module 3: bioenergy production for southern forests
DESCRIPTION
Module 3: Bioenergy Production for Southern Forests. Outline. Introduction Forest Management Objectives Important Site and Stand Characteristics Silvicultural Practices California Case Study. Module 3: Bioenergy Production for Southern Forests. Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Module 3: Bioenergy Production for Southern Forests
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Outline
• Introduction• Forest Management Objectives• Important Site and Stand Characteristics• Silvicultural Practices • California Case Study
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Introduction
• Largest potential is from residues or underutilized forest biomass– Short-rotation bioenergy plantations more limited
• Currently constrained by lack of markets• Relatively low-valued product• Integrate production into silviculture and harvesting
practices
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Forest Management for Bioenergy
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Sources of Woody Biomass• Logging residues• Thinnings and other stand
improvement operations• Underutilized species • Stands severely damaged
by climatic events, fires, insect or disease
• Bioenergy plantations
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Forest Management Plans• Define objectives and goals• Prioritize objectives and goals
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Long-term Management Goals
• Common Goals– Timber production– Firewood– Non-timber forest products– Forest health– Clean water– Amenity/recreation/
lifestyle– Conservation/biodiversity– Spirituality
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Integrating Bioenergy Production into Forest Management Objectives
• Does bioenergy production assist another objective such as stand improvement for high-value log production?– Note: bioenergy production may help meet non-timber
goals such as fire protection, amenity values or wildlife enhancement.
• Integrate! Evaluate the whole management package, not just the biomass production part.
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Site and Stand Attributes• Many but not all forest
stands willhave biomass readily available
• Topography and other physical factors may constrain biomass utilization
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Favorable Site Attributes• Easy site access and adequate road
infrastructure• Close to bioenergy utilization plant• Gentle topography• Resilient soils
In addition:– Is suitable harvesting equipment available?– Is there enough biomass available in the
vicinity?
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Favorable Stand Attributes
• Stands being managed with an even-aged structure
• Stands where a high amount of otherwise unusable biomass is available
• Trees and shrubs with high wood density
• A rule of thumb is a minimum of 6-7 tons dry weight per acre
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Biomass Harvesting and Silvicultural Implications
1. Timber harvesting residues2. Small diameter woody biomass3. Sanitation and salvage4. Low value species5. Short-rotation woody crops
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Timber Harvesting Residues• During a harvesting
operation, often 25 to 45% of the tree’s biomass is left on site as residues.
• About 65% of total logging residues can easily be recovered for use as bioenergy
• This is about 20-30 tons per acre, on a green basis
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Timber Harvesting Residues
• Easier when using even-aged silvicultural prescriptions, for example clearcutting.– Whole tree vs. log harvesting followed by residue collection– Transpiration drying
• May be less feasible and profitable with uneven-aged silvicultural systems, for example single-tree selection.– Group selection is an intermediate option
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Advantages of Residue Removal
• Reduces the visual impact of harvesting
• Allows better access to the site• Improves seed bed by exposing
mineral soil• Reduces fire risk• Allows for easier selection of
planting spots• Reduces site preparation needs
and costs• May reduce some insect
problems
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Disadvantages of Residue Removal
• Removal of nutrients– Returning ash is often advocated. – Reducing removal of leaves and twigs reduces
nutrient removals• Biological diversity
– Can be minimized by management • Erosion and sedimentation
– Site specific; minimize through planning etc• Damage to advanced regeneration
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Small Diameter Woody Biomass
• Material from thinnings• Possible when thinned
material cannot be sold to higher value market
• Often more costly biomass and more likely to be limited by site factors
• More care needed with nutrient removal
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Sanitation and Salvage
• Material from sanitation or salvage cuts
• Possible when sanitation or salvage material cannot be sold to higher value market
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Low Value Species
• Need for restoration due to mismanagement and high-grading
• Material generated by restorative silvicultural techniques could be used for bioenergy.
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Short-Rotation Woody Crops
• Willow and poplar hybrids extensively researched
• Loblolly and sweetgum researched in South
• Short-rotation willow ranges from 3-7 oven-dry tons per acre per year
• Higher with irrigation and fertilization
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Short-Rotation Woody Crops
• Expensive • Adoption depends on alternative energy costs or
other financial mechanisms• Energy costs are double that of coal• Land prices dominate Energy input:output ratio
is good (typically 10 to 20:1)
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Biomass Production by Southern Forest Type
• Planted Pine• Natural Pine• Mixed Oak-Pine• Upland Hardwoods• Lowland Hardwoods
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Planted Pine
• Will account for 1/4 of the South’s forests by 2040.
• Most plantations are owned by industry or TIMOs
• About 25% owned by NIPFs
• Often intensively managed
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Planted Pine and Bioenergy• Collect biomass
during scheduled thinnings and clearcuts.
• Intensive silvicultural techniques vary in their energy balance
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Natural Pine and Bioenergy
• Even-aged silviculture provides biomass opportunities
• More difficult with selection system
• Useful in degraded stands
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Mixed Oak-Pine and Bioenergy
• Clearcutting• Poor quality sites• Thinning and other
timber stand improvement (TSI) cuts
• Limited by topography and road systems
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Upland Hardwoods
• Oak-hickory or maple-beech-birch
• Cover approximately 75 million acres
• Second growth, often even-aged
• Often high-graded
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Upland Hardwoods
• Intensive thinning, cleaning, and clearcuts
• Regeneration of poor quality sites e.g. using shear/chip methods
• Costs, transport and topography could be limiting factors
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Lowland Hardwoods and Bioenergy
• Biomass potential unclear
• High wood density advantageous
• Main opportunities with restoration or regeneration of stands
• Not applicable on extremely wet sites.
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California Case Study
• Sierra Pacific Industries• Improvement of degraded stands• Integrated with traditional operations
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Benefits• Improves access for site
preparation, establishment and weed control
• No need to pile and burn residues for fire control
• Reduces costs of establishing the new crop by as much as $150 per acre
• More environmentally friendly than other alternatives
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Main Biomass Operations
• Occurs before and after clearcutting– Biomass felled before the main harvest is piled and
allowed time to dry– Residue remaining after clearcut is collected and
chipped– 15 to 25 dry tons per acre removed
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Other Biomass Operations
• Occur when thinning or establishing fuel breaks– Ensures growth is concentrated on crop trees– A bioenergy market allows for earlier thinnings and
overall reduced costs by about $50 per acre– Reduces fire risk
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Operational Limitations
• Transport distances less than 100 miles
• Slopes less than 40%• Area is accessible by
chip vans• Minimum of 7 dry tons
of chips per acre available
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Designing low-impact methods• Best
Management Practices
• Think and plan before acting!
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Conclusions
• Biomass harvesting can and should be integrated into traditional forest management schemes in the South.
• Use of short-rotation woody crops are currently restricted, but this could change.
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Photo CreditsSlide 4: Eija Alakangas, VTT EnergySlide 5: Donald J. MeadSlide 6: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 7: Chyrel Mayfield, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 9: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 10: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 11: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 13: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 15: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M University
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Photo CreditsSlide 17: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 18: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 19: Chris Evans, University of Georgia, www.forestryimages.org (1378140)Slide 20: Donald J. MeadSlide 21: Oak Ridge National LaboratorySlide 22: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 23: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 24: Donald J. MeadSlide 25: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M University
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Photo CreditsSlide 26: Donald J. MeadSlide 27: Brian Lockhart, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org (1118144)Slide 28: Brian Lockhart, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org (1118184)Slide 29: Paul Bolstad, University of Minnesota, www.forestryimages.org (1437191)Slide 30: Donald J. Mead Slide 31: C. Darwin Foster, Texas A&M UniversitySlide 34: Dave Powell, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org (1359051)Slide 35: Al Lucier, National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
Module 3: Bioenergy Production for Southern Forests