define the knowledge, skills and experience needed to work safely and effectively as a Healthcare Science Practitioner in the NHS. It is intended that work-based attainment will be assessed to national standards. The assessment methods will be used alongside Competency Logs or Portfolios of Learning, which will provide a record of the student’s attainment.

An Implementation Guide has been developed for HEIs offering the new BSc (Hons) degree programmes for Healthcare Science Practitioner Training Programmes. The Guide sets out the requirements which new degree programmes will need to meet, to achieve accreditation by Medical Education England as meeting the standards defined in the new MSC curricula.

A curriculum feedback and review process will be developed, involving all MSC stakeholders, to ensure that each curriculum addresses the current NHS agenda and takes account of scientific and technological advances.

Modernising Scientific Careers. The UK Way Forward Gateway Reference: 13494. February 2010. Access at: www.dh.gov.uk/cso

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CONTENTS Page

1.0 Background 1.1 High Level BSc Framework

………………….. …………………..

2 2

1.2 Programme Outcomes ………………….. 3 1.3 Transferable Skills ………………….. 3 1.4 Medical Physics Technology Route Map ………………….. 4

2.0 Generic Modules ………………….. 6 2.1 Years 1-3: Professional Practice ………………….. 6 2.2 Year 1: Scientific Basis of Healthcare Science ………………….. 10 2.3 Year 2: Research Methods ………………….. 12

3.0 Division Specific Modules 3.1 Year 1: Informatics, Maths and Statistics

………………….. …………………..

15 15

3.2 Year 1: Scientific Basis of Medical Physics ………………….. 17 including work-based training ..………………… 19

3.3 Year 2: Medical Imaging ………………….. 22 3.4 Year 2: Radiation Governance ………………….. 24 3.5 Year 2: Medical Equipment Life Cycle ………………….. 25 3.6 Year 2: Principles of Scientific Measurement ………………….. 28

4.0 Specialist Modules for Radiotherapy Physics 4.1 Interpretation of High Level Framework ………………….. 30 4.2 Year 3: Cancer, Radiobiology and Clinical ………………….. 31

Radiotherapy Physics 4.3 Year 3: Practice of Radiotherapy Physics ………………….. 34 4.4 Year 3: Research Project in Radiotherapy

Physics ………………….. 37 4.5 Year 2 & 3: Work-based training ………………….. 38

5.0 Specialist Modules for Radiation Physics 5.1 Interpretation of High Level Framework ………………….. 41 5.2 Year 3: Framework for Radiation Governance ………………….. 42

and Risk Management 5.3 Year 3: Practice of Radiation Physics ………………….. 44 5.4 Year 3: Research Project in Radiation Physics ………………….. 46 5.5 Year 2 & 3: Work-based training ………………….. 48

6.0 Specialist Modules for Nuclear Medicine 6.1 Interpretation of High Level Framework ………………….. 51 6.2 Year 3: Physics and Instrumentation ………………….. 52 6.3 Year 3: Clinical Indication, Pathology and ………………….. 54

Patient Care 6.4 Year 3: Research Project in Nuclear Medicine ………………….. 56 6.5 Year 2 & 3: Work-based training ………………….. 57

Appendix 1 ………………….. Contributors to the Medical Physics Technology curriculum

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BSc(Hons) in Healthcare Science - Medical Physics Technology 2011-12 (updated Oct 2011)

1.0 Background

This document sets out the proposed structure, high-level learning outcomes and indicative content for the Integrated Bachelor degree (Hons) in Healthcare Science in Medical Physics Technology. The Practitioner Training programme combines and integrates both academic and work-based learning. Within the first year it is expected that the experiential component provide broad experience with short ‘tasters’ in groups of specialisms within the division. This will give the student a wide appreciation of the many specialisms within a Division and a more holistic view of the areas, which contribute to high-quality care. At the end of the programme the student will be able to fulfil the role of a Healthcare Science Practitioner.

1.1 High Level Framework

The diagram below depicts the high level framework around which all Bachelor degree programmes must be structured. However, each healthcare science division has interpreted and adapted this Modernising Scientific Careers Programme (MSC) framework.

HIGH LEVEL FRAMEWORK INTEGRATED BSc (Hons) IN HEALTHCARE SCIENCE

Year 1

[60]

[10] 10 weeks

Year 2

[10]

Year 3

to Practice

15 weeks

[10]

25 weeks [20]

[10]

[60][10]

[60]

[30]

[50]

*36 wks

*40 wks

*46 wks

[30]

Scientific Basics

Scientific Basis of Healthcare Science - Integrated Module

across Body Systems will usually include informatics,

maths and statistics

Professional Practice

Work-base Training

Generic Curriculum

Techniques & Methods

Generic Curriculum


Specialism Specific Curriculum

Application

Work-based Training

Work-based Training


Division/Theme Specific Curriculum

Scientific Basis of Healthcare Science

Research Methods

Scientific Basis of Healthcare Science Specialism

Principles of Scientific

Measurement

Division/Theme Specific Curriculum


Generic Curriculum

Practice Based Project

Specialism

Extended Academic Year *estimated duration [XX] = number of credits

Generic Modules: common to all divisions of Healthcare Science Division/Theme Specific Modules: Life Sciences; Medical Physics Technology; Clinical Engineering; Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Sleep Sciences; Neurosensory Sciences Specialist Modules: specific to a specialism

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1.2 Programme Outcomes

Graduates receiving the Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Healthcare Science will possess the essential knowledge, skills, experience and attributes required of a newly qualified Healthcare Science Practitioner and should be able to:

1. Apply to healthcare science practice scientific principles, method and knowledge underpinning healthcare science and the programme specific healthcare science division and specialism;

2. Apply scientific method and approaches to healthcare science research, development and innovation;

3. Carry out technical investigations relevant to the healthcare science division and specialism safely and effectively as appropriate to the role of a Healthcare Science Practitioner;

4. Place the patient at the centre of care, communicate effectively with patients, carers and colleagues in a healthcare context; and use information effectively in a healthcare science context;

5. Behave according to professional, ethical and legal principles; reflect, learn and teach others; learn and work effectively within a multi-professional team; putting the patient at the centre of care;

6. Demonstrate a range of transferable generic academic skills and capabilities to promote life-long learning. These transferable skills will include study skills, independent learning, reflective practice, communication, team working, research and leadership skills;

7. Demonstrate the necessary skills and attributes for further professional development, through academic study and continual lifelong learning as a healthcare science professional.

1.3 Transferable Skills

It is expected that all BSc (Hons) Healthcare Science programmes will meet the descriptors for a higher education qualification at level 6 (Bachelor's degree with honours) outlined by The Framework for Higher Education Qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (FHEQ). On graduation all students will have gained a range of transferable generic academic skills and capabilities including study skills, independent learning, problem solving, reflective practice, communication skills, team working, research, innovation and leadership skills. These transferable skills should be embedded in the curriculum developed by each HEI.

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1.4 Medical Physics Technology Route Map Medical Physics Technology will offer a BSc (Hons) in three specialisms namely:

i. Radiotherapy Physics ii. Radiation Physics iii. Nuclear Medicine

The route map overleaf shows how the high level framework has been interpreted for the Medical Physics Technology BSc (Hons).

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Year 1 - Scientific Basics Year 2 - Techniques and Methods Year 3 - Application to Practice Professional Practice [10] Professional Practice [10] Professional Practice [10]

Scientific Basis of Healthcare Science - Integrated Module across Body Systems [60] Research Methods [10]

Informatics, Maths and Statistics [10] Medical Imaging [30]

Scientific Basis of Medical Physics to include Work-based Training [40]

Radiation Governance [15]

Medical Equipment Lifecycle [15] Principles of Scientific Measurement [30] EITHER Radiotherapy Physics

Work-based Training [10] Cancer, Radiobiology and Clinical Radiotherapy Physics

[30] Practice of Radiotherapy Physics [30] Research Project in Radiotherapy Physics [30] OR Work-based Training [20] Radiation Physics

Work-based Training [10] Framework for Radiation Governance and Risk

Management [30] Practice of Radiation Physics [30] Research Project in Radiation Physics [30] OR Work-based Training [20] Nuclear Medicine Work-based Training [10] Physics and Instrumentation [30] Clinical Indication, Pathology and Patient Care [30] Research Project in Nuclear Medicine [30] Work-based Training [20] Credits Generic 70 20 10 Division 50 90 Specialism 10 110 Total 120 120 120

Route map of PTP in Medical Physics Technology with specialisation in Radiotherapy Physics, Radiation Physics, or Nuclear Medicine. In Year 1, students follow a generic curriculum common across the whole of the Practitioner Training Programme (blue) together with some division-specific modules (yellow). In Year 2, students start to specialise (orange) and by Year 3, the majority of the curriculum is focused on their chosen specialism.

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2.0 Generic Modules

This section covers the three generic modules that will be studied by all Healthcare Science students:

• Professional Practice • Scientific Basis of Healthcare Science • Research Methods

Section 2.1 Years 1- 3: Professional Practice [10 credits in each year] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student has the underpinning knowledge and gains the accompanying skills and attitudes to work as a Healthcare Science Practitioner. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe the structure, management and legal framework for health

and social care services including local healthcare systems in the United Kingdom and funding flows.

2. Describe current quality improvement structure and processes within the NHS.

3. Explain the need to ensure that the needs and wishes of the patient are central to their care and the importance of prioritising the patient’s wishes encompassing their beliefs, concerns, expectations and needs.

4. Explain the importance of developing and maintaining the patient-professional partnership.

5. Explain the current regulations relevant to practice as a Healthcare Science Practitioner with respect to the use of chaperones, child protection and safeguarding.

6. Explain the patient and carer perspective considering the diversity of the patient experience, healthcare systems, illness and disability including the impact of life threatening and critical conditions.

7. Explain how health inequalities impact on the quality of care provided by the NHS at national and local level and the legal requirements with respect to equality and diversity.

8. Explain the importance of promoting patient centred care and self-care by the patient.

9. Explain the principles that underpin effective verbal and written communication including; verbal and non-verbal communication, communication with patients across the age spectrum, communication with users of the NHS who do not have English as a first language and communication with people with disabilities.

10. Explain the concept of shared leadership and the associated personal qualities and behaviours that promote shared leadership and apply knowledge within the work-base.

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11. Describe the importance of feedback and describe a range of feedback frameworks for giving and receiving feedback.

12. Explain the underpinning principles of effective team work and the importance of integration across professions, cross division, specialism and boundary working.

13. Explain the principles, guidance and laws regarding medical ethics, confidentiality and obtaining valid consent from the patient.

14. Describe best practice requirements for record keeping within the NHS including accuracy of information recording within patient records and the framework that underpins data security practice in the NHS.

15. Explain the basic principles of infection control and the importance of current infection control measures within the work-base.

16. Explain the protocols and practice of basic life support. 17. Explain the fundamental principles of Quality Management Systems in

relation to relevant to areas of healthcare science. 18. Explain the need for regulations with respect to patient safety and safe

systems within the work-base including Regulatory frameworks such as EU directives and MHRA requirements.

19. Define Standard Operating Procedure, Protocol and Guidelines and understand the purpose of and difference between each document.

20. Explain the regulations and current procedures in place with respect to equipment safety.

21. Explain the common causes of error and understand the critical incident reporting process recognising the importance of promoting a no blame culture.

22. Recognise and accept the responsibilities and roles of the Healthcare Science Practitioner in relation to other healthcare professionals.

23. Explain the importance of good time management and the techniques underpinning good time management and organisational skills.

24. Explain the importance of maintaining own health and well being. 25. Explain local guidelines for responding to unacceptable behaviour by

patients, carers, relatives, peers and colleagues including harassment, bullying and violent behaviour.

26. Explain the core theories of learning particularly those applied to the adult learner and the independent adult learner including the theory of reflective practice.

27. Explain the importance of public engagement in science and its role in health and society.

28. Describe a history taking, clinical examination framework and process of differential diagnosis and how the information is used to develop clinical management plans.

29. Explain the importance of innovation across healthcare science in particular in the improvement of quality and patient care.

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Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Demonstrate practice that considers the perspective of the patient and, if

appropriate, the carer of the patient establishing and maintaining the patient-professional partnership and promoting patient well being and self-care.

2. Contribute to quality improvement and productivity initiatives within the work-base including service improvement.

3. Recognise the need for, and accept change working across different provider landscapes as required.

4. Develop and demonstrate self-awareness, self-management, and self-development.

5. Demonstrate accurate record keeping adhering to current data security regulations.

6. Accept the responsibility and role of the Healthcare Science Practitioner in relation to other healthcare professionals, working with others whilst developing and maintaining relationships and networks.

7. Communicate effectively and sensitively with patients, relatives and carers across the age spectrum utilising clear explanations/descriptions, listening to others and take other viewpoints into consideration.

8. Communicate succinctly and effectively with other professionals as appropriate.

9. Communicate information about the work of the healthcare science workforce to the public in clear, understandable language.

10. Demonstrate the ability to give effective feedback. 11. Apply appropriately the principles, guidance and laws regarding medical

ethics and confidentiality and demonstrate the ability to gain informed consent.

12. Ensure that personal practice is always provided in line with the legal framework, acting with integrity at all times.

13. Work within appropriate equality and diversity frameworks at all times. 14. Apply current regulations with respect to patient safety and safe systems

within the work-base including child protection, safeguarding and the use of chaperones.

15. Demonstrate basic life support skills. 16. Demonstrate the ability to work in accordance with a range of Standard

Operating Procedures, Guidelines and Protocols. 17. Work within a variety of teams, encouraging and valuing contributions

from all team members and contribute to discussion on the team’s role in patient safety ensuring that the team are aware of risks and work together to minimise risk and take actions that always promote patient safety.

18. Observe the role of the multi-disciplinary team in patient care. 19. Demonstrate adherence to current infection control regulations at all

times. 20. Demonstrate adherence to the regulations and current procedures in

place with respect to equipment safety.

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21. Maintain own health and well-being. 22. Demonstrate the ability to prioritise and organise academic and work

based tasks in order to optimise own work and the work of the department.

23. Develop skills of an independent learner and demonstrate a commitment to Continuing Professional Development.

24. Apply skills of reflection to continually improve performance, acknowledging and acting on feedback.

Indicative Content • Structure and management of health and social care services in the UK

including funding flows • Patient-professional partnerships with the patient at the centre of care • Patient and carer perspectives and the diversity of the patient experience • Use of chaperones • Current child protection/safeguarding regulations relevant to practice as a

Healthcare Science Practitioner • Health inequalities • Disability including learning disabilities • Patient wellbeing and self care • High Quality Care for All • Evidence based practice • Audit • Service Improvement • Leadership and management within the NHS • Verbal and non-verbal effective communication • Effective written communication • Communication with colleagues and cooperation • Communication within patients across the age spectrum • Time management and decision making • Principles of medical ethics and confidentiality • Valid consent • Equality and diversity • Legal framework for practice including fitness to practice • Safety - prioritisation of patient safety in practice • Safety - team working and patient safety • Safety - equipment management • Safety - safety testing • Processes for the distribution of documentation for example the

Department of Health (DH), Central Alerting System (CAS), Medical Device Alerts (MDA)

• Introduction to the fundamental principles of Quality Management Systems (QMS) in relation to Good Laboratory Practice, Good Clinical Practice, Good Medical Practice etc

• Quality, Risk and Audit • Regulatory frameworks such as EU directives and MHRA requirements. • Standard Operating Procedures, Guidelines and Protocols • Basic life support

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• Infection control • Complaints • Scientific error including critical incident reporting • Personal health and behaviour • Local guidelines for responding to unacceptable behaviour by patients,

carers, relatives, peers and colleagues including harassment, bullying and violent behaviour

• Principles of quality and safety improvement including quality audit, quality assurance and quality management

• Equipment safety • Health and well-being • Continuing Professional Development • Reflective practice • Independent adult learning • Clinical skills, differential diagnosis and clinical management plans

Section 2.2 Year 1: Scientific Basis of Healthcare Science [60 credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student has the underpinning knowledge of anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, pathology, biochemistry, immunology, epidemiology, public health medicine, genetics, microbiology and the psychosocial dimensions of health to provide the foundations for study in any of the three divisions of healthcare science namely Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Life Sciences and Physiological Sciences. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Explain the process by which embryonic development occurs from

conception to birth. 2. Explain the chemical, cellular and tissue level of organisation of the body

and the structure and function of the cell. 3. Describe the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the body across the

Brain, Integumentary, Skeletal, Nervous, Cardiovascular (including blood, blood vessels and lymphatic system), Respiratory, Endocrine, Renal, Gastrointestinal (including nutrition), Urinary and Reproductive systems - see footnote.

4. Explain the principles of inheritance, DNA and genetics including carrier status, genetic crosses/pedigree/punnet squares/cross diagrams.

5. Explain the cellular, tissue and systems responses to disease including cell death, inflammation, neoplasia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, tissue responses to injury and repair.

6. Describe the pathophysiology of disease development in common diseases across the body systems.

7. Explain the basic principles of histology. 8. Explain the basic principles of microbiology including natural defences,

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infection control, bacteria, recognition of extracellular pathogens, virus types and structures, viral infection and replication.

9. Explain the principles of immunology, biochemistry and metabolism. 10. Describe the factors that affect the health of the population and explain

how these may be addressed to improve health. 11. Describe how factors affecting health may contribute to inequalities in

health between populations. 12. Explain basic mathematical concepts. 13. Understand basic epidemiological and statistical concepts and how

these contribute to evidence-based medicine. 14. Know the basis of health protection including principles of surveillance,

infectious disease control and emergency planning; a basic understanding of how epidemiology is used in planning health services; how epidemiology relates to individual patients and how chronic disease may impact on a patient.

15. Explain the principles of screening programmes in healthcare and be aware of current screening programmes in a relevant Division.

16. Examine patients' responses to illness and treatment and consider the impact of psychological and social factors, including culture, on health and health-related behaviour.

17. Recognise the difference between pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, therapeutics and prescribing and medicine management.

18. Explain the basic principles of pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and therapeutics including drug names and classifications, definitions of terms and basic mechanisms.

19. Explain the basic principles of physics that underpin healthcare science e.g. ultrasound, radiation.

20. Explain how reference ranges are generated and their limitations. 21. Explain how the body changes from birth to old age. 22. Explain the role of genetics in medicine. 23. Be aware of potential new developments in the field of healthcare

science.

Footnote: This module should be taught at an introductory level with learning developed further in division and specialism specific modules

Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Respect and understand individuals’ beliefs and ways of coping with

illness. 2. Demonstrate knowledge of the influence of culture and beliefs on health. 3. Use a range of study skills including time management, organisational

skills, using the library, search engines, self-directed learning, critical analysis and avoiding plagiarism.

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Indicative Content • Basic principles of

o The Cell o Molecular Biology (Enzymes, Proteins, Metabolism) o Biochemistry o Microbiology/Infection Control o Immunology o Pharmacology, Therapeutics, Pharmacokinetics o Genetics o Epidemiology o Public Health Medicine

• Introduction to Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology across body systems • Cellular, tissue and systems responses to disease • Pathophysiology of disease development in common diseases across the

body systems • Health Protection • Introduction to screening in healthcare e.g. what is screening and when is a

screening programme justified and the organisation of screening • Basic principles of physics that underpin healthcare science • Response to illness, health beliefs, psychology and sociology of health and

illness, behavioural change theories – this should include the underpinning theoretical foundations and models e.g. Health Belief Model, WHO model of activity limitation (disability)

Section 2.3 Year 2: Research Methods [10 credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student has the underpinning knowledge of the importance of research, development and innovation across the NHS - and in healthcare science in particular - and to provide the underpinning knowledge for the final year research project. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Explain the importance of research, innovation and audit across the NHS

and in healthcare science in particular to improve quality and patient care.2. Explain the role of the healthcare science workforce in undertaking

cutting edge translational research and innovation for patient benefit. 3. Explain the difference between research, audit and service improvement. 4. Explain the processes that underpin clinical trials and their potential

value, risks and benefits. 5. Explain how established methods of research and audit are used to

interpret and apply new knowledge in the NHS and healthcare science. 6. Explain the current ethical and legal frameworks within which human and

animal research can be conducted in the UK. 7. Explain the purpose of the research governance framework for health and

social care research and relevant key supporting legislation e.g. the Data

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Protection Act, Intellectual Property regulations. 8. Explain the principles of literature searching including the processes

involved in undertaking a literature review and systematic review. 9. Explain the value of reference manager systems in research, audit and

innovation. 10. Explain the principles of quantitative and qualitative study design. 11. Explain the importance of user involvement and peer review in research. 12. Extend knowledge and application of statistics gained in Year 1 and

explain common statistical techniques for dealing with quantative and qualitative data including sample size determination, application of statistics to parametric and non-parametric data.

13. Describe the role of statutory and advisory regulatory bodies e.g. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and explain the concept of evidence based practice.

14. Describe a range of dissemination methods for the output of research, audit and service improvement findings and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each method.

15. Explain quality assurance frameworks in research, audit and service improvement.

Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Begin to develop critical analytical skills. 2. Evaluate and apply research findings. 3. Work within ethical frameworks. 4. Formulate a research question. 5. Undertake a literature review. 6. Explain the output from a literature review to a non-scientific and

scientific audience. 7. Prepare a written report. Indicative Content • Literature searching, Systematic Review • Referencing (Vancouver, Harvard etc) • Reference Manager software • Ethical framework for human and animal research • Research governance framework • Difference between audit, research, service improvement • Quantitative research methods • Qualitative research methods including questionnaire design, focus groups • Intellectual Property • Roles and responsibilities of a researcher • Basic statistical techniques to deal with parametric and non-parametric

data • Sample size and power calculations

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• Hypothesis testing • Type 1 and 2 error • Role of patients/service users in designing research studies • Dissemination methods for research, audit and service improvement

output • Quality assurance of research, audit and service review

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3.0 Division Specific Modules

This section covers the six division specific modules that will be studied by all students undertaking the Medical Physics Technology programme:

i. Informatics, Maths and Statistics (Year 1) ii. Scientific Basis of Medical Physics (Year 1) iii. Medical Imaging (Year 2) iv. Radiation Governance (Year 2) v. Medical Equipment Life Cycle (Year 2) vi. Principles of Scientific Measurement (Year 2)

Section 3.1 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Year 1: Informatics, Maths and Statistics [10 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student has the underpinning knowledge of medical informatics, mathematics and statistics required for the workplace. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe and explain the need for data security and confidentiality within

the medical environment. 2. Demonstrate skills in the analysis and interpretation of data within a

work-based context. 3. Manipulate and present medical information by the use of spreadsheets,

databases and presentation software. 4. Demonstrate the appropriate use of number, algebra, trigonometry,

exponential, graphs and linear relationships to solve medical problems. Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Use data securely, respect confidentiality and maintain consent in the

use of data. 2. Manipulate, analyse and present clinical data appropriately. 3. Apply appropriate mathematical and statistical techniques to clinical

data. 4. Demonstrate effective communication skills, supported by the

appropriate presentation of data.

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Indicative Content Informatics • Informatics and clinical practice • Clinical coding and terminology • Clinical information systems and applications • Healthcare computer systems • Database management • Data protection, Caldicott, information governance • Database

o Create a database o Understand the basic principles of database o Interrogate and produce reports o Evaluate and amend the database

• Spreadsheet o Creating worksheets, names, ranges, addresses o Copying, formatting, deleting, moving, text, data, series o Using and creating a wide variety of charts, graphs and graphics (e.g.

log linear graphs, 3 Dimensional (3D) bar charts) • Presentation software

o Create a short presentation o Apply appropriate techniques and slides for presentation o Evaluate and amend the presentation

• Networking and messaging standards, e.g. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), Health Level 7 (HL7)

Mathematics and Statistics • Numerical representation and scientific calculator use: standard form,

negative numbers, percentages, accuracy and precision, conversion of units of measure

• Algebra: review of basic concepts • Graphs: linear and non-linear graphs in the x-y plane, plotting a graph of

the function, solving equations using graphs, solving simultaneous equations graphically

• Logarithmic expressions: indices, laws of indices, laws of logs, combinations of logs, natural logs and base 10 logs, solving equations with logarithms, properties and graph of ln and Log function

• Angles and Trigonometry: degrees, radians, trigonometry ratios (sine, cosine, tangent), solving trigonometric equations, maxima and minima, graphs and waves generated by trigonometry

• Exponential Functions: exponential expressions, exponential function and its’ graph, solving equations involving exponential terms using a graphical method

• Complex numbers • Determinants, matrices and vectors • Differentiation: gradient function, rules for differentiation, higher

derivatives, maximums, minimums, points of inflection, differentiation of sums, differentiation of differences

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• Advanced differentiation: products, quotients, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, function of a function, partial differentiation, differential equations

• Indefinite Integration: indefinite integration, some rules for indefinite integration, constant of integration

• Definite integration: areas under curves, areas bounded by lines and curves, finding areas where some or all lie below the x-axis

• Fourier series, vector analysis, complex variables, Laplace transforms • Types of Data: Discrete and continuous data • Summarising data graphically: dot plot, stem and leaf, box and whisker,

grouped frequency distribution, histogram, cumulative frequency distribution, cumulative frequency polygon, bar chart, one and two

• Summarising data numerically: mean, median, mode, samples, when to use various averages, standard deviation, error, inter quartile range, box and whisker plots, variance, range, measures of skewness

• Normal distribution: mean, standard deviation, areas under the curve, standard normal transformation, solution of problems

• Simple probability. Samples and Population Distributions: reasons for sampling sample size, random sampling, biased sampling, quota sampling, systematic sampling and stratified sampling, relationship to normal distribution, primary and secondary data

Section 3.2 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Year 1: Scientific Basis of Medical Physics to include Work-based

training (40 Credits) The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student understands the breadth of the application of science within medical physics, understands the underpinning radiation physics and is able to work safely within the medical physics environment within a hospital. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe the role of medical physics in the patient pathway. 2. Describe the basic equipment and techniques within Nuclear Medicine,

Diagnostic Radiology and Radiotherapy Physics using the correct terminology.

3. Describe the fundamental principles of radiation physics applied to medical physics using the correct scientific terminology, including atomic structure and the laws of radioactive decay.

4. Describe the interactions of radiation with matter, human tissue, stochastic and deterministic effects and radiation dosimetry.

5. Explain different radiation detector systems and make an appropriate choice of detector.

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6. Know and has a basic understanding of the radiation protection and how legislation applies within the workplace.

Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Discuss complex scientific information in ways that can be understood by

practitioners in other areas. 2. Use correct terminology when discussing scientific issues. 3. Work safely in radiation areas.

Indicative Content Medical Physics and Patient Pathway • The role of Medical Physics in

o Diagnostics o Therapeutics o The equipment lifecycle o Innovation and service development

Basic equipment and techniques in Medical Physics • The gamma camera • Basic nuclear medicine techniques • Diagnostic X-ray equipment • Computed Tomography (CT) • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and PET/CT • The Linear Accelerator • Introduction to treatment planning Atomic Structure and Radioactive decay • Atomic and nuclear structure, mass number, atomic number, Isotopes • Mechanisms of radioactive decay • Alpha, beta and gamma radiation • Half life, mean life, physical half life • The units of activity • Decay schemes and energy level diagrams • Specific activity, radioactive concentration Production of X-rays • General principles • Electromagnetic spectrum • Production of X-rays (low to megavoltage) • Filters

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Interactions of Radiation with Matter • Radiation quality – Half Value Layer (HVL) and Tenth Value Layer (TVL) • Attenuation, absorption and scatter (photo-electric, Compton scatter and

pair-production) • Exponential attenuation of monoenergetic photons • Electrons scatter and bremsstrahlung • Ionization and excitation • Electron range and energy • Inverse square law • Filters and filtration • Effects of electron and photon energy, absorber density and atomic

number • Tissue equivalent materials Radiation Protection • National and International legislation and recommendations • Controlled and supervised areas, classified persons • Roles and responsibilities of staff, including Radiation Protection Adviser

(RPA), Radiation Protection Supervisor (RPS) • Hospital organisation of radiological protection; radiation safety policy,

local rules • Personnel and environmental dose monitoring

Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Year 1: Division Specific Module: Work-based Training (10 weeks) The overall aim of the work-based placements within Year 1 is to provide the student with a broad appreciation of the range of work undertaken within Healthcare Science. Students will begin the process of the development of the skills and attitudes relevant to the Healthcare Science Practitioner building on learning in the academic environment, including practical sessions, clinical skills sessions, reflection on development etc. Additionally it should help students learn in the context of practice and real life experience and have a motivational element as they work towards a career in the NHS. This module will provide a foundation from which the student will build their knowledge, skills, experience and attitudes throughout the three year programme of study and transfer these skills to employment in healthcare science. It is expected that this period of initial work-based training will provide the opportunity to begin to integrate and embed many of the professional practice learning outcomes and enable the student to practise safely in the workplace Students will be expected to begin to maintain a portfolio of evidence and relevant sections of the Training Manual.

20


Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe the roles undertaken by a Healthcare Science Practitioner

relevant to each area of their placements. 2. Explain the range of technologies and procedures relevant to their

placements. 3. Describe the work of the healthcare science workforce and explain how it

contributes to the patient pathways relevant to each area of their placement.

4. Explain the need to ensure that the needs and wishes of the patient are central to their care.

5. Explain the importance of developing and maintaining the patient-professional partnership.

6. Explain the procedures relevant to the use of chaperones. 7. Explain the impact of adverse incidents on patients, carers and healthcare

professionals. 8. Describe the procedures and need for evaluation of adverse incidents. 9. Recognise the relevance of a Dress Code policy in the modern clinical

environment. 10. Recognise the standards of professional behaviour expected of a

Healthcare Science Practitioner. 11. Explain why responsibility for infection control is a shared responsibility. 12. Explain the structure of the organisation in which they undertake their

work-based placements and inter-relationship of primary care, outpatient and inpatient services.

Learning Outcomes: Practical Skills On successful completion of this module the student will demonstrate: 1. Safe working in the clinical environment relevant to relevant to each area

of their placements. 2. The six stage hand-washing technique. 3. Basic Life Support in accordance with current Resuscitation Council (UK)

guidelines. 4. Appropriate professional practice at all times. 5. Effective communication within the work-based environment and clinical

team. 6. In accordance with local health and safety regulations, the ability to

undertake routine investigations as defined in the accompanying Training Manual.

Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will:

21


1. Behave in a professional manner in matters of attendance,

appearance, maintaining confidentiality and infection control. 2. Respect and understand individuals’ beliefs and ways of coping with

illness. 3. Value social diversity and its relationship to service provision in

healthcare. 4. Demonstrate the ability to work safely within each environment. 5. Demonstrate the ability to treat patients with respect. 6. Communicate effectively with the healthcare environment and

clinical team and develop appropriate interpersonal skills. 7. Seek to adapt their communication style to meet the varying needs

of different peers, colleagues and patients in different contexts. 8. Adopt a range of techniques to overcome barriers to communication. 9. Develop and maintain professional relationships and effective team

working. 10. Discuss and demonstrate safe and effective practice in a healthcare

environment. 11. Begin to develop a balance between reflective practice and active

exploration in personal learning. 12. Take responsibility for personal learning.

Indicative Content and Suggested Experience • Observe the work of a range of Healthcare Science departments,

technologies and procedures • Observe the process for handling work requests from the receipt of the

request to completion • Observe the patient journey from admission to discharge • Gain an understanding of the skills required to work safely in the

clinical/laboratory/workshop/radiation environment • Record keeping, data protection, confidentiality • Gain an appreciation of how the NHS is structured • Team working and the role of multi-disciplinary team meetings • Meaning and role of professionalism and professions in healthcare • Roles of different professional grouping in Healthcare Science • Human and social diversity and its implications for relationships,

behaviours and service provision in healthcare • Types of effective communication in the context of healthcare. Barriers to

effective communication and strategies to overcome them • Interpersonal skills related to dealing with patients, carers and healthcare

professionals • The skills needed to work as part of a team • Management and evaluation of adverse incidents • Data management (paper and electronic) • Infection control • Basic Life Support • Reflective practice and its application

22


Section 3.3 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Year 2: Medical Imaging [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student understands the principles of medical image formation, the operation, role, clinical applications and health effects of different imaging modalities and discuss the pros and cons of each. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe and explain the principles of image formation, acquisition and

manipulation including image registration, image storage and sharing. 2. For each modality, (Radiology, Fluoroscopy, Computerised Tomography,

Ultrasound, Nuclear Medicine, Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI], Positron Emission Tomography [PET] ), describe and explain the principles of operation.

3. Describe and explain the role of each modality in the patient pathway including the main clinical applications.

4. Describe and explain the possible health effects of each modality. 5. Describe and explain the quality assurance framework for each modality. 6. Describe and explain the legislative framework surrounding the use of

each modality. 7. Critically evaluate the risks and benefits of each modality. Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Work using safe and precise technical skills. 2. Use and develop analytical skills. 3. Demonstrate problem solving. 4. Use clear written and verbal communication. 5. Communicate complex ideas in simple terms.

Indicative Content Image formation, acquisition, manipulation, storage and sharing • Theory of Image Formation including reconstruction from projections • Display and manipulation of images • Image registration • Storage and sharing of images, Digital Imaging and Communications in

Medicine (DICOM), Health Level 7 (HL7)

23


Principles of operation • Formation of the X-ray image, Fluoroscopy, Computed Radiography,

Digital Radiography (CR/DR), Computerised Tomography scanners • Ultrasound

o Basic physics o Transducers o Formation of the ultrasound image, harmonic imaging o Doppler

• Nuclear Medicine o Construction of the gamma camera, Single Photon Emission Computed

Tomography (SPECT) o Factors affecting the formation of the image

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging o Basic physics o Formation of the image o Image sequences and their appearances

• Digital imaging o Basic image manipulation o Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS)

• Positron Emission Tomography o Basic physics

Application • Common clinical applications of each modality • The possible risks and health effects of each modality • Quality assurance and testing • Legislative framework

o Ionising Radiations (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 (IRMER) o Medicines (Administration or Radioactive Substances) Regulations

1987 (MARS) o Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee

(ARSAC) • Choice of modality for different common clinical problems

o Future directions in imaging o Gating techniques in imaging o Use of imaging in the planning and delivery of Radiotherapy

Section 3.4 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Year 2: Radiation Governance [15 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student understands and can work safely within the legislative and policy framework around the safe use of ionising radiation within a hospital environment.

24


Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the principal sources of radiation in the

healthcare environment. 2. Describe and explain the principles of Radiation Protection. 3. Describe and explain appropriate national and international legislation and

policies. 4. Describe and explain the governance framework within the workplace to

demonstrate legislative compliance. 5. Develop risk assessments, local rules and procedural documentation. 6. Demonstrate an understanding of different types of personal and

environmental dose monitors and their use in the medical environment. 7. Demonstrate an understanding of the factors affecting the design of

radiation facilities. Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Work using safe and precise technical skills. 2. Actively seek accurate and validated information from all available

sources. 3. Select and apply appropriate analysis or assessment techniques and

tools. 4. Evaluate a wide range of data to assist with judgements and decision

making.

Indicative Content Clinical Sources of Radiation • Ionising and non-ionising radiation sources and hazards Radiation Protection • As Low as Reasonable Achievable (ALARA) • Principles of dose limitation • Net positive benefit, dose limits • National and International legislation and recommendations • Controlled and supervised areas, classified persons • Roles and responsibilities of staff, including Radiation Protection Advisor,

Radiation Protection Supervisor • Hospital organisation of radiological protection; radiation safety policy,

local rules • External audit standards

25


• Radiation and research • Personnel and environmental dose monitoring • Instrument calibrations • Registration, safe custody, transport, use and disposal of radioactive

sources • Contingency plans, including radiation emergencies • Notification of radiation accidents and incidents • Biological and effective half life • Record keeping Dose Monitoring • Film and Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter (TLD) monitoring • Pocket dosimeters • Operation of a personal monitoring service and approved dosimetry

service • Whole body, extremities, eyes, thyroid Controls • Equipment circuit breakers, interlocks; warning signs • Use of distance, shielding, time • Calculation of shielding requirements • Environmental radiation surveys Section 3.5 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Year 2: Medical Equipment Lifecycle [15 Credits] On successful completion of this module the student will be able to demonstrate an understanding of the principles that underpin the management lifecycle of major items of medical equipment encountered in Medical Physics. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe each stage of the equipment management life cycle and how

this is implemented within healthcare. 2. Understand quality systems and their place in the delivery of modern

healthcare. 3. Explain the principles supporting the selection of a medical device that

will ensure it is fit for purpose including the ability to develop and evaluate basic specifications to meet user and service requirements.

4. Explain the importance of control of infection and decontamination within the equipment management lifecycle.

26


5. Know and follows the processes and regulations relating to the decommissioning and disposal of medical devices.

Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Use safe and precise technical skills. 2. Use and develop analytical skills. 3. Demonstrate problem solving. 4. Use clear written and verbal communication. 5. Communicate complex ideas in simple terms. 6. Work effectively within a multidisciplinary team. Indicative Content • Quality systems

o General requirements o Control of documentation o Control of records o Responsibility, authority and communication o Planning of activities and resources o Protocols and processes o Identification and traceability o Analysis and improvement, audit

• Record keeping - applies to all aspects of the equipment life cycle (electronic or paper)

• Equipment information, including o Warranty documents o Manuals o Certificates of conformity o Protocols o Safety Test Records o Acceptance Test Records o Maintenance and Repair Records o Decontamination records o Risk assessments

• Pre purchase o Assessment of need o Defining or evaluation of specification o Relevant Standards o Compliance with legislation o Identification of suitable equipment o Application of risk management to selection

• Purchase o Purchasing processes o Purchasing authority

27


• Acceptance and Safety Testing o Stages of acceptance o Visual Inspections o Electrical safety testing o Mechanical safety tests o Appropriate test equipment o Functional testing o Purpose of measurements o Performing measurements o Assessing results

• Planned Preventative Maintenance o Repair process and post repair quality control requirements o Process of handover to and from clinical use. o Factors affecting decisions on maintenance activity including:

Urgency Time Impact on services and the availability of other equipment

• Calibration and Quality assurance o Calibration procedures o Measurement principles

• Reliability, repeatability, validity, limitations o Appropriate calibration equipment o Quality systems, Audit, Documentation

• Decontamination o Infection control o Decontamination techniques

• Disinfection, sterilisation and cleaning o Specialist advice

• Decommissioning and Disposal o Decommissioning protocols o Legislation o Waste management

• Special Waste, Clinical Waste, Radioactive Waste, Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

o Disabling Equipment o Removal and disposal of data o Data storage o Importance of documentation

• Incident investigation and reports through evaluation of factual evidence

28


Section 3.6 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Year 2: Principles of Scientific Measurement [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student understands the principles of scientific measurement including calibration, errors and precision particularly as it relates to the measurement of ionising radiation and ultrasound. In addition, the student will understand the measurement of physiological signals relating to gating systems used in Medical Physics. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe and explain the principles of scientific measurement, including

calibration, errors and precision. 2. Demonstrate knowledge of different radiation detector systems, the

appropriate choice of detector and counting statistics. 3. Describe and explain techniques for the measurement of ultrasonic

fields. 4. Describe and explain the physiological signals used in cardiac and

respiratory gating. Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Use safe and precise technical skills. 2. Use and develop analytical skills. 3. Demonstrate problem solving. 4. Use clear written and verbal communication. 5. Communicate complex ideas in simple terms. Indicative Content Principles of Scientific Measurement

• Fundamental and derived measurements • Types of signal • Choice of transducers • Signal capture and process • Display • Errors of measurement, precision • Calibration

Radiation Detectors For each detector system:

29


• Principles • Construction • Uses • Limitations • Associated equipment

Detector Systems

• Ionisation chamber. • Geiger tube • Sodium iodide and other scintillators • Liquid scintillation detection • Solid state detectors • Photographic film • Thermoluminescent Dosimters (TLD) • Chemical detectors , e.g. gafchromic film • Amorphous Silicon (AmSi) detectors

Physiological signals

• Physiological basis of signals • Methods of measurement • Signal processing and extraction • Use of physiological signals in Medical Physics

30


Section 4.0 Specialist Modules for Radiotherapy Physics Section 4.1 Interpretation of the high level framework Medical Physics Technology specialising in

Radiotherapy Physics

Module Titles Year 3

Application to Practice


[10]

Cancer, Radiobiology and Clinical

Radiotherapy Physics

[30]

Practice of Radiotherapy Physics

[30]

Research Project

[30]

Work-based training

25 weeks

[20] Year 2

Technologies and

Methodologies


[10]

Research Methods

[10]

Medical Imaging

[30]

Radiation Governance

[15]

Medical Equipment Lifecycle

[15]

Principles of

Scientific Measurement

[30]

Work-based training

15 weeks

[10] Year 1

Scientific Basics


[10]


[60]

Informatics, Maths and Statistics

[10]

Scientific Basis of Medical Physics including work-based training

10 weeks

[40]

Generic Modules: Common to all divisions of Healthcare Science

Division/Theme Specific Modules: Life Sciences; Medical Physics Technology; Clinical Engineering; Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Sleep Sciences; Neurosensory Sciences

Specialist Modules: Specific to a specialism [XX] = Number of credits

31


Section 4.2 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Radiotherapy Physics Year 3: Cancer, Radiobiology and Clinical Radiotherapy Physics [30 Credits]

The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student can plan a range of Radiotherapy treatments and immobilisation devices. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe and explain the role of Radiotherapy in the cancer pathway and

critically review tumour pathology of some common tumour sites. 2. Describe and critically evaluate the principles of radiobiology applied to

external beam Radiotherapy. 3. Discuss the requirements relating the application of medical imaging to

radiotherapy and appraise the choice of imaging technique. 4. Discuss the requirements relating to patient care in the mould room and

specify and appraise factors, principles and constraints, which affect treatment regimes and treatment planning.

5. Describe target volumes as defined in current national and international standards.

6. Define dose prescriptions and reporting as per current national and international standards.

Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Respect and uphold the rights, dignity and privacy of patients. 2. Establish patient-centred rapport when developing and fitting

immobilisation devices. 3. Appreciate the empathy and sensitivity needed when dealing with the

patient experience of long-term conditions and terminal illness. 4. Actively seek accurate and validated information from all available.

sources in developing treatment plans, including appropriate imaging. 5. Select and apply appropriate analysis or assessment techniques and tools

for developing and validating treatment plans.

32


Indicative Content Clinical Evaluation including Application of Medical Imaging to Radiotherapy

• Referral pathways including national pathway guidelines • Clinical evaluation - pathology, staging, investigations • Therapy options including new technologies • Aim of radiotherapy - radical, adjuvant, palliation • Follow-up • Imaging

o Multiplanar sectional anatomy from Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

o Functional imaging - Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

Radiobiology Related to Radiotherapy Linear energy transfer and radiobiological effect

• Cell survival curves - shape, cell kill, chromosomes and cell division • Dose response relationship • Radiosensitivity • Tumour systems • Dose – time relationship • Radiation pathology - acute and late effects • Radiation carcinogenesis • Radiobiological models – linear quadratic

Tumour Pathology

• Anatomy, pathology, lymphatic drainage and associated critical structures o Head and neck o Central nervous system o Pituitary o Thorax o Breast o Abdomen o Pelvis

• Hodgkin’s Disease • Leukaemia • Extremities • Metastases

Treatment Planning Considerations

• Prescribed Dose • Target delineation • Treatment techniques (site specific) • Typical tissue heterogeneities

Positioning and Immobilisation

• Isocentric mounting • Front and back pointers

33


• Patient positioning • Patient care in the Mould Room • Immobilisation (site specific)

Localisation

• Surface contouring • Use of orthogonal radiographs and shift radiographs • Computed Tomography localisation

o Inhomogeneities o Surface contours and organs at risk

• Use of imaging and image fusion • Data Transfer • Planning target volume – margins • Organs at risk (critical organs and dose constraints)

Dose Planning and Display

• Treatment Planning algorithms including pencil beam, collapsed cone and Monte Carlo

• Dose distribution computation • Computer Planning

o 2-Dimensional, 3-Dimensional and 4-Dimensional plans o Comparison of Computed Tomography and non-Computed

Tomography plans o Beam’s eye view

• Plan Evaluation o Isodose distributions o Dose volume histograms

• Conformal planning • Optimisation including inverse planning techniques and Intensity

Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) • Forward planned segmented field techniques

Beam Modification

• Collimation - asymmetric jaws • Beam shaping and shielding • Bolus and compensators • Wedges: mechanical, dynamic, virtual

Dose Calculations

• Dose prescription • Phantom Scatter Factors

o Back Scatter Factor o Peak Scatter Factor

• Head scatter • Radiation Output • Computation of treatment time/set dose • Effect of inhomogeneities

34


Verification • Positional accuracy and tolerances • Dosimetric accuracy - patient dose monitoring • Record and verify systems • Advanced imaging techniques

Brachytherapy Preparation and Planning

• Sources - nuclide, structure, identification • Afterloading equipment • Units of measurement • Source calibration • Calculation of dose distributions

Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT)

• Image Guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) • Gating Proton, • Ion therapy

Section 4.3 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Radiotherapy Physics Year 3: Practice of Radiotherapy Physics [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student understands the basis of Radiotherapy equipment, dose measurement, calibration and quality assurance and how they affect patient treatment. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Demonstrate understanding, analysis skills and judgement in treatment

planning, radiation dose measurement and calculation, in radiotherapy. 2. Demonstrate understanding, comprehension and judgement in the

operation of radiotherapy equipment and associated quality control procedures and systems.

3. Demonstrate an understanding of the relevant principles relating to the calculation of dose distributions within patients.

4. Demonstrate an understanding of and critically evaluate, radiotherapy equipment, the beams produced, their characteristics and how they are analysed.

5. Critically discuss the principles of radiation protection in radiotherapy.

35


Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Actively seek accurate and validated information from all available


tools for the calibration and quality assurance of radiotherapy equipment. 3. Evaluate a wide range of data to assist with judgements and decision

making. Indicative Content External Beam Radiation Treatment Equipment

• Construction and principles of operation of very low energy, low energy, medium energy X-ray equipment

• Linear Accelerator • Photon beam generation • Electron beam generation • Cobalt teletherapy • Cyclotron • Operation and controls of treatment equipment

Dose Distribution

• Photon interactions with respect to Radiotherapy • Central axis depth dose • Irregular fields - equivalent square – sector integration • Off-axis dose - dose in shielded regions – scatter, primary beam

hardening • Isodose curves • Beam quality, source size, source surface distance, source collimator

distance, beam flatness, flattening filters, field size, penumbra, oblique incidence, tissue heterogeneity

• Summation of isodose curves • Beam weighting • Guidelines for field arrangements • Large field treatment techniques • Field matching asymmetric collimators • Effect of change in radiation beam energy

Dose Measurement

• Kerma and absorbed dose • Selection of appropriate dosemeter • Absolute dose measurement • Relative dose measurement • Beam data acquisition

36


• Patient dosimetry – diodes, Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD), Electronic Portal Imaging Devices (EPID)

• Electron dosimetry • Phantoms

Electron Beams

• Depth dose characteristics • Isodose curve characteristics • Oblique incidence • Beam shaping

SXT Dosimetry

• Back scatter factors • Lead cut-outs • Applicators • Eyeshields (internal and external)

Radiation Protection • Structural shielding • Measures for reducing radiation dose to staff during brachytherapy • Source handling and storage • Procedures for radioactive patients leaving hospital • Death of radioactive patients - removal of implants

Quality Control and Quality Assurance

• Quality systems • Treatment Machine Quality Control (QC) Program - logic, method and

frequency • Quality Control of external beam radiotherapy equipment • Quality Control of radiotherapy simulator • Quality Control of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance

Imaging • Quality Control for brachytherapy equipment and systems • Quality Control for treatment planning systems • Treatment plan and radiotherapy prescription calculation checks • Quality Control of dosimetry systems

37


Section 4.4 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Radiotherapy Physics Year 3: Research Project in Radiotherapy Physics [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is for the student to undertake a research or audit project that provides an opportunity to demonstrate the knowledge, skills and experience gained in the Research Methods module in Year 2.

Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will:

1. Work with a supervisor to propose a research or audit hypothesis/question. 2. Critically review the literature and use a reference manager system. 3. Refine a research/audit question. 4. Design a research protocol to test a hypothesis/question.

Learning Outcomes: Practical Skills On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Undertake a research/audit project from conception to completion. 2. Gain the necessary ethical, audit and/or R&D approval. 3. Assemble a body of data and analyse the data using appropriate

statistical techniques. 4. Prepare a written project report and analyse the findings and identify

strengths and weaknesses of the research/audit project. 5. Prepare and present a poster.

Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will:

1. Further develop critical analytical skills. 2. Evaluate and apply evidence. 3. Work within an ethical framework. 4. Demonstrate effective time management and organisation.

Indicative Content

• One or more pieces of work for which the student is responsible. These should involve originality in the sense that the outcome is not predictable and/or known in detail

• Examples could include o Evaluation of method new to department

38


o Investigation to improve performance of a method o Evaluation of new/modified quality assurance of a method o Audit of method performance across a range of departments o Critical analysis of evidence-base underpinning a specified

procedure o Audit of users to assess functionality, range, and/or quality of

services provided

Section 4.5 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Radiotherapy Physics Year 2 and 3: Work-based Training [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to give the student experience of Radiotherapy Physics that ensures that the student can undertake the full breadth of practice expected of a newly qualified healthcare science practitioner in Radiotherapy Physics. This is delivered through work placements in Years 2 and 3 of the degree course. Important Note: Work-based training does not have to be confined only to the work-base but elements may be taught in other environments, e.g. a clinical skills laboratory, simulation centre or science laboratory. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Demonstrate increased knowledge, understanding and confidence in

application, of the core skills in clinical, patient identification, communication skills and management, and quality assurance.

2. Demonstrate competence for routine tasks and/or situations in Radiotherapy Physics including treatment planning, dose measurement, quality assurance, calibration and operation of equipment, and patient interventions.

3. Critically review and evaluate departmental protocols in relation to the core skills in Health and Safety, human rights, patient identification, communication skills and management, quality assurance.

4. Critically review and evaluate routine tasks in relation to treatment planning, dose measurement, quality assurance, calibration and operation of equipment, and patient interventions.

5. Produce a professional portfolio, which cumulatively records and provides evidence of the skills, knowledge and attitudes gained.

39


Learning Outcomes: Practical Skills On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Produce a range of Radiotherapy dose treatment plans using imaging

data, defined treatment parameters, dose calculations and simulation. 2. Undertake processes to assist in the safest and most effective treatment

being delivered to the patient. 3. Make safe and appropriate immobilisation devices in accordance with

local protocols. 4. Participate in the preparation and delivery of Brachytherapy treatment

procedures. 5. Undertake quality control procedures for Radiotherapy Systems. 6. Demonstrate the ability to use a wide range of dosimeters for a variety of

dose measurements types in accordance with established procedures. 7. Apply a professional approach to all activities undertaken within the

radiotherapy department. Learning Outcomes: Clinical Experience On successful completion of this module the student will: • Work safely in all radiation areas. • Perform treatment dose calculations for external beam radiotherapy. • Input data to record and verify systems. • Outline anatomical structures to agreed protocols. • Outline clinical Target volumes. • Produce treatment plans for standard individual patient external beam

radiotherapy using a planning computer. • Produce treatment plans for individual brachytherapy patient treatment. • Prepare sealed sources for use in brachytherapy. • Administer sealed sources using afterloading techniques. • Select and customise patient related devices to assist with radiotherapy. • Take impression of patient for the production of radiotherapy positioning

devices. • Produce patient specific radiotherapy positioning devices. • Specify and design treatment machine accessories and modifications to

assist with radiotherapy. • Perform dose measurements to support radiation treatment. • Conduct definitive calibrations of radiation delivery and measurement

devices. • Quality control radiotherapy systems. • Maintain radiotherapy equipment. • Prepare for radionuclide therapy procedures. • Review patient status, suitability and consent for radionuclide therapy. • Participate in the provision of a radionuclide therapeutic service. • Manage radioactive patients. • Monitor and decontaminate areas used for radionuclide therapy.

40


Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Present complex ideas in simple terms in both oral and written formats. 2. Challenge discriminatory behaviour and language. 3. Adapt communication style and language to meet needs of listeners. 4. Respect and uphold the rights, dignity and privacy of patients. 5. Establish patient-centred rapport. 6. Consistently focus on professional duty of care. 7. Reflect and review own practice to continuously improve personal

performance. 8. Consistently operate within sphere of personal competence and level of

authority. 9. Manage personal workload and objectives to achieve quality of care. 10. Actively seek accurate and validated information from all available

sources. 11. Select and apply appropriate analysis or assessment techniques and tools.12. Evaluate a wide range of data to assist with judgements and decision

making. 13. Contribute to and co-operate with work of multi-disciplinary teams. 14. Act in a calm and reassuring manner.

41


Section 5.0 Specialist Modules for Radiation Physics Section 5.1 Interpretation of the high level framework for Medical Physics Technology specialising

in Radiation Physics




[10]

Framework for radiation governance and risk management

[30]

Practice of Radiation Physics

[30]

Research Project

[30]

Work-based training 25 weeks

[20] Year 2

Technologies and

Methodologies


[10]

Research Methods

[10]

Medical Imaging

[30]


[15]


[15]


Measurement

[30]

Work-based training

15 weeks

[10] Year 1

Scientific Basics


[10]


[60]


[10]

Scientific Basis of Medical Physics including Work-based training

10 weeks

[40] Generic Modules: Common to all divisions of Healthcare Science



42


Section 5.2 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Radiation Physics Year 3: Framework of Radiation Governance and Risk Management

[30 Credits]

The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student has an understanding of the main sources of ionising and non-ionising radiation encountered in the clinical environment, the legislative and organisational framework surrounding their use and the principles of risk assessment and risk management. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Explain the main clinical sources of ionising and non-ionising radiation

and their interaction with human tissue. 2. Critically review and evaluate legislation and codes of practice associated

with the control of ionising and non-ionising radiation. 3. Demonstrate an understanding of the organisational arrangements for

radiation protection. 4. Describe and evaluate the role of quality management in the service and

calibration aspects of diagnostic radiology physics. 5. Demonstrate an understanding of the operation and principles of radiation

emitting equipment. 6. Demonstrate an understanding of the use of radioactive materials in the

clinical environment.

Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Respect and uphold the rights, dignity and privacy of patients. 2. Establish patient-centred rapport. 3. Actively seek accurate and validated information from all available

sources when analysing nuclear medicine investigations. 4. Select and apply appropriate analysis or assessment techniques and

tools.

43


Indicative Content General Principles of Radiation Protection National and International recommendations

• Ionising Radiation Regulations 1999 (IRR99) • Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000 (IRMER) • Comforters and Carers • Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010 • Exemption orders • Medicines (Administration of Radioactive Substances) Regulations

1978 • Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee

(ARSAC) • Carriage of Dangerous Good and Use of Transportable Pressure

Equipment Regulations 2009 • Health and Safety at Work • ElectroMagnetic Fields (EMF), Mobile phones, Magnetic Resonance

Imaging (MRI) • Lasers, Ultraviolet (UV) and Intense Light Sources (ILS) • Ultrasound • Enforcement and Prosecution

Clinical Sources of Radiation

• Diagnostic X-ray Installations • Principles of Radiotherapy Treatment Machines • Principles of Radiotherapy Using Radioactive Materials • Principles of the Diagnostic Use of Radioactive Materials • Ultrasound • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Lasers, Ultraviolet (UV) and Intense Light Sources (ILS)

Interaction of Radiation with human tissue

• External and internal radiation • Non-ionising radiation interactions • Risks of exposure to ionising and non-ionising radiation

Dosimetry

• Personal monitoring equipment - film badge, Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLD), Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL), electrometer, pocket alarm, Record keeping

• Contamination monitors, wipe tests • Instrument types, range of probes • Survey meters • Ionisation chambers, Geiger counters, scintillation counters, dose and

dose rate meters • isotope calibrators • Diagnostic X-ray Quality Assurance (QA) instruments for tube output

and kiloVoltage (kV)

44


• Calibration of above instruments • Measurement of ultrasound fields • UltraViolet (UV) dosimetry

Risk Assessment and Risk Management Compliance audit Emergency Procedures Quality Systems

• Principles of Quality Assurance, quality control, quality improvement, quality systems

• Accreditation of calibration laboratories, National Accreditation of Measurement and Sampling (NAMAS)

Organisation of Radiation Protection in Hospitals Section 5.3 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Radiation Physics Year 3: Practice of Radiation Physics [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student has an understanding of the performance testing of a wide range of equipment, understanding the measurement of patient doses and dose optimisation and the audit of radiation departments. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of dosimetric methods and critically

analyse dose reduction options. 2. Undertake radiation surveys and evaluate methods and options for

improvement and dealing with radiation incidents and emergencies. 3. Undertake performance testing of a range of equipment – ionising and

non-ionising. 4. Undertake calibration and type testing of survey meters. 5. Collect and analyse appropriate dosimetric information from complex

examinations to produce a dose/image-quality optimised examination and survey, evaluate and propose safe working practices in high dose/risk examinations for both staff and patients.

45




tools. Indicative Content Performance Testing of Equipment

• X-ray tubes and generators (conventional, Computed Tomography, dental, mammography)

• Ultrasound – diagnostic and therapeutic • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • Lasers, UltraViolet (UV) and Intense Light Sources (ILS)

Patient Doses in Diagnostic X-ray

• Factors affecting patient dose • Patient dose measurements • Patient dose surveys • Diagnostic Reference Levels • Optimisation and image quality

Patient Doses in UV therapy Shielding Calculations, Design Features and Engineering Controls Clinical and Laboratory Procedures Survey Procedures

• Diagnostic X-ray departments • Dental X-ray rooms and clinics • Wards, operating theatres, etc. • Radiotherapy rooms • Brachytherapy • Nuclear Medicine • Lasers, UltraViolet (UV) and Intense Light Sources (ILS)

Environmental monitoring Practical Use and Applications of Instruments

• Primary standards and national system • Calibration of instruments against secondary standards

46


• Checking instruments for consistency, comparison and accuracy • Storage

Record Keeping

• Registration of use of radioactive materials • Authorisations for accumulation and disposal • Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee

(ARSAC) certificates • Staff: dose records, health records • Nuclear Medicine

o Activity incoming, dispensed, injected and disposed contamination monitoring, leakage tests

o Equipment o Calibration data o Measurements of machines, barriers, surveys

Procedures for Dealing with Emergency Situations

• Procedure for Radioactive Patients Leaving Hospital o Patient dose rate o Removal of temporary implants o Information card with travel dates, work dates, and personal

contact dates • Death of Radioactive Patients

o Removal of implants o Informing pathologists etc. of precautions for post-mortems

Dose levels for embalming, burial and cremation

Section 5.4 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Radiation Physics Year 3: Research Project in Radiation Physics [30 Credits]

The overall aim of this module is for the student to undertake a research or audit project that provides an opportunity to demonstrate the knowledge, skills and experience gained in the Research Methods module in Year 2. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will:


47


Learning Outcomes: Practical Skills On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Undertake a research/audit project from conception to completion. 2. Gain the necessary ethical, audit and/or R&D approval. 3. Assemble a body of data and analyse the data using appropriate statistical

techniques. 4. Prepare a written project report and analyse the findings and identify

strengths and weaknesses of the research/audit project. 5. Prepare and present a poster. Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Further develop critical analytical skills. 2. Evaluate and apply evidence. 3. Work within an ethical framework. 4. Demonstrate effective time management and organisation. Indicative Content


• Examples could include o Evaluation of method new to department o Investigation to improve performance of a method o Evaluation of new/modified quality assurance of a method o Audit of method performance across a range of departments o Critical analysis of evidence-base underpinning a specified


services provided

48


Section 5.5 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Radiation Physics Year 2 and Year 3: Work-based Training [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to give the student experience of Radiation Physics that ensures that the student can undertake the full breadth of practice expected of a newly qualified healthcare science practitioner in Radiation Physics. This is delivered through work placements in years 2 and 3 of the degree course. Important Note: Work-based training does not have to be confined only to the work-base but elements may be taught in other environments, e.g. a clinical skills laboratory, simulation centre or science laboratory. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Demonstrate increased knowledge, understanding and confidence in

application, of the core skills in communication skills and management, and quality assurance.

2. Demonstrate competence for routine tasks and situations in Radiation Physics including dose measurement, quality assurance, calibration and operation of equipment that uses ionising and non-ionising radiation.

3. Critically review and evaluate departmental protocols in relation to the core skills in health and safety, communication skills, management and quality assurance.

4. Critically review and evaluate routine tasks in relation to legislative compliance, dose measurement, equipment evaluation and commissioning, quality assurance and the calibration and operation of equipment that uses ionising and non-ionising radiation.

5. Produce a professional portfolio, which cumulatively records and provides evidence of the skills, knowledge and attitudes gained.

Learning Outcomes: Practical Skills On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Perform a full range equipment life cycle procedures as an equipment

user. 2. Measure and record levels of radiation. 3. Calibrate a range of radiation measuring devices. 4. Safely use and transport radioactive sources. 5. Perform a range of tasks in the personal dosimetry service. 6. Perform commissioning and routine Quality Assurance tests on a range

of ionising and non-ionising equipment. 7. Participate in patient dosimetry procedures for both ionising and non-

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ionising applications. 8. Perform Radiation Surveys for ionising and non-ionising installations.

Learning Outcomes: Clinical Experience On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Work safely in all radiation areas. 2. Undertake an assessment of image quality. 3. Participate in the evaluation of a range of new equipment, including X-ray

and Ultrasound. 4. Participate in the acceptance testing and commissioning of a range of

new equipment including X-ray and Ultrasound. 5. Measure and report image quality. 6. Promote safe and effective working practices in areas, which may be

affected by ionising and non-ionising radiation. 7. Optimise practices involving radiation. 8. Quality assure and calibrate a range of equipment and radiation sources,

including X-ray, Laser, UltraViolet and Ultrasound. 9. Audit areas where ionising and non-ionising radiation is used. 10. Investigate and report on legislative aspects of use of ionising and non-

ionising radiation at a departmental level. 11. Co-ordinate storage, disposal and transfer of radioactive substances. 12. Collect, monitor and record radioactive waste. 13. Monitor and decontaminate areas where radioactive materials have been

used. 14. Audit and report environmental radiation monitoring results. 15. Audit and report staff dosimetry and workplace monitoring results. 16. Provide a personnel monitoring service for staff working in radiation areas. 17. Measure or calculate radiation doses to members of the public. 18. Measure and report patient radiation dose. 19. Measure and record levels and characteristics of radiation.

Learning Outcomes; Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will:

1. Present complex ideas in simple terms in both oral and written formats. 2. Challenge discriminatory behaviour and language. 3. Adapt communication style and language to meet needs of listeners. 4. Respect and uphold the rights, dignity and privacy of patients. 5. Establish patient-centred rapport. 6. Consistently focus on professional duty of care. 7. Reflect and review own practice to continuously improve personal


authority.

50


9. Manage personal workload and objectives to achieve quality of care. 10. Actively seek accurate and validated information from all available


tools. 12. Evaluate a wide range of data to assist with judgements and decision

making. 13. Contribute to and co-operate with work of multi-disciplinary teams. 14. Act in a calm and reassuring manner.

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Section 6.0 Specialist Modules for Nuclear Medicine Section 6.1 Interpretation of the high level framework Medical Physics Technology specialising in

Nuclear Medicine




[10]

Physics and Instrumentation

[30]

Clinical Indication, Pathology and Patient

Care

[30]

Research Project

[30]

Work-based training 25 weeks

[20] Year 2

Technologies and

Methodologies


[10]

Research Methods

[10]

Medical Imaging

[30]


[15]


[15]


Measurement

[30]

Work-based training

15 weeks

[10] Year 1

Scientific Basics


[10]


[60]


[10]

Scientific Basis of Medical Physics including Work-based training

10 weeks

[40] Generic Modules: Common to all divisions of Healthcare Science



52


Section 6.2 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Nuclear Medicine Year 3: Physics and Instrumentation [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student has an understanding of the instrumentation used in the Nuclear Medicine department and understands the physical processes behind image formation, manipulation and display. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe and explain radiation dosimetry and protection in nuclear

medicine. 2. Demonstrate a detailed understanding of imaging systems used in Nuclear

Medicine, (gamma camera, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Positron Emission Tomography, Computed Tomography), their performance, uses and applications and quality control procedures.

3. Compare and critically contrast the structure, function and use of different types of imaging system.

4. Understand the principles of radionuclide production. 5. Critically discuss the problems associated with the assay of radioactive

material and demonstrate an understanding of the principles of such measurements.

6. Demonstrate an understanding of image analysis, reconstruction, registration, display, storage and transfer.



tools. Indicative Content

• Radiation Hazards • Dosimetry of Unsealed Radionuclide Sources • Principles of Radionuclide Production

53


o Carrier free radionuclides o Radionuclide generator systems: growth and decay curves,

elution profiles o Available generator systems and their construction o Cyclotron and reactor production, general principles

• Nuclear Properties of Radionuclides Used in Nuclear Medicine o Atomic weight, number, half life, mode of decay, principal

emissions • Mathematical Methods

o Counting statistics, precision of net sample counts o Isotope dilution methods o Flow studies, Fick principle, initial slope, transit time o Convolution and deconvolution methods o Clearance techniques, exponential analysis

• The Assay of Radioactivity o The problems associated with assay o Background and shielding o Counting loss associated with dead time and its correction o Efficiency and the optimisation of counting conditions, dual

isotope counting o The geometry of the detecting system o The assay of radioactive samples o Detection systems o Radionuclide identification o Quantification of uptake, relative and absolute o Use of standards, background and phantoms o Whole body monitors

• Imaging systems in Nuclear Medicine o The Gamma Camera o The Computed Tomography (CT) scanner o Positron detectors o Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

(PET/CT), Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI)

o Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT)

o Commissioning and quality control o Future detector systems – flat panel and solid state detectors

• Image analysis and display • Image reconstruction • Image registration • Image display systems • Image storage and transfer

o Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), Picture Archiving and Communications Systems (PACS), Radiology Information Systems (RIS) and Health Level 7 (HL7)

54


Section 6.3 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Nuclear Medicine Year 3: Clinical Indication, Pathology and Patient Care [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to ensure that the student has the underpinning knowledge to allow them to carry out a range of Nuclear Medicine investigations. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Describe and demonstrate an understanding of anatomy and physiology

issues relating to the practice of Nuclear Medicine and development of novel radiopharmaceuticals and techniques.

2. Critically discuss the problems associated with the care of patients undergoing nuclear medicine investigations or treatments.

3. Demonstrate an understanding of the procedures, radiation protection and legislative issues surrounding the administration of radioactive materials with adult and paediatric patients.

4. Demonstrate an understanding of Radiopharmacy techniques including generators, isotope properties and blood labelling techniques.

5. Describe and critically analyse the role of Nuclear Medicine in the diagnosis of disease with particular reference to the skeletal, respiratory and renal systems.

6. Critically review and evaluate applications of nuclear medicine in terms of diagnosis and therapy for a range of body systems with due reference to patient care needs.

7. Discuss and evaluate radiopharmaceuticals in terms of radionuclide chemistry, biological behaviour and factors affecting product quality.



tools.

55


Indicative Content

• Anatomy and Physiology which needs to be considered in the planning and interpretation of radionuclide tests

• Immunology • Infection

o Acute, chronic, pus, abscess, differential diagnosis between abscess, cyst and tumour

• Neoplastic disease o Tumours, primary and secondary, (metastases), benign and

malignant tumours, assessing the extent of malignant involvement

• Nursing and Emergency Procedures • Administration of Radioactivity • Adverse Incident Reporting Procedures • Radiation Protection for Nuclear Medicine • Radiopharmaceuticals used in Nuclear Medicine

o The design of the radiopharmacy o Good Manufacturing Practice o The types of preparation o Sterilisation techniques o The operation of the radiopharmacy o Maintaining and monitoring the pharmaceutical environment o Waste disposal

• Radiochemistry and Quality Control o The chemistry of technetium o Radiochemical techniques o Production of radiopharmaceuticals o Labelling of blood products o Selection of appropriate radiopharmaceutical

• Perception of the Image • In Vivo Non-imaging Techniques • Techniques requiring the Assay of Radioactive Samples • The Application of Nuclear Medicine in Diagnosis including PET/CT

and SPECT/CT. o For radionuclide tests in common use this should include

knowledge of The radiopharmaceutical used, activity administered and

route of administration, half life, beta energy The preparation of the patient The views and samples which must be obtained, dynamic

protocols The use of any special data handling techniques or

display mode Any special features of the study Possible artefacts Setting up the equipment – energy windows, collimation

etc.

56


The clinical context in which radionuclide tests may be of value, and the influence of the test results on patient management.

The radiation dose to the patient and the risks and benefits of the particular radionuclide test to a particular patient.

New developments in Nuclear Medicine, and the changing role of Nuclear Medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the relevant imaging modalities used in reaching a diagnosis

o Applied to: Skeletal Imaging Central Nervous System The Endocrine System The Cardiovascular System The Respiratory System The Renal Tract The Gastrointestinal System

• Therapeutic Applications of Radionuclides in Nuclear Medicine Section 6.4 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Nuclear Medicine Year 3: Research Project in Nuclear Medicine [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is for the student to undertake a research or audit project that provides an opportunity to demonstrate the knowledge, skills and experience gained in the Research Methods module in Year 2. Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will:


Learning Outcomes: Practical Skills On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Undertake a research/audit project from conception to completion. 2. Gain the necessary ethical, audit and/or R&D approval. 3. Assemble a body of data and analyse the data using appropriate statistical

techniques.

57


4. Prepare a written project report and analyse the findings and identify strengths and weaknesses of the research/audit project.

5. Prepare and present a poster. Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism) On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Further develop critical analytical skills. 2. Evaluate and apply evidence. 3. Work within an ethical framework. 4. Demonstrate effective time management and organisation. Indicative Content


• Examples could include o Evaluation of method new to department o Investigation to improve performance of a method o Evaluation of new/modified quality assurance of a method o Audit of method performance across a range of departments o Critical analysis of evidence-base underpinning a specified


services provided

Section 6.5 Division: Physical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering Theme: Medical Physics Technology Specialism: Nuclear Medicine Year 2 and Year 3: Work-based Training [30 Credits] The overall aim of this module is to give the student experience of Nuclear Medicine that ensures that the student can undertake the full breadth of practice expected of a newly qualified Healthcare Science Practitioner in Nuclear Medicine. This is delivered through work placements in years 2 and 3 of the degree course. Important Note: Work-based training does not have to be confined only to the work-base but elements may be taught in other environments, e.g. a clinical skills laboratory, simulation centre or science laboratory.

58


Learning Outcomes: Knowledge and Understanding On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Demonstrate increased knowledge, understanding and confidence in

application, of the core skills in clinical, patient identification, communication skills and management, and quality assurance.

2. Demonstrate competence for routine tasks/situations in Nuclear Medicine including imaging, non-imaging and therapeutic patient interventions, preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, quality assurance, and the operation of equipment.

3. Critically review and evaluate departmental protocols in relation to the core skills in Health and Safety, human rights, patient identification, communication skills and management, quality assurance.

4. Critically review and evaluate routine tasks in relation to imaging, non-imaging and therapeutic patient interventions, preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, quality assurance, and the operation of equipment.

5. Produce a professional portfolio, which cumulatively records/provides evidence of the skills, knowledge and attitudes gained.

Learning Outcomes: Practical Skills On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Demonstrate competence for routine tasks and situations in Nuclear

Medicine including imaging, non-imaging and therapeutic patient interventions, preparation of radiopharmaceuticals, Quality Assurance, and the operation of equipment.

2. Demonstrate the ability to work safely within the legislative and policy framework around the safe use of ionising radiation within a hospital environment.

3. Be able to use a dose calibrator in the preparation and measurement of radioactivity.

4. Perform a full range of equipment life cycle procedures as an equipment user.

5. Be able to set up, optimise and operate imaging equipment safely so as to be able to produce the highest quality results for interpretation across a range of nuclear medicine investigations.

6. Be able to perform all aspects of the preparation required including providing relevant information and instructions to the patient/carer to ensure the Nuclear Medicine Investigations and Treatment is successful.

7. Be able to administer Radiopharmaceuticals whilst observing all safety, control of infection and radiation protection governance requirements.

8. Be able to perform full range of common Acquisition and Recording techniques used when carrying out Diagnostic Imaging procedures.

9. Be able to perform a range of Nuclear Medicine Therapy procedures used in the clinical treatment pathway of patients.

10. Be able to work in a Radio-pharmacy safely and within the legislative and

59


statutory framework to prepare and dispense radiopharmaceuticals for use in the diagnosis or treatment of patients.

11. Be able to apply quality control procedures within the Radiopharmacy to establish and maintain a safe environment, which meets all legislative and medicine inspectorate requirements.

12. Demonstrate the ability to perform In-Vitro procedures in Nuclear Medicine.

13. Demonstrate the ability to perform Tracer Methodology procedures in Nuclear Medicine investigations.

Learning Outcomes: Clinical Experience On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Work safely in all radiation areas. 2. Authorise referrals and schedule nuclear medicine procedures. 3. Prepare for imaging procedures including Positron Emission

Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT).

4. Prepare for non- imaging procedures. 5. Prepare for radionuclide therapy procedures. 6. Review patient status and suitability for diagnostic procedures. 7. Review patient status, suitability and consent for radionuclide therapy. 8. Obtain biological samples for use in diagnostic or therapeutic nuclear

medicine procedures. 9. Administer radioactive and non-radioactive medicinal products for

diagnostic procedures. 10. Acquire and record data during diagnostic imaging procedures including

Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT).

11. Perform non-imaging diagnostic procedures. 12. Administer radionuclide therapies. 13. Manage radioactive patients. 14. Analyse results of nuclear medicine procedures including Positron

Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT).

15. Monitor and decontaminate areas where radioactive materials are used. 16. Verify prescription and / or order for radioactive and non-radioactive

medicinal products working to standard operating procedures. 17. Plan production of radioactive and non-radioactive medicinal products. 18. Prepare working environment for manufacture and supply of radioactive

and non-radioactive medicinal products. 19. Prepare radioactive and non-radioactive medicinal products for diagnostic

and routine therapeutic use under standard operating procedures. 20. Dispense aliquots of radioactive and non-radioactive medicinal products

for immediate diagnostic and routine therapeutic use under standard operating procedures.

60


21. Observe the production of radiopharmaceuticals containing positron emitting radionuclides.

22. Release of routine diagnostic radioactive and non-radioactive medicinal products suitable for clinical use.

23. Dispatch radiopharmaceuticals to intended user. 24. Procure licensed, approved products of suitable quality for preparation of

radioactive and non-radioactive medicinal products. 25. Receive and store radioactive and non-radioactive materials and products

for use in manufacture and supply. 26. Radiolabel blood components for diagnostic purposes. 27. Confirm that routine, finished radiopharmaceutical products meet

specification. 28. Quality assure Nuclear Medicine equipment including Positron Emission

Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography (SPECT/CT).

29.Collect, monitor and record radioactive waste Learning Outcomes: Associated Personal Qualities and Behaviours (Professionalism)

On successful completion of this module the student will: 1. Present complex ideas in simple terms in both oral and written formats. 2. Challenge discriminatory behaviour and language. 3. Adapt communication style and language to meet needs of listeners. 4. Respect and uphold the rights, dignity and privacy of patients. 5. Establish patient-centred rapport. 6. Consistently focus on professional duty of care. 7. Reflect and review own practice to continuously improve personal


authority. 9. Manage personal workload and objectives to achieve quality of care. 10. Actively seek accurate and validated information from all available

sources. 11. Select and apply appropriate analysis or assessment techniques and tools.12. Evaluate a wide range of data to assist with judgements and decision

making. 13. Contribute to and co-operate with work of multi-disciplinary teams.

61


Appendix 1 Contributors to BSc (Hons) curriculum in Medical Physics Technology The BSc curriculum for Medical Physics Technology has been coordinated by the Modernising Scientific Careers (MSC) professional advisors and curriculum development team with valued contributions throughout the development process from the following professionals in each specialism: Medical Physics Technology curriculum working group Allyson Butcher Barbara Dawson Carl Rowbottom Christine Taylor Claire Greaves Colin Martin Diane Allen Michaela Moore Stuart Macd Wilson The BSc curriculum for Medical Physics Technology has also been circulated to the following professional bodies and societies for their comments and contributions: IPEM: Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine VRCT: Voluntary Register of Clinical Technologists BNMS: British Nuclear Medicine Society NRIG: National Radiotherapy Implementation Group SCoR: The Society and College of Radiographers

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