module 1: evolution monthdaytopic aug28history of life on earth 30theory of evolution sept1timeline...
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Module 1: Evolution
Month Day TopicAug 28 History of life on Earth
30 Theory of evolution
Sept 1 Timeline construction
4 Holiday
6 Evidence for evolution
8 Mechanisms of evolution I
11 Mechanisms of evolution II
13 Speciation
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Outline
1. History
2. Cultural and scientific context of Darwin’s theory of evolution
3. The theory
4. Modern ideas
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Organic evolution
The descent of modern organisms with modification from preexisting life-forms
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Time
• Cosmological
• Geological
• Evolutionary
• Ecological
• Physiological
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Hierarchy of scientific information
Theory
Fact
Model
Hypothesis
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Hypothesis--a limited statement implying cause and effect in certain situations.
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Model--a hypothesis that has been shown to have more general validity.
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Fact–a highly corroborated hypothesis that has been so repeatedly tested and for which so much reliable evidence exists, that it would be perverse or irrational to deny it.
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Theory or Law—unification of facts. A unifying and self-consistent explanation of fundamental natural processes or phenomena that is totally constructed from facts.
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Cultural and scientific context of the theory of evolution
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Idea of fixed species
• Ancient Greeks (2500 years bp): – species do not change
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Idea of fixed species
• Ancient Greeks (2500 years bp): – species do not change
• Judeo-Christian (2000 years bp): – species do not change– each species divinely created– earth ~ 6000 years old
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Confounding Evidence
• Biogeography
• Comparative anatomy
• Geologic discoveries
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Confounding evidence: Biogeography
• Size of the known world expanded in the
15th century
• Discovery of new organisms could not be
explained by accepted beliefs
– How did species get from center of creation
(e.g., garden of Eden) to all these places?
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Confounding evidence: comparative morphology
• Study of similarities and differences in body plans of major groups
• Puzzling patterns:– Animals as different as humans and dogs
have similar bones in forelimbs
– Some parts seem to have no function
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backbone
pelvic girdle
coccyx (boneswhere manyother mammalshave a tail)
small boneattached topelvic girdle
thighboneattached topelvic girdle
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Geological Discoveries
• Similar rock layers throughout world
• Certain layers contain fossils
• Deeper layers contain simpler fossils than
shallow layers
• Some fossils seem to be related to known
species
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1800s - New Theories
• Scientists attempt to reconcile evidence of change with traditional belief in a single creation event
•Two examples–Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) - multiple catastrophes
–Jean Lamarck (1744-1829) - inheritance of acquired characteristics
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The New Geology
• Hutton and Lyell (1830s):– Uniformitarianism: the present is the key to
the past
–Gradualism: slow process over vast periods of time can cause big changes
–Earth is seriously old!
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Principles of populations
• Thomas Malthus (1766-1834):– Exponential growth of populations
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Principles of populations
• Thomas Malthus (1766-1834):– Exponential growth of populations– “Positive checks” on population growth
• War• Disease• Famine
– As populations increase, resources dwindle, the struggle to live intensifies, and conflict increases
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
• Collected and examined the species that inhabited the regions the ship visited
• Started 5 year, round-the-world voyage aboard the Beagle at age 22
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The voyage of H.M.S. Beagle
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Pleistocene glyptodont
Modern armadillo
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Evolution:Descent with modification
But what causes modification?
What is the mechanism?
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Galapagos Finches
• Darwin observed a variety of lifestyles and body forms
• On his return, he learned that there were 13 species
• He attempted to correlate variations in their traits with environmental challenges
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Darwin’s facts• Any species is capable of increasing its
population exponentially
• BUT we rarely see this increase—populations
tend to stay within certain limits
• Conclusion: not all offspring produced survive
• Conclusion: there is a “struggle for existence”
going on in all species
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Darwin’s facts• Individuals in any species vary
• Some vary in ways that help them survive and
reproduce; others vary in ways that decrease
their chances of survival
• Variation is inherited (somehow)
• Conclusion: a species will change over time,
producing new and different varieties (evolution)
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Darwin’s theory
– Fact #1: Overproduction and struggle for existence
– Fact #2: Heritable individual variation
The inescapable conclusion: Differential or unequal reproductive success
causes evolution. He called this natural selection.
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Artificial selection as an analog of natural selection
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Natural selection
• Charles Darwin (1830-1850s): Ruminated on theory, but didn’t publish
• Alfred Wallace (1850s): Independently developed a theory similar to Darwin’s
• Darwin and Wallace “co-published” the theory in 1858
• Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1859
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Evolution:Descent with modification
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Evolution:Descent with modification
Natural selection: Differential reproductive success
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Evolution:Descent with modification
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Natural selection: Differential reproductive success
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Darwin’s theory
– Fact #1: Overproduction and struggle for existence
– Fact #2: Heritable individual variation (no clear mechanism yet)
The inescapable conclusion: Differential or unequal reproductive success
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Ever since Darwin...
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Ever since Darwin...• Mendel develops theory of heredity (1860s)
– Parents pass onto their offspring discrete, heritable factors that are responsible for inherited traits.
– Discrete, heritable factors = genes– Genes act in predictable ways
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Ever since Darwin...• The “Modern Synthesis” (mid-1900s):
– Often called “Neo-Darwinism”– Adding in population genetics– Mathematical models of evolution
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Ever since Darwin...• The molecular era (mid 1900s-present)
– Discovery of DNA as the basis of heredity– Adding in a molecular mechanism– Detecting the relationships among species
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Ever since Darwin...• The era of genomics (1990s-present)
– Mapping of genomes– Rapid sequencing of genes– Creation of molecular phylogenies