modular housing

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MODULAR HOUSING AND ITS

INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURE

HITKARINI COLLEGE OF

ARCHITECTURE AND TOWN

PLANNINGDUMNA ROAD, JABALPUR, 482001 TELEFAX – 0761

2602226, !"#$%&!'$(#)'*'+"-

D'../)$#$'* R/%)$ B –

-# '*! M#!3'#

B+ A)"! 7$! /-/.$/)

02AR11107

.-#51&#!+"+'*

mailto:[email protected]






G'/ –

A)+ P#99#:' + '*!#'

CONTENTS

1. SYNOPSIS

2. DEFINITION

MODULAR HOUSING

TYPES OF MODULAR HOUSING

3. STANDARD SPECIFICATION OF ONE BLOCK

PREFABRICATED BUILDING

4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE

5. INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTUR

6. INFLUENCE ON ENVIRONMENT-

SUSTAINABILITY

7. ANALYSIS OF GROTH

!. DESIGN SOULTIONS

CASESTUDIES

". REFERENCES



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertatio etit!ed """""""""

"""""""""""""""""""is a #oa fide record of ide$edet

%or& doe #y """"""""""""""""'der (y s'$er)isio ad

s'#(itted to Hit&arii Co!!e*e of Architect're ad To%

P!ai* as $artia! f'!fi!!(et for the a%ard of the de*ree of

+ache!or of Architect're,

S#$%&'()* +, '* $(#*

/0#' *&



DECLARATION

So(ya Si*h Maho#ia a #oa fide st'det of +, Arch - th

Se(ester i Hit&arii Co!!e*e of Architect're ad To%

P!ai* %o'!d !i&e to dec!are that the dissertatio etit!ed

.Mod'!ar Ho'si* ad its If!'ece o Architect're/ is

s'#(itted #y (e i $artia! f'!fi!!(et of the re0'ire(et for the

a%ard of de*ree of +ACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE is (y

ori*ia! %or&,

P&*

D&'*

S#$%&'()* +, '* &%#&'*



ACKNOLEDGEMENT

I %o'!d !i&e to *ratef'!!y ad sicere!y tha& Ar, Pa!!a)i S,

Si*hai for her *'idace1 $atiece1 ad (ost i($ortat!y for her

'derstadi* d'ri* (y dissertatio %or&, She eco'ra*ed (e

ot o!y to *ro% as a architect #'t a!so as a ide$edet

thi&er, It is o!y %ith her costat eco'ra*e(et that I ha)e

#ee a#!e to carry o this %or& to its co($!etio,

I a( dee$!y ide#ted to a!! (y teachers %ho he!$ (e d'ri* the

$re$aratio of (y dissertatio re$ort1 ti(e!y he!$ ad

$er(issio to carry o't (y %or&,

I %o'!d !i&e to tha& (y fa(i!y ad (y frieds for their s'$$ort1

eco'ra*e(et1 0'iet $atiece ad for their faith i (e to #e as

a(#itio's as I %ated, It %as 'der their %atchf'! eye that I

*aied so ('ch dri)e ad a a#i!ity to tac&!e cha!!e*es head

o,

S+& S#%$ M&+8#&



CHAPTER 1

SYNOPSIS

T+9#

Mod'!ar ho'si* ad its if!'ece o architect're

I%')+('#+%-

Sice the id'stria! re)o!'tio1 desi*ers ad #'i!ders ha)e e2$!ored $refa#ricatio

coce$ts1 (eas1 ad (ethods, This ty$e of costr'ctio is the $ractice of

asse(#!i* the co($oets of a #'i!di* i factory ad the tras$orti* the( to

the costr'ctio site for ista!!atio, Mod'!ar $refa#ricated costr'ctio re$resets

a s$ecific ty$e of $refa#ricatio i %hich the module #'i!di* co($oets are

asse(#!ed off3site, Mod'!es are co($!ete #o23sha$ed 'its1 cotaii* %a!!s1 f!oor

ad roof %ith the iterior s$ace1 %hich are #'i!t i factory1 shi$$ed to the site1

ista!!ed1 ad coected ito a co($!ete #'i!di*, Faster s$eed of costr'ctio ad

th's1 faster ret'r o the i)est(et1 is oe of the (a4or dri)ers of this ty$e of

costr'ctio %hich ca ta&e $!ace at a )ariety of sca!es1 fro( si*!e3ho'se to hi*h3

rise1 ad for )ario's ty$es of f'ctios ic!'di* residetia!1 st'det ho'si*1 ad

co((ercia!, Other #eefits ic!'de safer (ore $rod'cti)e %or&i* coditios i

(a'fact'ri* setti*s1 %hich is of $artic'!ar )a!'e i e2tre(e c!i(ate re*ios,

The (a'fact'ri* setti* a!so $resets cha!!e*es i ter(s of is$ectios1

$er(itti*1 !a#or or*ai5atio1 tras$ortatio ad !o*istics,

Desi* ad costr'ctio of (od'!ar #'i!di*s1 ho%e)er1 re0'ire hi*h !e)e!s of

co!!a#oratio a(o* $ro4ect $arties1 es$ecia!!y architect1 str'ct'ra! e*ieer ad

(a'fact'rer1 i the ear!y desi* $rocess to acco't for (a4or costraits i the

desi* %ith res$ect to tras$ortatio of (od'!es1 ista!!atio !o*istics1 $er(its ad

is$ectio sched'!es, More s$ecifica!!y1 %ei*ht ad si5e of the (od'!es to #e

tras$orted ad ista!!ed1 ad the str'ct'ra! ca$a#i!ity of the fia! $rod'ct eed to

#e caref'!!y cosidered i the desi* of (od'!ar #'i!di*s, +'i!di*s %ith this ty$e

of costr'ctio are s'#4ect to the !oca! codes i the Uited States1 eforced #y the

De$art(et of La#or ad Id'stries ad !oca! *o)er(et a*ecies res$osi#!e for

eforci* the costr'ctio codes,



H#'+)

Mod'!ar ho(e costr'ctio is

othi* e% ad has #ee aro'dsice the ear!y 67th Cet'ry, Sears

Roe#'c& Co($ay %as the first

co($ay to offer (od'!ar ho(es1

&o% as Sears Moder Ho(es,

The first (od'!ar ho'ses a$$eared

i 8967s1 the (ai idea %as to ha)e a (o#i!e ho(e %ith a!! techica! ista!!atios

ad f'rit're ad yet a#!e to (o)e, The so!'tio to that %as ho(e o %hee!s1 (ore

&o% o%adays as trai!ers, The #asic of a trai!er is the sa(e as $orta#!e (od'!e

ho'se: the differece is i sta#i!ity1 e!ectricity coectios ad si5e, A!tho'*h the

differece o%adays #et%ee (od'!ar ho'se ad trai!er ho'se is 0'ite i($ressi)e1

the (ai $rici$!e re(ais the sa(e ; the ho'se is #asica!!y ready for !i)i*,

D'ri* years of techo!o*ica! de)e!o$(et the trai!er ho'ses %et its o%

e)o!'tio ad %ere desi*ed (ore for costat tra)e!!i*, At that ti(e1 se$arate!y

of trai!er ho'ses1 de)e!o$ed a architect'ra! %ay of (od'!ar ho'ses1 %hich co'!d

#e #i**er i di(esios (ore sta#!e ad co'!d ('ch the criteria of ay r'!es for

architect'ra! desi*,

H'*e $o$'!arity the id'stry of (od'!ar ho'se #'i!di* *aied after <<61 %he

)eteras of %ar ca(e ho(e1 #'t if!'eced of !ac& of (oey ad 4o#1 they had to

search for 4o#s i differet !ocatios ad it %as i($ortat to ha)e their ho'ses

chea$ ad (o#i!e,

I 89=7s the de(ads for co(fort fro( c!iets side %as *ro%i* ad a!o* it *re%

the desi* ad f'ctioa!ity of (od'!ar ho'ses, At that ti(e (o#i!e (od'!ar ho'se

(a'fact'rers *ot a f'!! !icese ad a$$ro)a! fro( architect'ra! society fordesi*i* a safe (od'!ar ho'se that is #'i!t accordi* to a!! #'i!di* re*'!atios,

Sice the (od'!ar ho'si* has #ee '$*raded ad s$!it i differet %ays starti*

fro( desi* ad f'ctioa!ity ad coti'i* %ith differet (ateria! ad

costr'ctio so!'tios,



A#

The %or& ai(s to st'dy a#o't (od'!ar ho'si* syste(s1 costr'ctios1 de!i)eri*

ad (o'ti*,

O8:*'#;*

• To st'dy %hat is (od'!ar ho'se ad its c!assificatio,

• To st'dy the Stadard s$ecificatios for oe #!oc& $refa#ricated ho'se,

• To st'dy their ad)ata*es ad disad)ata*es,

• To st'dy the if!'ece of (od'!ar ho'si* o architect'ra! desi*1

coceri* sha$e1 desi* ad f'ctio,

• To st'dy the if!'ece of (od'!ar ho'si* o the e)iro(et,

• To st'dy ad aa!y5e the desi* so!'tios 3 case st'dy,

S+9*

Mod'!e ho'ses are fast *ro%i* architect'ra! techo!o*y directio, This syste(

a!!o%s sa)i* ti(e1 (oey ad s$ace: ho%e)er there are ris&s re!ati* to

de)e!o$(et of architect'ra! sha$es ad f'ctios, Mod'!e ho'se1 e)e i its

a(e1 re$resets !i(its1 s'#(itti* to its o% stadards of (a2i('( di(esios

ad costr'ctio,

L##'&'#+%

The sco$e of %or& sha!! #e !i(ited to )ario's desi* as$ects1 (ateria!s 'sed ad

costr'ctio detai!s,

M*'+++$

• Assi(i!atio of ifor(atio ad data fro( )ario's so'rces,

8, Pri(ary data ; case st'dy1 #oo&s,6, Secodary data ; 4o'ra!s1 (a*a5ies1 e3#oo&s

>, Tertiary data ; Ti(e Sa)er Stadards• Iteret



CHAPTER 2

DEFINITION

A M+(&) +(* re$resets as$ecific ty$e of $refa#ricatio i

%hich the module #'i!di*

co($oets are asse(#!ed off3site,

Mod'!es are co($!ete #o23sha$ed

'its1 cotaii* %a!!s1 f!oor ad

roof %ith the iterior s$ace1 %hich

are #'i!t i factory1 shi$$ed to the

site1 ista!!ed1 ad coected ito aco($!ete #'i!di*, It is #'i!t idoors

i a factory3!i&e setti*, The

fiished $rod'cts are co)ered ad

tras$orted to their e% !ocatios

%here they %i!! #e asse(#!ed #y a

#'i!der, A (od'!ar ho(e is ot a

(o#i!e ho(e: it is si($!y a ho(e

that is #'i!t off3site as o$$osed to o3site, These ho(es are ofte ca!!ed

factory3#'i!t ho(es1 syste(3#'i!t or

$re3fa# ho(es,

Ad #eca'se (od'!ar ho(es are

#'i!t idoors they ca #e co($!eted

i a (atter of a fe% %ee&s as o$$osed to (oths, These ho(e costr'ctios do ot

see the ty$ica! o3site de!ays that are $redo(iat!y ca'sed #y the %eather,

Mod'!ar ho(es ('st cofor( to s$ecific r'!es1 *'ide!ies ad #'i!di* codes thatofte s'r$ass those of traditioa! o3site ho(es, Ho%e)er1 it is i($ortat to sho$

aro'd, Not a!! co($aies that (a&e factory3#'i!t ho(es are a!i&e, There ca #e

si*ificat differeces i 0'a!ity1 $rice ad ser)ice,



M+(* +(* '9*<

• Oe #!oc& $refa#ricated ho'se

• M'!ti$!e #!oc&s of $refa#ricated ho'se

•

Mod'!ar ho'se asse(#!ed o site

1. O%* 8+= 9)*,&8)#&'* +(*

The (ai characteristic of this ty$e of (od'!ar ho'se are f'!! $refa#ricatio, The

oe #!oc& $refa#ricated ho'se is $rod'ced ot o site: it is f'!!y $re3(ade %ith a!!

f'rit're ad techica! ista!!atios, The (ai idea of this (od'!ar ty$e is to

de!i)er it o site i oe $eace ad %ith 4'st fe% (odificatios1 ho'se is ready for

iha#itats, A ty$e !i&e this sa)es ti(e o costr'ctio ad it is $orta#!e %ith oeti(e tra)e!1 it is a!so sa)i* costs o

#'i!di* site arra*e(et, Us'a!!y ti(e

to f'!!y fiish (o'ti* (od'!ar ho'se

is 63> (oth: this ti(e is a !ot shorter

co($ari* to stadard costr'ctio

ti(e that co'!d !ast '$ to 8 year,

Costr'ctio %or&er tea( istead of

costat dri)i* aro'd #'i!di* sitesca $rod'ce (od'!ar ho(es at factory

that %ay sa)i* their ti(e ad (oey

for $rod'ci* co($ay ad c!iet, If co($ari* e2$eses for c!assica! costr'ctio

ad $refa#ricated ho'se1 there is a#o't >7? differece i (ateria! costs,

Prefa#ricated ho'se #'i!di* ca red'ce e2$eses of (ateria!s orderi* the(

direct!y fro( $rod'ci* co($aies1 a)oidi* $re(i'(s of costr'ctio desi*ers,

A!so the (ateria!s are &e$t 'der roof %itho't ay %eather da(a*e,

There are a!so se)era! ty$es of costr'ctio for this &id of (od'!ar ho'se ; they(ay #e %oode fra(ed1 stee! fra(ed1



2. M('#9* 8+= +, 9)*,&8)#&'* +(*

This ty$e of (od'!ar ho'si* re(ais the sa(e $rici$!e as oe #!oc&

$refa#ricated ho'ses, The differece is i !ayo't of #!oc&s, There ca #e (ore tha

oe #!oc& coected to*ether1 that %ay es'ri* (ore s$ace for o$e $!ai*,

Oe #!oc& ca #e oe roo(: the %et roo(s ca #e (ade se$arate!y i other #!oc&,

This syste( a!!o%s #'i!di* #!oc&s oe to aother that %ay (a&i* ('!ti3story

$refa#ricated ho'se, Maa*i* #!oc&s of this &id ca reach '!i(ited desi*

)ariaces1 it ca fit ay e)iro(et ad the ti(e $rocess of #'i!di* is shorteed

d'e to $refa#ricatio, The #!oc&s are de!i)ered %ith se)era! tr'c&s ad %ith craethey are coected to*ether, A!! techica! ista!!atios are set '$ #efore, The

sta#i!ity of those #!oc&s are es'red1 each ite( is (ade accordi* to !oad #eari*

re*'!atios, <he coected1 #!oc&s o#ey their o% static r'!es, If #!oc&s are

arra*ed %ith o)erha*s1 the e2tra reiforce(et is (ade, Us'a!!y the !ayo't of



#!oc&s is desi*ed #efore i factory1

therefore a!! ecessary costr'ctio

reiforce(et is $ro)ided,

The costr'ctio of #!oc&s 's'a!!y is(ade of stee! fra(e1 #'t there are a!so

%oode costr'ctios ad cotaier

syste(s, Oce the (od'!es of a $orta#!e

ho(e are asse(#!ed1 there is a @do'#!e

%a!! effect , <here the (od'!es (eet1 as each (od'!e is a (ii #'i!di* i its o%‟

%ay1 %he coected to*ether1 the itera! %a!!s are effecti)e!y do'#!ed, This ty$e

is *aii* $o$'!arity a(o* (ote! #'siess1 the costr'ctio ti(e is short1 costs

are !o%er tha traditioa! #'i!di* ad the desi* does/t $!ay i($ortat ro!e,

3. M+(&) +(* &*8* +% #'*

This ty$e of (od'!e ho'se is a

$refa#ricated ho(e #'i!t i a offsite

factory1 %hich is the de!i)ered #y tr'c&

to the ho(e site1 ad asse(#!ed #y a

costr'ctio cre%, The sort of this &id

ho(e ca share so(e si(i!arities to

$refa#ricated #!oc& ho'ses, The (ateria!s

ad %ay its #'i!t co'!d #e )ery si(i!ar,

The differece #et%ee this ty$e ad

$refa# #!oc& ho'se is that there are

(ore )arieties of sha$e1 the si5e co'!d

*ro% #i**er ad the (ai iss'e is

(o'ti*, This ty$e of costr'ctio

(ay #e s'#4ect to %eather coditios ;

at the (o(et of (o'ti*, A!so theti(e s$et o site asse(#!i* this

ho'se !asts !o*er tha oe #!oc& ho'se

fiishi*,



The (od'!e ho'se asse(#!ed o site does/t eed to #e s$ecia!!y reiforced for

tras$orti*, As !o* as it is de!i)ered to site i $ieces1 the e!e(ets do ot s'ffer

fro( differet stoica! forces that (ay if!'ece #!oc& ho'se, To asse(#!e s'ch a

ho'se the crae is re0'ired, +'i!di* e!e(ets are coected $iece #y $iece #y

costr'ctio %or&ers, A!! coectio ho!es are !ater is'!ated ad $re)eted fro(ther(a! #rid*es, This ty$e of (o'ti* ('st o#ey a!! #'i!di* re*'!atios, The

#'i!di* site is arra*ed #y stadards #eca'se there are se)era! $rocesses ta&i*

$!ace o site ad (ost of those $rocesses cocers %or& safety,



F!oor fra(i* ; <oode #ea(s 8772677((

Stee! #ea(s I3$rofi!e

P!y%ood co)eri*,

Mai str'ct're3 <oode fra(e syste(

Stee! fra(e syste( C3$rofi!e #ea(s

<a!!s is'!ated ad co)ered %ith CD P!y%ood $!ates or *y$s'( #oards,

Roof fra(i* ; <oode rafters or stee! rafters I3$rofi!e co)ered %ith P!y%ood1

Roof s'rface %ith #it'(e or !i*ht (eta! $!ates de$edi* o s!o$e, Ri*id

is'!atio #oards 'sed for (a&i* s(a!! s!o$e,

• E>'*)#+) ,#%#*

<oode %a!! $ae!s1 they are attached to (ai str'ct'ra! syste(, <oode c!addi*

#y choice a!so coected to (ai str'ct'ra! syste(, Stee! $ae!s1 5ic $ae!s #y

desi*,

• #%+0

<oode fra(e %ido%s ad a!'(i'( fra(e %ido%s %ith do'#!e !ayer *!ass ad

(echaica! )eti!atio syste(, Possi#!e s!idi* ad fi2ed %ido%s1 a!so s&y!i*ht

%oode syste(s, C'rtai %a!! #y desi*,

• D++)

<oode fra(e ad a!'(i'( fra(e doors %ith do'#!e !ayer *!ass ad (echaica!

)eti!atio, S!idi* ad #oth %ay door a$$!ica#!e,

• I%'*)#+) ,#%#*

<a!!s are $aited #y c!iet/s choice of co!or1 $ossi#!e %oode #oards fiishi*,

<oode $ar0'et f!oors1 ti!e co)eri* i %et roo(s,

• F()%#'()*



+asic f'rit're #athroo( a$$!iaces ad &itche e0'i$(et ic!'ded1 #edroo(

accessories ad !i)i* roo( f'rit're (ay #e ista!!ed #y c!iet de(ads,

• T*%#& #%'&&'#+%

E!ectrica! A!! %ires are ista!!ed1 !i*hts1 a'dio)ideo syste( #'i!t3i1 $ossi#!e

#ac&'$ *eerator syste(,

Mechaica! Possi#!e coectio to direct heati* or cetra! heati* syste( iside,

P!'(#i* A!! #athroo( ad &itche e0'i$(et ista!!ed ad ready to 'se1

coectio to se%er syste( ad %ater s'$$!y 'der ho'se, Mechaica! )eti!atio

ad a!so air i!et i &itche ad i toi!et,



CHAPTER 4

MODULAR HOUSING ADVANTAGES AND

DISADVANTAGES

There are three (ai criteria for ad)ata*es ; ti(e1 0'a!ity ad cost si(i!ar!y for

disad)ata*es ; desi*1 sta#i!ity ad (odificatio, These are the (ai

characteristics %he it co(es to choosi* ho'se costr'ctio, These characteristics

*i)e the #asic descri$tio o!y for $refa#ricated ho'ses,

A;&%'&$*<

T#*: for $refa#ricated ho'ses there is/t ay ti(e de!ay #eca'se of #ad %eather

or de!i)ery de!ay, A!so %or& i factory is (o#i!i5ed ad a!! %or& too!s are i

syste(atic order, <or& i factory has de)e!o$ed (a2i('( efficiet ti(e $!ai*1

it do/t ha)e to #e reset for each ho'se !i&e it %o'!d #e for !ocatio #ased

costr'ctio, The si($!e costr'ctio ad 0'a!ity cotro! es'res faster (o'ti*

i factory, The ti(e is a!so sa)ed %he asse(#!i* ho'se1 as the costr'ctio site

is &e$t 'to'ched,

?(&#': costr'ctio i factory es'res that e!e(ets are asse(#!ed %ith

$recisio ad acc'racy1 #eca'se there are o side factors that co'!d #other

costr'ctio $rocess, A!! (ateria!s are a!%ays &e$t fro( if!'ece of %eather,

'a!ity ca #e if!'eced a!so i ay '$redicted actios that ca ha$$e o

#'i!di* site %hi!e costr'ctio is o $ro*ress, The factory $ro)ides 0'a!ity cotro!

syste(s ad i case of da(a*e d'ri* e2$!oitatio the %arraty co)ers ay re$air

costs,

C+': first of a!!1 #'i!di* a $refa#ricated ho(e (eas there %i!! #e !ess %aste, Thecostr'ctio (ateria!s are ca!c'!ated $recise!y for each $refa#ricatio, Secod!y1

the factories ha)e direct cotracts to (ateria! (a'fact'rers that a!!o% *etti*

disco'ts for e!e(ets, <or&ers do ot eed ay tras$ortatio across costr'ctio

sites, There are fe%er costs for #'i!di* site arra*e(et, Ad the cost for



$refa#ricated ho'se is fi2ed there ca/t #e ay cha*es i $rice fro( (o(et of

$'rchase as it ha$$es i traditioa! ho'se #'i!di*

D#&;&%'&$*<

D*#$%@ the $refa#ricated ho'se has its !i(its of si5e d'e to tras$ortatio ad

str'ct'ra! costr'ctio $ossi#i!ities, Prefa#ricated ho'ses are a!%ays co($act i

$!ai*: there %i!! #e o free s$ace i (od'!e ho'se that is the #i**est

disad)ata*e, There ca #e fee!i* of co($ressio1 #'t it a!so de$eds o $erso

%ho !i)es there, For $refa#ricated ho'ses the (ai iss'e is to #'i!d it faster ad

chea$er that (eas that there %o/t #e choice of facy ad de!icate desi*,

S'&8##'@ a!tho'*h $refa#ricated ho'ses are e2tra reiforced1 there is a sta#i!ity!ac&, Traditioa! ho'se is #'i!t fro( fo'datios '$ to roof ad it is o %ho!e1 i

case of $refa#ricated costr'ctio1 the fo'datio ad the rest of ho'se are

se$arate, That &id of co(#iatio affects statica!!y1 sta#i!ity: there is a chace that

i !o*er ti(e the $refa#ricated $art starts to dis!ocate1 %hat co'!d !ead to co!!a$se,

A!so $refa#ricated ho'se is (ore o$eed to #ad %eather ; es$ecia!!y to stro*

%id1 that co'!d ca'se str'ct're da(a*e,

M+#,#&'#+%@ i traditioa! #'i!di* (ethod there is a!%ays a chace to cha*e

$!a ad sha$e of d%e!!i*1 #'t for $refa#ricated ho'se the (odificatio is a!(ost

i($ossi#!e1 's'a!!y a!! %a!!s are !oad #eari* ad a!! costr'ctio coectios are

hidde ad 'a)ai!a#!e for (odificatio, That is the iss'e %he $'rchasi*

$refa#ricated ho'se1 yo' ha)e to #e a%are that o!y fe% cha*es i $!ai* is

$ossi#!e to ad4'st,



CHAPTER 5INFLUENCE ON

ARCHITECTURE

Architect're o%adays has #eco(e

)ery )ersati!e, It has de)e!o$ed i (ay

s$heres1 !i&e freedo( of s$ace1!i*htess i desi* ad it is a!so *oi*

o$$osite %ay1 !i&e (ii(a!is(1

ti*htess ad co($actess, I %ated to

i)esti*ate the secod e2tre(e1 to *o

(ore i f'ctioa!ity ad s$ace sa)i*,

Oe of those s$heres of ti*htess co'!d

refer to $refa#ricated (od'!e ho'ses,

<he it co(es to desi*i* ad $!ai* a ho'se1 there are a!%ays )ariaces of

sha$es ad e)e di(esios e2ce$t reo)atios ad !i(ited site $!a, +'t i case

of $refa#ricated #!oc& ho'ses1 yo' ha)e !i(its of si5e, A!! s$ace ecessary for dai!y

!i)i* ('st #e co($ressed #'t %he it co(es to a!! ad)ata*es that (a'fact'rers

offer ti(e ad (oey sa)i*1 0'a!ity etc, this idea of #!oc& ho'se is %orth

!oo&i* c!oser at, The costr'ctio so!'tios are si($!e ad effecti)e1 it is a!so

chea$ ad fast1 it so'ds a a!(ost $erfect ho'se, If %e a*ree o a!! techica!

so!'tios o $refa#ricated ho'ses1 tha it is 4'st a 0'estio of co(fort ad taste,

+'t o#)io's!y the desi* $!ays the #i**est ro!e here, Other%ise the traditioa! #'i!di* %o'!d #e co($!ete!y re$!aced %ith $refa#ricated costr'ctios, It is far

a%ay $ro)ed that (a&id ca/t stad sta*atio: there ('st #e a costat f!o% of

creati)ity1 %e *o f'rther1 hi*her ad faster ito e% techo!o*ies, +'t coceri*

(od'!ar ho'si* ; there is ot e% creatios ay(ore, The *ro%th of

$refa#ricatio #!oc&s has sto$$ed o its hi*hest $oit of f!e2i#i!ity, At !east for



o%1 there is o other %ay tha #y tr'c&1 to tras$ort a #!oc& ho'se, Of co'rse

there is a!%ays $ossi#i!ity to 4oi ('!ti$!e #!oc&s1 #'t that is other to$ic,

CHAPTER 6

INFLUENCE ON THE ENVIRONMENT-

SUSTAINABILITY

Prefa#ricatio(od'!ar does ot

ecessari!y (ea s'staia#!e

#'i!di*1 or does s'staia#!e

#'i!di* i($!y the 'se of $refa#,

Li&e %ith ay techo!o*y1 $refa#ricatio (ay #e haressed to

create s'staia#!e eds, So(e of the

*reatest $otetia!s of $refa# ad

s'staia#i!ity are %ith re*ard to the

ecoo(ic #eefits of $rod'cti)ity

*ais, Prefa#ricatio ca re(o)e

(ateria! ad !a#or %aste1 th's

(eeti* fiacia! *oa!s of o%ers1

architects1 ad #'i!ders, This is ot

o!y tr'e o a s$ecific $ro4ect icreasi* efficiecies i the (ethod of desi* ad

de!i)ery of costr'ctio1 #'t as East(a ad Sac&s re$ort1 $refa#ricatio is a

ecoo(ic sector *ro%i* faster tha osite costr'ctio sectors1 (a&i* it

ad)ata*eo's for $ro4ect tea(s to cosider offsite $rod'ctio as a !o*er3ter(

i)est(et,

The !o*3ter( fiacia! s'staia#i!ity of $refa#ricatio far s'r$asses that of

traditioa! osite (ethods, Ho%e)er1 its a#i!ity to (eet socia! ad e)iro(eta!*oa!s is diffic'!t to 0'atify, The *reatest of socia! #eefits is re*ardi* !a#or,

Prefa# a!!o%s for )aried s&i!! %or&ers1 ad a (ore cosistet dai!y sched'!e for a

hea!thier !ifesty!e, E)iro(eta! #eefits are (ore easi!y 0'atifia#!e as a

o#4ecti)e $ara(eter, E)iro(eta! i($act of #'i!di* re0'ires a 0'atifia#!e

(eas're(et of i($act i tota! !ifecyc!e fro( desi* thro'*h faci!ities



(aa*e(et, It stads to reaso1 therefore1 that #y cotro!!i* the (eas ad

(ethods #y %hich #'i!di*s are $rod'ced thro'*h $refa#1 architects ad

costr'ctio $rofessioa!s are a#!e to es're (ore s'staia#!e (ateria!s ad

$ractices for costr'ctio as %e!! as ha)e a *reater o$$ort'ity to $redict f't're

eer*y $erfor(ace, Hor(a ad co!!ea*'es i De!i)eri* Gree +'i!di*sProcess I($ro)e(ets for S'staia#!e Costr'ctio1J e)a!'ate the ecoo(ic1

e)iro(eta!1 ad socia!

as$ects of $refa#ricatio

)ers's osite

costr'ctio i #'i!di*

$rod'ctio, They state

that $refa#ricatio is

se!ected #ased o a #roadset of re*ioa!!y s$ecific

ecoo(ic iss'es (ost!y

!i&ed to !oca! !a#or

ca$acity ad cost,

A!tho'*h this is the (ost

co((o cosideratio

for the 'se of

$refa#ricatio1 socia! ad e)iro(eta! cosideratios (a&e the choice for $refa#

e)e (ore co($!e2, Moreo)er1 Miche!!e Ka'f(a states It %as/t that %e set

o't to create a co($ay that foc'ses o $refa#, Rather1 it t'red o't to #e a (eas

to a ed, Prefa#ricatio a!!o%s 's to $re$ac&a*e the *ree so!'tios, It a!!o%s 's

to co(#ie the differet s'staia#!e (ateria!s ad syste(s,J Prefa#ricatio (ay #e

'sed as a (ethod to re)a($ the s'staia#i!ity of costr'ctio fro( the $ers$ecti)e

of the tota! !ifecyc!e of a faci!ity1 es$ecia!!y re*ardi* de(o!itio or re'se1 as the

case (ay #e, The ca$acity of $refa# to de!i)er #'i!di*s that res$od to ti(e1

cha*e1 ad re'serecyc!e (ay #e its *reatest #eefit to%ard tota! !ifecyc!e

s'staia#i!ity i the f't're,

Uti!i5i* a (od'!ar #'i!di* syste( has se)era! e)iro(eta! #eefits, There is

(ore $recise $'rchasi* $!ai* ad c'tti* of (ateria!s %hich !ead to !ess %aste,

A!so d'e to the s'$erior is'!atio rati* ty$ica!!y achie)ed #y (od'!ar1 there is

*reater eer*y efficiecy %hich is cost #eeficia! for the o%er,



Process !o*istics a!so offer e)iro(eta!!y s'$erior #eefits s'ch as shorteed

$rod'ctio ti(es !eadi* to !ess eer*y #ei* re0'ired to #'i!d a #'i!di*1

a'to(o#i!es tri$s #y s'#cotractors ad s'$$!iers to a 4o# site that (ay #e for

e2a($!e >73B7 (i!es a%ay are red'ced ador re$!aced #y (ore direct ad fe%er

tri$s #y factory %or&ers ad s'$$!iers de!i)eri* i #'!& to a (a'fact'ri*faci!ity,

A!! of these are so!id1 e)iro(eta!!y fried!y ar*'(ets i fa)or of (od'!ar

costr'ctio, Ho%e)er1 it is i($ortat to re(e(#er that the str'ct'ra! #eefits of a

(od'!ar #'i!t ho(e are !ar*e!y d'e to additioa! (ateria!s 'sed i the costr'ctio,

Se)era! (a'fact'rers esti(ate that ay%here fro( 8736B? (ore (ateria!s are

'sed i a (od'!ar ho(e, So1 %hi!e fe%er at'ra! reso'rces are %asted d'ri* the

(od'!ar costr'ctio $rocess1 (ore are #ei* cos'(ed to create the sa(e foota*e

of !i)a#!e area,



CHAPTER 7

ANALYSIS OF DESIGN GROTH

The $refa#ricated ho'se dyasty started a#o't 877 years a*o, I $ict're 81 there is

a *reat e2a($!e of first ideas a#o't $refa#ricatios, The desi* fa!!s 'der ay

criticis(, This ho'se is c!ear!y ot a $iece of art1 act'a!!y the architect're at that

ti(e %as trasferri* fro( c!assica! to $ost(oder1 ad the c'#e sha$es #eca(e

$o$'!ar, +'t i this case desi* is !eft i #ac&sta*e ad as (ai criteria !o% $rice is

stressed, This is act'a!!y the #e*ii* of a (ai idea of $refa#ricatios ; !o%er

costs1 ad sice the the criteria has $ersisted, I the descri$tio i $ict're 8>1there is c!ear!y stated that a!! f'rit're is ic!'ded ad the ho'se is ready for !i)i*,

That &id of a$$roach has (ade this $refa#ricatio e)e (ore $o$'!ar,



1- M+(&) +(* &;*)'#**%' #% 1"37

Pict're 6 c!ear!y states the e2$eri(ets o $refa#ricated ho'si*, I the (idd!e of

67th cet'ry the architect're had a e*ieeri* *ro% '$1 the costr'ctios %ere

$'t to the !i(its ad i($ressi)e sha$es ca(e i, This ho'se o $ict're 8 is ae2a($!e of e*ieeri* creati)ity1 a!tho'*h it did/t *ai ay $o$'!arity $ro#a#!y

for #ad desi* this $refa#ricatio idicates $ossi#i!ity to #'i!d sta#!e ho'se

%itho't stro* fo'datio, The (ateria!s 'sed for this fa#ricatio are (ost!y %ood1

that idicates the si($!icity of costr'ctio, +'t there ca #e so(e ar*'es a#o't

%id $ress're ad side sta#i!ity of this ho'se, Geera!!y the choice of this

costr'ctio is ot c!ear that %hy it is hard to 'derstad the (ai idea of this

sha$e,

2- P)*,&8)#&'#+% #% 1"56 8 B)*(&)

I $ict're >1 the $refa#ricated ho'se sti!! does/t sho% ay desi* creati)ity1 #'t it

(ai idea to &ee$ it chea$ ad easy (ade, After !oo&i* the $refa#ricated ho'se

desi* i history yo' (ay thi& that architects had o to'ch of e!e*ace, +'t it/s

ot tr'e: there %ere si($!y o eed for e2tra)a*at sha$es1 it %as i($ortat to

&ee$ $refa#ricatio chea$,



3- P)*,&8)#&'#+% #% 1"6!

This is a $refa#ricated ho'se fro( 8997s $ict're , The #asic $rici$!e re(ais

the sa(e, It is a #o2 %ith %ido%s ad doors, It is a(a5i*!y c!ose i sha$e to

e2a($!e fro( 89>-1 #'t this desi* !oo&s %ay ('ch #etter1 #eca'se of $ro$ortio

of hei*ht ad %idth, +'t sti!! this is/t the #est desi* so!'tio either,



4- P)*,&8)#&'#+% #% 1""

Pict're B descri#es $refa#ricatio o 'e)e terrai1 so(e (odificatios i

fo'datio is (ade, The ho'se is !ocated at the rid*e of a s!o$e1 (a&i* a effect

of a terrace iside, This ho'se $resets the idea of f!e2i#i!ity of $refa#ricatio ; itis $ossi#!e to !ad a ho'se %here e)er yo' %at, Coceri* the desi* it sti!!

re(ais i #o2 sha$e1 for the #est itera! roo( arra*e(et ad of co'rse easier

tras$ortatio, The (ateria!s see( to re(ai the sa(e fro( the #e*ii* of

$refa#ricatio ho(es, The %oode c!addi* fits the #est i e)iro(et ad

descri#es a s'staia#!e ho'se,

5- P)*,&8)#&'#+% #% 21

This $refa#ricated ho'se $ict're = $resets (oder architect're %ith the

s'ccessf'! choice of (ateria!s ad (odificatio of sha$e, There are c!ear!y )isi#!e

tries to *et o't of the #o2 sha$e, Architect 'ses terraces i area of ho'se %hich

ha)e a *ood coo$eratio %ith o)erha*s i roof,



6- P)*,&8)#&'#+% #% 2"

The $ict're o - *i)es a !itt!e )ie% %hat %e ca e2$ect i f't're1 at !east those are

$redictios, +'t this sha$e c!ear!y is ot that efficiet #eca'se of ro'd corers,

A!tho'*h the co!ors are is$iri*1 the si(i!ar sha$es of coce$ts for f't're %e ca

fid i archi)es of 89-7s architect're ad sti!! the desi* i $reset ti(e is (orec!ose to its ori*i i 89>7s,

7- C+%*9' 9)*,&8)#&'* +(*



The e2t ste$ i $refa#ricatio e2$!oitatio $ict're , This $refa#ricated ho'se is

!ocated o the roof, It %as !ifted #y he!ico$ter direct!y o s&yscra$er roof, This

icredi#!e i)etio ass'res )ery *ood )ie% ad 0'ite s'rro'di*, The (ai

$ro#!e( co'!d #e stro* %id ad so%, +'t if the host ho'se is !ocated i

e)iro(eta!!y *ree $!ace the $refa# ho'se *ets a!! ad)ata*es, This &id ofthi&i* ca #e $o$'!ar i f't're i case of a)iatio techo!o*ica! 4'($,

!- P)*,&8)#&'* +(* +% )++,



F('()* +, 9)*,&8)#&'#+%

CHAPTER !



DESIGN SOLUTIONS

R+#+ R+*)+ P)*,&8

*+MOD P)+:*'

R+#+ R+*)+ P)*,&8

Rocio Ro(ero is a architect !ocated i Perry)i!!e1 Misso'ri1 'si* a &it ho(e

coce$t to de!i)er (oder strea(!ied d%e!!i*s, The L Series1 a(ed after

Ro(ero/s ho(e La*'a erde1 Chi!e1 is desi*ed o the $rici$!es of si($!icity1

s$atia! 0'a!ity1 ad s'staia#i!ity, Kit ho'ses ha)e #ee i e2istece sice the first

$orta#!e cotta*e set o't to co!oies of the +ritish E($ire i A'stra!ia ad So'th

Africa, A!addi ad Sears (ade &its $o$'!ar ad (ay ear!y ho'ses i the UitedStates %ere #'i!t 'der the &it ho'se coce$t, Ro(ero/s L Series is a &it that

co(es %ith $!as1 istr'ctios1 ad $arts for the e2terior costr'ctio of the she!!

of the ho'se, The $!as are detai!ed eo'*h to #e $er(itted #y the !oca! 4'risdictio

i %hich the ho'se is #'i!t, Istr'ctios ic!'de a costr'ctio (a'a!1 (ateria!s

!ist1 sched'!e1 s$ecificatios1 ad a ifor(ati)e DD i!!'strati* the syste( ad

costr'ctio (ethod to #e e($!oyed, This is to $ro)ide ho% toJ ifor(atio for

a o%er to #'i!d the &it ho'se #y the(se!)es or for a *eera! cotractor to #'i!d,

The LV Series comes in the following options:

L Ho(e Li)i* roo(1 dii* roo(1 &itche1 t%o #edroo(1 t%o #athroo(1 ad

c!osets starti* at >=1-7, 818B7 S,F, 6B ft38 i, 9 ft38 i,

LL L !ar*e Li)i* roo(1 dii* roo(1 &itche1 three #edroo(1 t%o

#athroo(1 ad c!osets starti* at 619B7, 81B> S,F, 6B ft38 i, B9 ft3= i,

LM L (ii Oe #edroo(1 oe #athroo(1 &itche1 !i)i*dii* area starti*

at 619B7, =6B3S,F, st'dio 6B ft38 i, 6B ft38 i,

LG L *ara*e starti* at 671B-7, =6B3S,F, *ara*e 6B ft38 i, 6B ft38 i,

Other o$tios ic!'de a LT to%er1 a LC co'rtyard1 ad '$*rades for

seis(ic ad hi*h %id areas, Ic!'di* osite costr'ctio that ('st #e co($!eted

o the &its1 o a)era*e1 the L Ho(e costs 867 to 89B $er S,F, to #'i!d #y

e($!oyi* traditioa! costr'ctio (ateria!s ad techi0'es for residetia!



#'i!di*, A!! of the 'its ha)e a stadard %idth of 6B ft38 i,1 #'t )ary i !e*th,

The L 'its are desi*ed to #e freestadi* or co(#ied to create a !ar*er ho(e

or ca($'s, The &it3of3$arts1 (a'fact'red ad shi$$ed #y +rastrator Cor$, o't of

Idiaa1 cosist of %a!! $ae!s1 $ost ad #ea(1 roof str'ct're1 ad e2terior sidi*,

LV H+(* 8 R+#+ R+*)+ (* & 9&%*#* 0& '* &%

+9+%*%' '&' &)* #99* & & =#' +, 9&)' '+ +0%*) 0+ (' #)*

'*#) +0% +%')&'+).

Ro(ero ca$ita!i5es o the &it ho(e coce$t %e!! 'derstood #y cos'(ers, The

ho'se is (ar&eted as a $rod'ct1 so o%ers &o% %hat they %i!! *et as $art of the

$ac&a*e, The syste( ca #e de$!oyed as o't#'i!di* or a secod ho(e1 #'t has

a!so recet!y #ee 'sed to de!i)er !ar*er hi*h3ed ho(es, The hidde a(o't of

costr'ctio that ('st occ'r i additio to the str'ct're ad sidi* &it is the !ar*e

(a4ority of the #'d*et i a $ro4ect ad ca #e decei)i* to first ho(e#'yers, It is

re(ar&a#!e that des$ite the 'certaity of ho% the ho'se %i!! #e co($!eted it has

#ee fa(o's!y s'ccessf'!, This ca #e attri#'ted to its stro* i(a*e ad the

(ar&eti* strate*y #y the co($ay ic!'di* (ay $'#!ished artic!es ad a %e!!3

desi*ed %e#site, Ro(ero #'i!t the first L Ho'se for herse!f ad o$es it to

$otetia! c!iets,

E+MOD U%#;*)#' +, V#)$#%#&



The EcoMOD architect're ad e*ieeri* st'dets (a'fact're the $ae!s ad

(od'!es i a air$ort ha*ar o ca($'s d'ri* the s'((er (oths, The $ro*ra(

%or&s cosistet!y %ith the sa(e tras$ortatio1 crai*1 ad setti* co($aies to

es're co(('icatio ad a s(ooth ista!!atio $rocess, 'a!e states that (od'!ar

costr'ctio is a e)o!'tioary de!i)ery %ith each $ro4ect *rad'a!!y #eco(i*si($!er, It re0'ires (ore $!ai* for atici$ati* %here stra$s ad $ic& $oits %i!!

occ'r1 so(eti(es ca'si* decisios a#o't desi* to #e (ade #ased o the (ethod

of ista!!, As the a(e idicates1 ecoMOD is a $refa#ricatio $ro*ra( that is

researchi* the $ossi#i!ities of afforda#!e et 5ero eco!o*ica! desi* for ho'si*,



E+MOD ;&)#&'#+% &% *(*%#%$ +9'#+% ,+) '* '(*%'-*#$%* &%

,&8)#&'* +(&) 9)+:*' &' '* U%#;*)#' +, V#)$#%#&.



E+MOD 9)+* #&$*. T+9< '(*%' *#$% &% 8(# & +(&) '(*%'

,&'+) ,#''#%$ & #$' $&($* '** &%%* &% ,+& 9&%* '* 8*,+)* ,&'

9&=#%$ #' &% #99#%$ #' '+ #'*@ M#*< +(* 8*#%$ *' +% #'* #%'*)#+)

9+'+ +, & +(&) 9)+:*'@ B+''+< L-%+'* '* &'*-#%* '&' # +;*)* 0#'

& 8(#'-#% #0+)= )#88+% '&' 0)&9 '* *##%$ +, '* )++ &% R

'&#)0* 9+'+ #' ,)+ #* &% '+9.



'a!e ad his co!!a#orators $'r$ort the fo!!o%i* research c!ai(s

CO6 Car#o e(issios ic!'ded i tras$ortatio of %or&ers are the !ar*est

cotri#'tio i costr'ctio, Prefa#ricatio fids a sa)i*s e)iro(et #y

#ri*i* %or&ers iside rather tha to ad fro( a 4o#site, Prefa#ricatio re0'ires as(a!!er !a#or force1 red'ci* the a(o't of car#o as %e!!,

<aste Prefa#ricatio re0'ires !ess (ateria! i co($ariso to osite costr'ctio,

I a %e!!3(aa*ed osite de!i)ery1 this ca #e (iti*ated ad the ar*'(et is

re)ersed1 as tras$ort re0'ires *reater a(o'ts of (ateria! i the str'ct're of the

(od'!es,

Cotro! Ti(e ca #e sa)ed as $refa#ricatio forces thi&i* thro'*h the

$roc're(et $rocess fro( (ateria! ac0'isitio to fia! stitchi* of (od'!es,

Prefa#ricatio a!!o%s for icreased cotro! of the 0'a!ity of fa#ricatio ad

ista!!atio,

The !o*3ter( *oa! of ecoMOD is to coti'e to ite*rate %ith ot3for3$rofits to

de!i)er a *reater 0'atity of (od'!ar ho'si*, This re0'ires a *reat dea! of eer*y

for f'draisi* to st'dy as$ects of the $ro4ects #eyod the #ase costr'ctio costs

$ro)ided #y the o$rofit de)e!o$ers, I order to icrease the 0'atity of

afforda#!e ho'si* o't$'t1 ecoMOD is $erfor(i* ('ch !ess fa#ricatio ad

%or&i* o desi* efficiecies %ith fa#ricators, Mod'!ar #'i!ders thro'*ho't theEast Coast co'!d #eco(e $arters %ith ecoMOD desi* ad o$rofit de)e!o$ers

i a e% (ode! for ho'si* $rod'ctio, C'rret!y1 ecoMOD is %or&i* %ith

Ha#itat for H'(aity i Char!ottes)i!!e to de)e!o$ a (i2ed3'se1 (i2ed3ico(e

ho'si* that cosists of 66 'its i 88 d'$!e2es i a o!d trai!er $ar& 'der

rede)e!o$(et,



CASESTUDIES

V*)'#$#%+( C#,, H+(*

A(')&#&% +(#%$ ,#) M+&9* *;*+9* '* C#,, H+(* #% )*9+%* '+ &%(8*) +, #*%' )*(*' ,+) +* #% *>')** +&'& +&'#+%. C+9)##%$

,#;* '+)* '* )*#*%* # *#$%* '+ #%$ +%'+ '* #* +, & ;*)'#& )+=

,&*. I%9#)* 8 '* 0& 8&)%&* #%$ '+ '* ( +, & #9 & +%*9' 0&

*;*+9* ,+) & +(&) +* '+ &%$ +,, '* #* +, & #,, & +99+* '+

#''#%$ +% '+9 +, #' &# M+&9* #% & '&'**%'.



T* +* # ;#(&#* & & %&'()& *>'*%#+% +, '* #,, ,&* )&'*) '&% &%

&#'#+% '+ '* &%&9* )*&'#%$ &% &8+('* +%%*'#+% 0#' '* +*&%.

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CHAPTER !

CONCLUSION

I)esti*ati* ad researchi* this to$ic I fo'd o't a !ot of e% ifor(atio that Idid/t &o% a#o't $refa#ricatios1 I %as s'r$rised to fid o't ho% efficiet ca #e

%or& at factory %here a!! (ateria!s are f'!!y 'sed %itho't ay %aste1 ad a!so that

the $refa#ricated ho(e id'stry is act'a!!y $retty $o$'!ar1 a!tho'*h (ost!y it is

'sed i Uited States,

I a!so coc!'ded that i the $ast1 (od'!ar ho(es %ere $o$'!ar #eca'se they %ere

afforda#!e1 as !o* as yo' %ere satisfied %ith e2terior ad iterior fiish 0'a!ity

ad !i(ited desi* choices, Today1 (od'!ar ho(es are sti!! $o$'!ar ad (ost

i($ortat ; afforda#!e, O!y o% $refa#ricatios are rated as first c!ass (ateria!s

ad hi*h !e)e! of costr'ctio (o'ti* 0'a!ity, +esides that $refa#ricated ho'ses

has !ar*e a(o't of creati)e desi*, As I fo'd o't there has #ee !ar*e ste$

to%ards i($ro)e(et of a ti(e $!ai* f'ctio i factories ad res$osi#!e

0'a!ity cotro!, Gatheri* '$ a!! ad)ata*es the id'stry of $refa#ricated syste(s

has a h'*e $otetia! i $reset (ar&et of ho(e #'i!di*,

The $refa#ricated ho(e #'i!ders sho'!d !oo& '$ i f't're1 %he the cities %i!! #e

o)er $o$'!ated1 the the traditioa! #'i!di* (ethods %i!! ta&e a !ot of $!ace adti(e1 #'t %ith $refa#ricated #!oc&s there %i!! #e o eed for costr'ctio at site1

ad (od'!ar syste( a!so %i!! sa)e s$ace for efficiet area 'sa*e for other $'r$oses,

A!so coecti* ('!ti$!e #!oc&s to*ether1 ('!ti$!e a$art(ets %i!! #e created1 %ith

o ti(e ad sa)ed costs there %i!! #e $ossi#i!ity to assa(#!e a s(a!! to%, I order

to fi*ht %ith co($etitors i #'i!di* id'stry1 $refa#ricated ho'se $rod'cers eed

to offer so(ethi* e%1 as I (etioed #efore the (od'!ar ho'si* sho'!d #e

s'staia#!e1 'se a s'staia#!e (ateria!s ad stay ahead of desi*



REFERENCES

1. PREFAB ARCHITECTURE A GUIDE TO MODULAR DESIGNAND CONSTRUCTION

3 +y RYAN E, SMITH

2. PREFAB HOUSE

3 +Y ANDRE< MAYNARD3

3. PREFABRICATION AND MODULARIATION

- MCGRA< HILL CONSTRUCTION

4. ''9<*%.0#=#9*#&.+)$0#=#M+(&)8(##%$5. ''9<000.+(&)+(#%$'*.+

6. ''9<+*8(#%$.&8+('.++(&)*(&'#+%&+(&)+*.

'

7. ''9<000.0*'*'*)+(&).++(&)+*.'

!. ''9<000.;#+(&)+*.+0#'*#'+*.'

". ''9<000.%&8.+)$$*%*)#.&9>$*%*)#C+%'*%'ID16"15

1.''9<*%.0#=#9*#&.+)$0#=#P)*,&8)#&'*+*

11.''9<000.9+)'&&8#%0+).#%9)*,&8)#&'*-+(*.'

12.''9<000.8(8++.+'&$9)*,&8-+*

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_building

http://www.modularhousingsystem.com/

http://homebuying.about.com/cs/modulareducation/a/modular_homes.htm


http://www.westchestermodular.com/modular_homes.html

http://www.vimodularhomes.com/white_city_home.html

http://www.nahb.org/generic.aspx?genericContentID=169150

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabricated_home

http://www.portacabinworld.in/prefabricated-houses.html

http://www.busyboo.com/tag/prefab-homes/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_building

http://www.modularhousingsystem.com/



http://www.westchestermodular.com/modular_homes.html

http://www.vimodularhomes.com/white_city_home.html

http://www.nahb.org/generic.aspx?genericContentID=169150

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefabricated_home

http://www.portacabinworld.in/prefabricated-houses.html

http://www.busyboo.com/tag/prefab-homes/

modular housing

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