module 1 causes of disabilities & conditions special education 501: development &...
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Module 1Causes of Disabilities &
Conditions
Special Education 501:Development & Characteristics
of Children and Youth with Disabilities
Warm-Up Activity
Labels are used extensively despite the potential negative consequences.
Discuss the rationale for labeling people with disabilities.
Causes of DisabilitiesGeneticPre-natalPeri-natalPost-natalEnvironmental
Causes of Disabilities
Genetic• Biochemical disorders
and chromosomal abnormalities
Pre-natal anoxia (premature separation of the placenta)
o Severe anemiao Heart condition of
the mothero Rh factor
incompatibilityo Rubella contracted
by the mother during the first trimester of pregnancy
Causes of Disabilities
Peri-natal Conditions that
may affect the child during or immediately preceding birth
o Birth injurieso Asphyxiao Prematurity
Post-natalo Malnutritiono Accidental physical
trauma (to the brain)
o Childhood abuse and neglect
o Diseases and infections
Causes of Disabilities
The children experiencing learning difficulties have simply not received the necessary experiential and cultural prerequisites such as social and educational stimulation.
Causes of Disabilities
The early medical, nutritional, social and educational needs of children must be satisfied in order to maximize their opportunities for healthy development.
Causes of Disabilities
The sooner the etiological factors are arrested or ameliorated, the less profound the disability.
Language Development
Language & intellectual competence are closely intertwined
Often accompanying immature language are such immature thought processes as delayed discrimination and reasoning skills
Language Development
Severe language delay or inadequacy is the most significant single behavioral sign indicating a young child’s need for special help in order to succeed in school
SocializationSocialization depends on experiences with language and communication
SocializationThe ability to abstract the essence of experiences and the urge and power to express complex thoughts and feelings are uniquely human.
SocializationAlong with language skills, the child usually begins to deal with abstractions and begins to use symbolization in more complex ways.
Secondary Level
The Secondary Level
The following characteristics are found in many students at the secondary level, namely low academic performance.
The Secondary Level
1. Demonstrated in reading performance, written expression, and mathematics skills
2. Plateau of basic skill development3. Often experience deficiencies in study
skills areas4. Ineffective use of strategic behaviors
necessary for academic success5. Social skills deficits6. Considered at-risk for high school drop-
out
Domains of Adulthood
• Physical/Emotional Health
• Personal responsibility and relationships
• Leisure pursuits• Employment/
education• Community
involvement
Programming for Low Incidence Disabilities
Academic content masteryTeaching general education content
RemediationBasic skills, social skills training
Programming for Low Incidence Disabilities
MaintenanceLearning strategies, tutorial
Post-Secondary outcomesVocational, life skills
Programming for Low Incidence Disabilities
• Preparation for post-secondary education and to function independently as adults
• Must be accepted as part of the inclusive environment
Programming for Severe & Profound Disabilities
Characterized as having substantial functional limitations
Individuals in this group may have mental, physical, and/or other emotional and behavioral problems of such a degree that they require extensive supports
Programming for Severe & Profound Disabilities
The most important curricular issue for this group is the need to teach basic daily living skills such as self-care, communication, functional academics, socialization, and leisure/recreational skills
Programming for Severe & Profound Disabilities
• Use a variety of training procedures• Provide instruction in community-
based settings• Maintain skill acquisition by
employing naturally occurring events• Program for generalization of skills
Wrap-Up ActivityThe Americans with
Disabilities Act of 1990 is the most sweeping civil rights legislation in the United States since the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Discuss how the law defines eligible persons with a disability, and describe the overall purpose of the Act.