Modes and Types of Documentaries

Dylan Adams, Kieran Buckingham, Ben Page

Expository • This mode is the one most commonly associated with

documentaries.• It emphasises verbal commentary - often using a

narrator.• Addresses the spectator directly, with titles or voices

that propose a perspective, advance an argument or state facts or analysis.• E.g. Planet Earth by David Attenborough

Poetic• Subjective, artistic, expressive.• Stresses lyrics, rhythms and emotions.• Sacrifices conventions for a more visceral different

experience.• E.g. Off The Air by Adult Swim

Observational• Window in on the world.• Attempts to observe events as they happen.• Typically no voice-over documentary, no music, no

sound effects, no re-enactments/interviews. As if the filmmakers aren’t there.• E.g. E14

Participatory• Involves an interview between the filmmaker and the

subject.• Allows the filmmaker to address people who appear in

the documentary formally and personally.• Also involves participation from the filmmaker.• E.g. By Reason of Insanity by LouisTheroux

Reflexive• Revolves around awareness of the filmmaking process.• The spectator is the focus of any attention.• Generally focuses on issues and problems with the

subjects.• E.g. Benefit Street by Channel 4

Performative• Filmmaker is a participant.• Leads the audience to question.• Puts emphasis on personal experience, stresses

emotional complexity through the experience of the filmmaker.• E.g. Tongues Untied by Marlon Riggs