Module 8

DNS Tools & Diagnostics

Objectives Understand dig and nslookup

Understand BIND toolset

Understand BIND logs

Understand wire level messages

DNS Tools & Diagnostics Dig always available with BIND (*nix) and

windows Nslookup available on windows and *nix Dig on windows – unpack zip, copy only

dig.exe, libbind9.dll, libdns.dll, libisc.dll, libisccfg.dll, liblwres.dll to portable media

SamSpade.org provides windows GUI utility with dig. Freeware.

DIG Command line tool – tons of options Powerful – gives precise DNS RRs Typically only available with BIND Casual use on Windows

Unpack Windows zip file Copy to portable media dig.exe, libbind9.dll,

libdns.dll, libisc.dll, libisccfg.dll, liblwres.dll Now an install option

Dig Command Format

Tons of options to govern formatting and behavior -x required for reverse lookup

@dns = optionally defines the name or IP of name server to send the query – default is locally defined DNS (typically recursive)

target-name = name required type = RR type (default is A) Additional

pseudo types any and axfr

dig [opts] [@dns] target-name type

Dig Commandsdig www.example.comReturns A RR of www.example.com using local DNS

dig @ns1.example.com www.example.com

Returns A RR of www.example.com using using ns1.example.com authoritative name server for domain

dig www.example.com anyReturns any RRs with label of www.example.com using local DNS

dig –x 192.168.2.5

Returns reverse lookup for 192.168.2.5 using local DNS

DIG command

dig @ns1.example.com www.example.com

DIG Response; <<>> DiG 9.4.1-P1 <<>> ns1.example.com www.example.com

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 49319

;; flags: qr rd ra aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 2, ADDITIONAL: 2

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;www.example.com. IN A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

www.example.com. 5 IN A 10.10.0.5

www.example.com. 5 IN A 10.10.0.6

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

example.com. 172800 IN NS ns1.example.com.

example.com. 172800 IN NS ns2.example.com.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

ns1.example.com. 3000 IN A 10.10.0.8

ns2.example.com. 3000 IN A 10.10.0.9

;; SERVER: 192.5.6.30#53(192.5.6.30)

DIG Response May contain up to 5 sections Header – flags, status, id QUESTION SECTION

The query ANSWER SECTION

Present only if successful AUTHORITY SECTION

One or more name servers ADDITIONAL SECTION

Typically A/AAAA RRs of name servers

DNS Flag ValuesQR – Query response received. Indicates direction of query

AA - Authoritative Answer. Set if the response was received from a zone master or slave.

TC - TrunCation - length greater than permitted, set on all truncated messages except the last one.

RD - Recursion Desired - set in a query and copied into the response if recursion supported.

RA - Recursion Available - valid in a response and if set denotes recursive query support is available.

AD - Authenticated Data. DNSSEC only. Indicates that the data was reliably authenticated.

CD - Checking Disabled. DNSSEC only. Disables checking at the receiving server.

DNS Status Values0 = NOERR. No error.

1 = FORMERR. Format error - the server was unable to interpret the query.

2 = SERVFAIL – name server problem or lack of information. Often also returned with the same meaning as REFUSED.

3= NXDOMAIN Name does not exist - meaningful only from an authoritative name server.

4 = NOTIMPL Not Implemented.

5 = REFUSED - typically for policy reasons, for example, a zone transfer request.

DIG Result No errors (NOERROR) Flags query response, recursion desired,

recursion available, authoritative Answer = 2 A RRs for the web server Authority = 2 name servers Additional = 2 A RRs of name servers

DIG commands

dig @a.root-servers.net www.example.com

DIG Response;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 15570

;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 13, ADDITIONAL: 14

;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available

;; QUESTION SECTION:

;www.example.com. IN A

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

com. 172800 IN NS A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.

com 172800 IN NS M.GTLD-SERVERS.NET.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET 172800 IN A 192.5.6.30

A.GTLD-SERVERS.NET. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:a83e::2:30

....

;; Query time: 38 msec

;; SERVER: 198.41.0.4#53(198.41.0.4)

DIG Response No error = NOERROR Status = query response, recursion

desired No answer section Authority = multiple Additional = multiple A RRs This is a referral

NSLOOKUP

Available on windows and with BIND (*nix) Command line and interactive mode Default pretty print output Useful quick check depends on mindset

Detailed data or overview Use –d2 option for RRs

nslookup [opts] target [dns]

NSLOOKUP Commands

nslookup -type=MX example.com Gets mail server records for example.com using locally defined name server

nslookup 192.168.2.1 Gets reverse mapped name for 192.168.2.1

nslookup www.example.com ns1.example.comGets A RR for www.example.com using name server ns1.example.com

nslookupEnter interactive mode – exit to terminate

NSLOOKUP# nslookup www.example.com

Server: ns1.example.net

Address: 192.168.6.73

Name: www.example.com

Address: 192.168.2.80

# nslookup www.example.com ns1.example.com

Server: ns1.example.com

Address: 192.168.2.53

 

Name: www.example.com

Address: 192.168.2.80

Additional Tools - BIND named-checkzone, named-checkconf –

validation utilities Rndc, rndc-confgen – remote control of

name server (optionally secure) nsupdate - Dynamic Update (DDNS) of

DNS RRs dnssec-keygen, dnssec-signzone –

secure DNS cryptographic tools

DNS Logging BIND defaults to syslog (*nix) BIND Controlled by logging clause Windows DNS Event log via DNS

console or Event log (DNS) Debug log default systemroot\

System32\Dns\Dns.log (text file) DNS console Properties->logging

BIND Log Analysis stream log carefully (category) single or multiple logs watch log size! (use version/size) iterate based on experience post processing tools know what a normal log looks like

BIND Log Analysislame-servers: unexpected RCODE (REFUSED) resolving 'mail10fr2.emthtpmy1.net/A/IN': 213.251.188.141#53update-security: client 69.196.169.154#49160: update 'mediazoneplus.com/IN' deniedsecurity: client 93.174.93.72#35411: query (cache) 'doc.gov/ANY/IN' deniedlame-servers: unexpected RCODE (SERVFAIL) resolving 'cns.electro-com.ru/A/IN': 86.110.161.228#53lame-servers: host unreachable resolving 'mumns5.mtnl.net.in/A/IN': 198.32.64.12#53security: client 12.190.240.131#9980: query (cache) 'google.com/A/IN' deniedlame-servers: connection refused resolving 'pdns5.ultradns.info/A/IN': 2001:500:1a::1#53security: client 128.223.8.114#45985: query (cache) 'com/ANY/IN' deniedlame-servers: connection refused resolving '211.142.235.91.in-addr.arpa/PTR/IN': 2001:470:300::2#53

DNS Diagnostics (Wire Level)

wireshark is the easiest way load wireshark-charlotte-com.txt

dns filter partial expansion and/or load dns-charlotte-com.pcap

dns traffic only filter both use the domain

charlottecrystalinteriordesign.com

DNS - Diagnostics (Wire)Internet Protocol, Src: 192.168.1.65 (192.168.1.65), Dst: 210.23.9.17 (210.23.9.17)User Datagram Protocol, Src Port: 16533 (16533), Dst Port: domain (53)Domain Name System (query) [Response In: 4] Transaction ID: 0xef45 Flags: 0x0000 (Standard query) Questions: 1 Answer RRs: 0 Authority RRs: 0 Additional RRs: 1 Queries www.charlottecrystalinteriordesign.com: type A, class IN Name: www.charlottecrystalinteriordesign.com Type: A (Host address) Class: IN (0x0001) Additional records <Root>: type OPT

DNS – Diagnostics (Wire)

0000 00 26 44 68 eb 72 70 5a b6 f2 0b 2b 08 00 45 00 .&Dh.rpZ...+..E.0010 00 5f 59 c5 00 00 80 11 00 00 c0 a8 01 41 d2 17 ._Y..........A..0020 09 11 40 95 00 35 00 4b 9d 6e ef 45 00 00 00 01 ..@..5.K.n.E....0030 00 00 00 00 00 01 03 77 77 77 1e 63 68 61 72 6c .......www.charl0040 6f 74 74 65 63 72 79 73 74 61 6c 69 6e 74 65 72 ottecrystalinter0050 69 6f 72 64 65 73 69 67 6e 03 63 6f 6d 00 00 01 iordesign.com...0060 00 01 00 00 29 10 00 00 00 80 00 00 00 ....)........

Quick Quiz What is the default RR type for dig? What is the default RR type for nslookup? Name any BIND utility? Can you run dig on windows? Dig command for mx RR for google.com? Nslookup command for mx RR for

google.com? dig command for reverse lookup?