module 6: controlling. learning objectives understand the control process review three approaches to...
TRANSCRIPT
Module 6: Controlling
Learning objectives
• Understand the control process
• Review three approaches to control systems
• Be familiar with different control techniques
• Review qualities of an effective control system
Managerial Decisions in the Control ProcessManagerial Decisions in the Control Process
IdentifyCauses IdentifyCauses
CorrectPerformance
CorrectPerformance
VarianceAcceptable?
VarianceAcceptable?
ReviseStandardRevise
Standard
StandardAttained?StandardAttained?
StandardAcceptable?
StandardAcceptable?
YesYes
YesYes
YesYes
NoNo
NoNo
NoNo
ComparePerformanceto Standard
ComparePerformanceto Standard
MeasurePerformance
MeasurePerformance
ObjectivesObjectives
StandardStandard
Do NothingDo Nothing
Do NothingDo Nothing
Three ApproachesThree Approachesto Control Systemsto Control Systems
MarketMarketControlControl(price (price
Competition,Competition,Market share)Market share)
ClanClanControlControl(norms, (norms,
Values, and Values, and Beliefs)Beliefs)
BureaucraticBureaucraticControlControl(rules, (rules,
Regulations,Regulations,Policies)Policies)
Quality Control This speaks a lot about the quality of Japanese products and
their quality standards. They're still laughing about this at IBM.
Apparently the computer giant decided to have some parts manufactured in Japan as a trial project. In the specifications, they set out that they will accept three defective parts per 10,000.
When the delivery came in there was an accompanying letter. "We, Japanese people, had a hard time understanding North American business practices. But the three defective parts per 10,000 have been separately manufactured and have been included in the consignment. Hope this pleases you."
InformationInformation
PeoplePeopleFinancesFinances
OperationsOperations
What ManagersWhat ManagersMeasureMeasure
Defining an Acceptable Range of Variation
AcceptableAcceptableUpper LimitUpper Limit
StandardStandard
AcceptableAcceptableLower LimitLower Limit
AcceptableAcceptableRange ofRange ofVariationVariation
t t+1 t+2 t+3 t+4 t+5t t+1 t+2 t+3 t+4 t+5
Do NothingDo Nothing
TakingTakingManagerialManagerial
ActionAction
CorrectCorrectPerformancePerformance
ReviseRevisethe Standardthe Standard
InputInput ProcessesProcesses OutputOutput
FeedforwardFeedforwardControlControl
AnticipatesAnticipatesProblemsProblems
ConcurrentConcurrentControlControl
Corrects ProblemsCorrects Problemsas They Happenas They Happen
FeedbackFeedbackControlControl
Corrects ProblemsCorrects Problemsafter They Occurafter They Occur
Three Types of ControlThree Types of Control
Control techniques
• Budget: the formulation of plans for a given future period in numerical terms, examples include:– Revenue and expense budgets– Time, space, material, and product budgets– Capital expenditure budgets– Cash budgets– Variable budgets– Zero-based budgeting
• Nonbudgetary control devices– Statistical data– Special reports and analysis– Operational audit– Personal observation
Sample Gantt Chart
A. Decide topic
B. Decide content
C. Assign work
D. Finish the 1st draft
E. Revise some parts
F. Finalize some parts
G. Final revision and submission
Activities Oct.15 Dec.3
3 days
3 days
1
30 days
8 days
6 days
4 days
Reporting date
A PERT Network for completing the final project for the course 472a
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Start
Finish
Qualities of an Effective Control System
• Accuracy
• Timeliness
• Economy
• Flexibility
• Understandability
Qualities of an Effective Control System
• Reasonable criteria
• Emphasis on exceptions
• Strategic placement
• Multiple criteria
• Corrective action
Contingency Factors in Control Systems
Organization Size
Position and Level
Degree of Decentralization
Organizational Culture
Importance of an Activity
Small
Large
Informal, personal management
Formal, personal management
High
Low
High
Low
Open
Closed
High
Low
Contingency Variable Control Recommendations
Many complex criteria
Few, easy-to-measure criteria
Increased number of controls
Reduced number of controls
Informal, self-control
Formal, external controls
Elaborate, comprehensive controls
Loose, informal controls
Summary
• Control is an essential component of management function. Organizational plans can not be achieved without an effective control system.
• Various control systems and techniques can be combined to build an effective control system.
Final project
• Deadline: December 3, 2001
• Citation: in textAt the end of the project
Final project
• No excuse for the late submission
• Penalty for the late submission– 0-30 minutes deduct 25 marks– 30 minutes – 1 hours deduct 50 marks– 1 hours – 1 hour 30 minutes deduct 75 marks– 1 hour 30 minutes – 2 hours deduct 100 marks
Final examination
• Definition question
Define plan and strategy
• Explain theory
Explain expectancy theory
Use an example to explain a theory
Final examination (contd.)
• Apply a theory to the health care industry context
• Chapters will not be covered
History module
Managing in Today’s world
Quantitative module