module 2 topic 1 - reculm.eu · consis.ng in what is common and acceptable to the norms of the...

Cultureanddiversity

MODULE2Topic1

CONTENT

2

I.Whatisculture?

II.Whatdoweunderstandby

humansocialisaCon?

III.Theconceptofdiversity.Cultural

diversity

IV.Culturalpluralism:

Interculturalism

MODULE2.CulturaldiversityandinterethnicrelaCons.Topic1:Cultureanddiversity

Whatisculture?OneoftheclassicdefiniConsofculture,istheoneadoptedbyEdwardBurneK(1871).Forhim,«cultureorcivilisa.on,inthewidersenseofethnography,isawholewhichincludesknowledge,beliefs,art,moral,rights,tradi8onsandotherhabitsandskillsacquiredbymenasmembersofasociety».CultureconsistsintheknowledgeandbehaviouralpaKernsthataresociallylearned;that is, abstract paKerns shared by the community, which are reflected in theconductsofindividuals(andtheresultofthese)thatarepartofthecommunity.

3MODULE2.CulturaldiversityandinterethnicrelaCons.Topic1:Cultureanddiversity

In sum, we can say that culture “can be summarized as the complex of values,customs, beliefs and pracCces which consCtute the way of life of a specificgroup”(Eagleton,2001).

WhatdoweunderstandbyhumansocialisaCon?Socialisa.onreferstotheprocessbywhichtheindividualisabsorbedbythecultureofthe society. According to Child (1982),“individuals born with a very wide range ofpoten.al behaviour, are driven to develop a behaviour with more restricted limits,consis.nginwhatiscommonandacceptabletothenormsofthesociety".

4

ü  Itisanadap/velearning(norms,valuesandimagesofthisgroup).

ü  Itisapermanentprocessinthelifeoftheindividual,moreintenseinthefirstyearsofage.

ü  Itiseternalinthelifeofthesociety.ü  Ithasasaresultthegroupcohesion.

SocialisaCon…


5

TheprocessofsocialisaCon(Berger&Luckmann)


AccordingtoBerger&Luckmann,peoplearebornwithapredisposiConofbelongingtoasocietybutneedasocialisa/onprocesstobecomeamemberofit.

•  It is the first phase that the child goesthrough and by which the child becomes amemberofsociety.•  In this phase the adult ways areincorporatedgradually.• Thisstageendswhenthechildacquirestheconscious of the «other» and what thisrepresent.

PrimarysocialisaCon SecondarysocialisaCon

•  Any process that lead the alreadysocialised adult to new sectors of theworld’ssociety.• Developingconductsassociatedtowhatothersexpectofhim.

Chronologicalmoment

Childhood

Internalisa/on Strong

Emo/onaladhesion EssenCal

Beingaware Whole/socialworld

Chronological Adulthood

Internalisa/on Weak

Emo/onaladhesion Dispensable

Beingaware Social/parCalsub-world

6

SocialisaConagentsAccording toRocher (1990), socialisaCon is«theprocessbywhichahumanbeing learns,throughouthis/herlife,thesocioculturalelementsofhis/herenvironment,thataddsthemtohis/herpersonalitystructure,undertheinfluenceoftheexperiencesandthesignificantsocialagents,andadaptsinthiswaytothesocialenvironmentinwhichtheindividualmustlive».

In the wider sense, we are all socialisa/on agents, that is, we are ways by whichknowledge,values,etc.areshared.Differentagentsmay:•  ReinforcetheeffectsofthesocialisaConprocess.•  DifficultthesocialisaConprocess.

PrincipalagentsofsocialisaCon:Ineachvitalstage,differentagentswillhaveabiggerinfluence.

Family Groupofequals

School MeansofcommunicaCon


Thediversityconcept


Variety,plurality,heterogeneity, multiplicity…

ToWellner (2000),diversity isunderstoodas“anumberof individualdifferencesandsimilari.esthatexistbetweenpeople”.Itisaninherentrealityofthehumanbeingthatmakes reference to the characterisCcs that define our being and our way of doingthingsandthatallowsustoidenCfyourselveswithaconcretegroup.

WhentalkingaboutDIVERSITY,wedisCnguishcharacterisCcssuchasrace,age,creed,naConal origin, religion, ethnic origin, sexual orientaCon, etc. Depending on whichcharacterisCcswe focus,we can analyse diversity from different perspecCves, beingourobjectofinterestculturaldiversity.

CulturaldiversityconsistsinmulCpleculturesthatcoexistandinteractataglobalscaleaswellasindifferentareasoftheplanet.

Most of the socieCes are originated from a fusion ofdifferentpeopleandgroups.CULTURALDIFFERENCESlead to different tradiCons and lifestyles that areexpressed in mulCple behaviours and set in specificareas: linguisCc, arCsCc, religious, culinary, socialstructures,etc.

Art.1.Culturaldiversity,thecommonheritageofhumanity

Culture takes diverse forms across Cme andspace. This diversity is embodied in theuniqueness and plurality of the idenCCes ofthe groups and socieCes making uphumankind. As a source of exchange,innovaCon and creaCvity, cultural diversity isas necessary for humankind as biodiversity isfor nature. In this sense, it is the commonheritage of humanity and should berecognized and affirmed for the benefit ofpresentandfuturegeneraCons."

Art.2.Fromculturaldiversitytoculturalpluralism

InourincreasinglydiversesocieCes,itisessenCaltoensureharmonious interacConamongpeopleand groups with plural, varied and dynamiccultural idenCCes as well as their willingness tolivetogether(…)Thusdefined,culturalpluralismgives policy expression to the reality of culturaldiversity. Indissociable from a democraCcframework, cultural pluralism is conducive tocultural exchange and to the flourishing ofcreaCvecapaciCesthatsustainpubliclife.


hBp://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

UNESCOUniversalDeclaraCononCulturalDiversity(2001)

Thesedifferencesarealsothecauseofconflictsandtensionsbetweengroups.

In this sense,withineachgroup, individualspresentdifferentwaysofunderstandingandexperiencingthecommoncultureofthegroup.

Cultural diversity is the common heritage of humanity, so many states stand up for theconservaConofdifferentexisCngcultureslivingintheirterritories.

Thediversityconcept

9

AccordingtothewordsofPinetal.(2007):«Diversity is unstoppable (…) is unavoidable, among other causes,becauseof:popula.onageing in thirdworldandfirstworldcountries;immigra.on, cultural tendencies; the new role of women, theacceptance of the value of each individual in democracy; theconsolida.onofhumanrights;thedevelopmentofthegenderideologyandthesolidarityawarenessofdisabled.Tosumup,theefficiencyofdiversity,meaninganincreaseofcrea.vity,finding talents and richness of human capital, the ethical value of itsenhancement and inevitability, creates the need to face thephenomenoninsideandoutsideofcompanies».


Thediversityconcept

Culturalpluralism

MulCculturalism

Emphasisontheownculture

Principlesofequalityanddifference

Interculturalism

EmphasisontherelaConbetween

cultures

Principlesofequalityanddifference+

posi/veinterac/on

10

Culturalpluralism


Principles:-Equality: the nondiscriminaCon of theotherculture.-Difference:theacceptanceof“theOthercultureasitis”

Itmeanstheconvergenceofdifferentculturesonthesameterritory.

Posi/onsofthena/onalpopula/ontowardsimmigrants

Derivesfromi n c l u s i o nand is thecauseof theexclusion ofsome

Derivesfromtheexclusionandlooksfortheinclusionofall

Takingadvantageofthedifferencesin order to benefit from what iscommon to all; it is achievedthrough intercultural collaboraCon.Whatiscommontoallissomethingdynamicandchangingthatneedsofthe community idenCficaCon andelaboraCon.

Some common interests betweendifferentsectors:-Theneedtoimprovethequalityoflife.-The defence of the rights ofciCzens.

Requirements in community workforaposiCveinteracCon:-CommonresponsibiliCes.-InterculturalmediaCon.-Interculturaldialogue. 11

PosiCveinteracCon

RespecttodiversityEquality


Basicprinciplesofinterculturalism:

In the posiCve management ofdiversitythereisaneedoffosteringequality between groups at alllevels: legal equality, equality intreatment,equalityofopportuniCesandgenderequality,etc.Manifesta/ons of the principle ofequality in cultural coexistencecommunitywork:-Mea s u r e s t o b a l a n c e t h eopportuniCes between boys andgirlsinthecommunity.-Equal access to health and socialresourcestoallneighbours.-Equality of dialogue for theneighbours of the different naCvecultures.

ThereisnoposiCvemanagementofdiversitywithoutvaluing,respecCngand benefirng from individualdifferences. It is not about extremeequalisaConbutanequalrespectofthedifferences, lookingforunionindiversity.Manifesta/onsincommunitywork: -Recognising the different cultural,linguisCc or religious expressions ofthecommunity.-TakingintoaccountinmeeCngs“allthe differences” that are in theneighbourhood.- M a k i n g p e r f o r m a n c e s t o“mulCculturalise” the associaConsanddifferentspaces.

Resources

Videos

WeisseMassai.HermineHuntgeburth,Germany,drama,2005:hKps://www.alleskino.de/die-weisse-massai-2005.htmlBlondDiamond.EdwardZwick,USA,drama,2006:hKps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWKbi6x5_OMBaraka.RonFricke,ConstanCneNicholas,GenevieveNicholas,USA,1992:hKps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNViNqHmnzMMyBigFatGreekWedding. JoelWick,NiaVardalos,USA,Canada,2002: hKps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2mecmDFE-QL’aubergeespagnole.CedricKlapish,Spain,France,2002:hKps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_JllfCvp6cPreschool in Three Cultures. Japan, China and the United States. Joseph J. Tobin, David Y. H.Wu, Dana H.Davidson,USA,JapanMaterialandnon-materialculture:hBp://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-culture-material-and-nonmaterial-culture.htmlJapaneseCultureinregardstoHofstedeandGesteland:hBps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtPdmfRw1Y0RichardGestelandseminaraboutCrossCulture:hBps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rQTu6sqbfXk


BibliographyandreferencesReferences•  Berger,P.L.,&Luckmann,T.(1966).Thesocialconstruc.onofreality.Atrea.seinthesociology

ofknowledge.NewYork,UnitedStates:Doubleday.

•  BurneK,E.(1871).Primi.veculture:researchesintothedevelopmentofmythology,philosophy,religion,art,andcustom.London,England:J.Murray.

•  Eagleton,T.(2000).TheIdeaofCulture.Malden,UnitedStates:Blackwell,34.

•  Giménez,C.(2003).Pluralismo,mulCculturalismoeinterculturalidad.PropuestadeclarificaciónyapunteseducaCvos.EducaciónyFuturo:RevistadeInves.gaciónAplicadayExperienciasEduca.vas,(8),11-20.

•  Pin,J.R.,García-Lombardía,P.,&Gallifa,A.(2007).Libroblancosobrelages.óndeladiversidadenlasempresasespañolas:Retos,oportunidadesybuenasprác.cas.Madrid,Spain:CentroparalaEmpresaenLaCnoamérica(CELA),Adecco.

•  Rocher,G.(1990).IntroducciónalaSociologíageneral.Barcelona,Spain:HerderEditorial.

•  UNESCO.(2001).UniversalDeclaraCononCulturalDiversity.Retrievedfrom:hKp://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

•  Wellner,A.(2000).Howdoyouspelldiversity?.Training,37(4),34-38.

•  Zigler,E.,Lamb,M.E.,&Child,I.L.(1982).Socializa.onandpersonalitydevelopment.NewYork,UnitedStates:OxfordUniversityPress.


BibliographyandreferencesBibliography•  Giddens,A.&Turner,J.(1990).Lateoríasocialhoy.Madrid,Spain:AlianzaEditorial.

•  Giménez,C.(1996).Laintegracióndelosinmigrantesylainterculturalidad:BasesteóricasdeunapropuestaprácCca.Arbor:Ciencia,PensamientoyCultura,(607),119-150.

•  Giménez,C.(2003,Abril).Pluralismo,mulCculturalismoeinterculturalidad.PropuestadeclarificaciónyapunteseducaCvos.EducaciónyFuturo:RevistadeInves.gaciónAplicadayExperienciasEduca.vas,(8),11-20.

•  Kahn,J.S.(Ed.).(1975).Elconceptodecultura.Barcelona,Spain:EditorialAnagrama.

•  Malinowski,B.(1970).Unateoríacienkficadelacultura.Barcelona,Spain:Edhasa.

•  Spears,R.(2011).GroupIdenCCes:ThesocialidenCtyperspecCve.InSchwartz,S.,LuyckxK.,&Vignoles,V.(Eds.)HandbookofIden.tyTheoryandResearch(pp.201-224).NewYork,UnitedStates:Springer.

•  Watson,C.W.(2000):Mul.culturalism.Buckingham,UnitedKingdom:OpenUniversityPress.


module 2 topic 1 - reculm.eu · consis.ng in what is common and acceptable to the norms of the...

Documents