module 9 energy mgmt economics

8/11/2019 Module 9 Energy Mgmt Economics

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Philippine Efficient Lighting Market

Transformation Project (PELMATP)

Module 9 Energy Management and

Economics

Module 9Module 9

Energy Management and EconomicsEnergy Management and Economics




Economics

ContentsContents

Energy Management

Design Considerations

Equipment Considerations

Lighting Audit

Maintenance and Practices

Codes and Legislation

Demand Side Management




Economics

Energy Management for LightingEnergy Management for Lighting

ENERGYMANAGEMENT

SystemSystemMaintenanceMaintenance

DesignDesignConsiderationsConsiderations

EquipmentEquipmentConsiderationsConsiderations




Economics

Design ConsiderationsDesign Considerations

Incorporates design and application practices toprovide the necessary amount of light usingenergy effectively

Considers the following

Design practices

Equipment selection

Lighting maintenance

EnergyEnergy

ManagementManagement




Economics


Design process involves

Collecting criteria about the space

Evaluating this data

Developing alternative solutions

Evaluation and comparing options in relation to thecriteria

Selecting the optimum criteria used in the design.

EnergyEnergyManagementManagement




Economics


Design Considerations

Light Distribution

Space & Workplace Consideration

Light on People & Objects



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Economics


Light Distribution

Task & Ambient Lighting

Daylighting Integration

Light pollution & Light Trespass

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Distribution

Task & Ambient Lighting

Task lighting are independent of the general lighting systemsuch as display lighting in retail store.

Task lights cant light the balance of the room, and thus someother type of lighting system is needed to produce theambient illumination in the room.

Options include

indirect luminaires mounted atop cobinetry orworkstations

Suspended luminaires

Recessed luminaires

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Distribution

Task & Ambient LightingProduce energy savings in three ways:

Locating the light source close to the task most efficientlyproduces the illumination levels needed for the task.

Task illumination levels dont have to be maintained uniformlythorugh out the space, so ambient levels can be lower.

Some occupants wont use their task lights, and emptyoffices or workstations with absent occupants dont have tobe fully illuminated

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Distribution

Clues to potential problems includeDirectional luminaires such as troffers and downlights thattend to create a scallop patterns when near walls

Uplights within 2 ft of the ceiling (unless specifically designedfor a close-to-ceiling application)

Poor balance of light (ceiling, wall or floor much brighter thaneach other)

Walls and ceiling grids that arent alighted, with varyingspacing of luminaires to walls

Wall-washing and accent lighting that is improperly located(too close to wall)

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Distribution

Daylighting IntegrationPractice of using windows, skylights and other forms offenestration to bring light into the interiors of buildings usingvarious means

Proper design requires integration of the following discipline

Architects design the mass and fenestration

Structural engineers design the structure

Mechanical engineers design HVAC

Electrical Engineers or lighting designers design thelighting





Economics


Daylighting

Incorporating daylighting in the lighting design can bedone by:

Proper control of the fenestration luminance

Daylight sensing and compensation control systems whichallow adjustments to electric electrical lighting system

Glare controls should also be incorporated in the design

New techniques for piping light into interior spaces canallow sunlight and daylight to furnish a higher percentage ofillumination requirements and more uniform distribution



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Economics


Light Distribution

Light pollution & light trespass

In outdoor lighting, electric light may illuminate adjacentproperties which become offensive if unwanted is known aslight trespass

Electric lights emitting light upward o reflecting light upwardcause a condition called light pollution which causesmoisture and particles in the air to glow at night.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Distribution

Several steps to minimize light pollution & light

trespassUse night lighting only when and where necessary

Use the minimum amount of light needed rather than themaximum

Use sources with cutoff optics that restrict light to the intendarea of illumination

Use more sources, each of lower wattage, to improveuniformity in the intended illumination area and minimizetrespass into adjacent areas.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Distribution

Several steps to minimize light pollution & lighttrespass

Use sharp cutoff light sources and other means to eliminatelight directed upwards or sideways.

Use lighting strategies that allow nighttime adaptation of theeye to very low light levels unless security is an issue.

Use timers and occupancy sensors to limit the use of outdoorlighting to only the minimum time required for the purpose

Consider a layered approach which might involve one set offull cutoff luminaires that provides the low-level utilitarianlighting

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Distribution

Several steps to minimize light pollution & lighttrespass

Avoid development near existing astronomical observatories;when outdoor lighting is unavoidable, apply rigid controls

Locate outdoor lighting below tree canopies, not above. Theleaves of the trees then shield the light from the sky.

Provide reflective surfaces for lettering or other elements thatneed to be illuminated at night. Illuminate only the lettering,not the background.

Light from the top down, rather than from the bottom upparticularly for signage lighting and building faade lighting.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Flexibility

Appearance & space of luminaires

Color appearance

Luminance of room surfaces

Flicker & strobe

Direct glare

Reflective glare





Economics


Space & Workplace ConsiderationAdvance lighting designs should be flexible enough to ensurethat:

Lights operate where needed, and are off where not needed, aspeople move around within a space and use rooms in different

ways.Spaces used for hoteling the occasional or transient use of aworkspace remain dark unless needed.

The lighting space system can be rapidly reconfigured to match achanged floor plan or accommodate a different space use, and stilloperate at maximum energy efficiency.

The lighting system permits multiple uses and on-demand flexibilityin multiple-use spaces such as conference rooms and modern A/Vclassrooms.



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Economics



For desired flexibility in designs, consider these

options in selecting lighting systemsEmploy a control system that is easily configured andcommissioned.

Use portable lighting equipped with a cord and plug

Use a modular wiring system

Use a lighting track busway

Use lightweight luminaires suspended from the ceiling

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Appearance & space of luminaires

Luminaire efficiency and the ability to use efficacious sourceshave become increasingly important criteria for selectingluminaires.

Designer should find lighting systems that embody theprojects style or aesthetic but to do so using high-efficacysources and efficient principles.

For instance, choose luminaire that hide light source butavoid such as crystal chandeliers that require lamps withbare incandescent filaments

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Color AppearanceChromaticity

Preference for a narrow range of color temperature(known as Kruitofs Curve the lower the ambient lightlevel, the lower the preferred color temperature range.)

Color temperature may be affected by lattitude

match light color whenever possible

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Color AppearanceColor Rendering

Color Quality is generally assessed using ColorRendering Index (CRI), a scale having a maximum ratingof 100 for reference sources like natural daylight andlaboratory-quality incandescent light.

Modern high performance windows modify the color ofdaylight which affect CCT and CRI

Employ sources have CRI of at least 70 for mostapplications

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Preferred Color Temperature RangesPreferred Color Temperature Ranges

Appl icat ion sLamp CCT

(Kelvin)

General lighting in offices, schools, stores, industry, medicine;display lighting; sports lighting. Suitable high-efficacy sourcesinclude induction, fluorescent, compact fluorescent and metalhalide

3500-4100

cool

Display lighting in retail and galleries; feature lighting. Suitablehigh-efficacy sources include halogen IR, white sodium, andceramic metal halide.

2950-3500

Neutral

Low light levels in most spaces (


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Economics



Luminance of room surfaces lighting designer

should:Encourage the use of high diffuse reflectivity (light colored)surfaces and minimize the use of dark surfaces.

Use computer modeling to ensure that the average roomsurface luminance is at least 10% of the task background.

With indirect lighting systems, use computer calculations tocheck for uniformity and try to maintain 10:1 luminance ratioor better.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Space & Workplace ConsiderationFlicker & strobe

Focal system can detect flicker up to about 60 Hz (the criticalfusion frequency), but the peripheral system can only detectflicker up to about 18 Hz with a peak at 15Hz.

Flicker becomes the most troublesome when two cyclingsystems interact with each other to produce light modulationsat frequencies approaching 15 Hz.

Can cause headaches and other problems in sensitiveindividuals.

Eliminate from consideration any lamp or light sources thatdoes not operate on DC, high frequency AC (greater than 30kHz) or AC square wave.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Flicker & strobeDegree of oscillation from a lamp is a function of:

Lam type

Type of phosphor coating

Lamp configuration

Type of circuit

Type of ballast.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Space & Workplace ConsiderationDirect Glare

Caused by a view of the light source, often with high contrastto the surroundings.

Glare is associated not just with lamps, but also with daylight,especially when one is exposed to low angle, direct sunlight.

Be concerned

more about the glare caused by lamps, lenses and otheroverly birght sources of manmade lights

less about glare of sunlight and small point sources

most concerned about sources of glares in relation to thestationary tasks when building occupants cannot easilyrelocate themselves or their tasks.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Reflective GlareHave long been associated with gloss-coated paper, pencilpaperwork and computer CRT (cathode ray tube) screen.

Indirect lighting, by creating a diffuse and uniform illuminationhas been advocated as solution.

Can create specular reflections that can cause glare reducingcomfort or disabling the workers vision in particular areas.





Economics



Reflective glare - when glare has been minimize,consider:

modifying the task to eliminate remaining glare problem such

as use of flat screen CRT or active matrix.Use of ink rather than pencil

Use of matte-coated or uncoated paper rather than gloss-coating paper.

Changing finishes of polished floors or shiny conferenceroom tables.



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Economics



Modeling of faces or objects

Surface characteristics

Points of interest

Sparkle/Desirable reflected highlights

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Modeling of faces or objects

Diffuse light, like the light from a cloudy sky produces aneven and relatively shadow-free light, which can fail to renderchanges in surfaces making a space or task less visible.

Consider using a blend of direct and indirect lighting in mostdesigns to provide a combination of comfort and modeling.

To achieve a minimum modeling, a directional light for anobject or area of interest should be at least 20-25% of thetotal illumination.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Surface characteristicsLighting techniques that reveal architectural nuance liketexture enhance visual perception have become morecommonly requested by building owners and architects

Employ light rendering programs like Radiance or Lightscapeto confirm the effect of lighting designs in rendering buildingsurfaces and other surface characteristics..

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Point of interestIn retail and museum lighting, designers use highlights of upto 10 times the ambient light level to draw attention to keydisplay.

Recognize that its wasteful to create lighting than is needed.

Carefully select highlights, and use a minimum effectivehighlight level.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Point of interest - strategies include:Creating highlights in contrast to lower ambient illuminationlevels

Creating highlights with efficient sources as close to theobject or surface as possible.

Small points of light from fiber optic sources or LEDs mayoffer efficient ways to create highlights or attract attentionwhere specifically desired.





Economics



Sparkle/Desirable reflected highlightsMany commercial and industrial tasks where highlights arecritical to the work.

Workers use specular highlights judge workmanship

assess surface quality and

evaluate quality of materials.

Assess these nuances of task work and employ lightingsystems that enhance or in some cases conceal theseeffects.



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Economics

Equipment ConsiderationsEquipment Considerations


Light Sources

Ballasts

Luminaires

Controls

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Sources

Selection should be made in terms of the following

The most efficient light source applicable to achieve thedesired results.

Use minimum lumen output in service, rather than basing thedecision on initial lumens.

Alternately, use lamp efficacy (lumens/watt) when more thanone light source can be used in the same luminaire package

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Sources

Lamp Type: Incandescent

Lamp Watts: 100

CRI: 100

Initial Lamp Lumens: 1,750

Mean Lamp Lumens: 1,575

Mean Lamp Efficacy: 16

Note: Values given are for sample reference, actualvalues may vary

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Sources

Lamp Type: Compact Fluorescent

Lamp Watts: 26

CRI: 82





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light SourcesLamp Type: Standard Phosphor (T-12ES)

Fluorescent Lamp

Lamp Watts: 34

CRI: 62Initial Lamp Lumens: 2,650








Economics


Light SourcesLamp Type: Tri-Phosphor (T-8) Fluorescent

Lamp

Lamp Watts: 32

CRI: 75Initial Lamp Lumens: 2,800






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Economics


Light SourcesLamp Type: Tri-Phosphor (T-12)

Fluorescent LampLamp Watts: 40

CRI: 70





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light SourcesLamp Type: High CRI Tri-Phosphor (T-8)

Fluorescent LampLamp Watts: 32

CRI: 85





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light SourcesLamp Type: High CRI Tri-Phosphor (T-12)

Fluorescent Lamp

Lamp Watts: 40

CRI: 85





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Sources

Lamp Type: Clear Mercury Vapor

Lamp Watts: 250

CRI: 20




Note: Values given are for sample reference,actual values may vary

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Sources

Lamp Type: Color Improved Mercury Vapor

Lamp Watts: 250

CRI: 45




Note: Values given are for samplereference, actual values may vary





Economics


Light Sources

Lamp Type: Clear Metal Halide

Lamp Watts: 250

CRI: 65







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Economics


Light SourcesLamp Type: Color Improved Metal

HalideLamp Watts: 250

CRI: 70





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Sources

Lamp Type: Pulse Start Metal Halide

Lamp Watts: 250

CRI: 65





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light SourcesLamp Type: Clear High Pressure

Sodium

Lamp Watts: 250

CRI: 21





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light SourcesLamp Type: Color Improved High

Pressure Sodium

Lamp Watts: 250

CRI: 65





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Light Sources

Lamp Type: Low Pressure Sodium

Lamp Watts: 180

CRI: 0









Economics


Ballasts

Ballast Options for T-12 lampsMagnetic

Hybrid ballasts

Electronic ballastsBallasts Options for T8 lamps

Magnetic

Electronic



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Economics



Ballasts

Ballast Factor the relative luminous output of a lampoperated on a ballast compared to the same lamp on areference ballast, usually expressed in perent

Energy Losses

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

Luminaire evaluation

Compare the coefficient of utilization (CU) of variousluminaires

Select one with good overall system efficacy

Consider luminaire dirt depreciation factor and chose aluminaire that provides acceptable maintained output

Final decision on lamp/ballast combination must consider netlight output versus energy input.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System lumens describe the mean lumens emittedfrom the luminaire

Mean System Lumens = No. of lamps x Mean Lumens/Lamp x

Ballast Factor x Luminaire Efficiency

Luminaire Efficacy = Mean System Lumens/Input Watts

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 100 W Incandescent microBaffleDownlight

Ballast Type: N/A

Ballast Factor: N/A

System Watts:100


Luminaire Efficiency: 47%

Mean System Lumens: 740

Luminaire Efficacy: 7

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 26W CFL/TRT MicroBaffleDownlight

Ballast Type: Magnetic

Ballast Factor: 1.0

System Watts: 32









Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 26W CFL/TRT MicroBaffleDownlight

Ballast Type: Electronic

Ballast Factor: 1.0

System Watts: 27







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Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 100W Incandescent Open

DownlightBallast Type: N/A

Ballast Factor: N/A

System Watts: 100



Mean System Lumens: 1,150


EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 26W CFL/TRT Open Downlight

Ballast Type: Magnetic

Ballast Factor: 1.0

System Watts: 32





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 26W CFL/TRT Open Downlight


Ballast Factor: 1.0

System Watts: 27





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 32W Fluorescent, 841K 3 LampLensed, 2 x 4 Troffer


Ballast Factor: 0.88

System Watts: 87





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 40W Fluorescent, 841K 3 LampLensed, 2 x 4 Troffer

Ballast Type: ES


System Watts: 128









Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 32W Fluorescent, 841K 3 LampLouvered, 2 x 4 Troffer



System Watts: 88







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Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 40W Fluorescent, 841K 3 Lamp

Louvered, 2 x 4 TrofferBallast Type: ES


System Watts: 132





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 32W Fluorescent, 841K 3 Lamp

Parabolic, 2 x 4 TrofferBallast Type: Electronic


System Watts: 88





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Luminaires

System Description: 40W Fluorescent, 841K 3 LampParabolic, 2 x 4 Troffer

Ballast Type: ES


System Watts: 132





EnergyEnergy





Economics


Controls

Installation of controls that de-energize the lightingsystem when the lighting is not needed is essential

Can be as simple as switches so that occupants canturn lights on and off as needed

Automatic energy controls are available to change thepower input to the lighting system to maintain aconstant light level.

Significantly reduce annual operating hours of electriclighting

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Controls

Automatic energy controls adjust forDaylight contribution

Lamp lumen depreciation

Luminaire dirt depreciationLight loss factor





Economics


Controls

Programmable controllersTurn on lighting at the beginning of the work day

Reduce levels during the lunch hour

Increase light levels after normal working hours for thecleaning crew

Turn off the lighting when the building or area is unoccupied



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Economics


Controls

Occupancy sensors control lighting in

low-to-medium traffic areas such as:Rest rooms

Conference rooms

Private offices

Libraries

Kitchens

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Controls

Lamp-Lumen Depreciation Controls reduce the power

to the lamps initially to provide the maintained lightlevel, then gradually increase lamp output tocompensate for the lumen depreciation of the lampsas they age.

Daylight sensing and compensation controls usephotocells to sense available daylight andautomatically adjust the electric lighting to maintain apreset illuminance level.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Annual Operating Hours for Lighting Systems Utilizing Controls

1.00

0.64

0.93

0.50

0.71

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

No Controls Occupancy

Sensors

Lamp Lumen

Depreciation

Daylight

Sensing/

Compensation

Energy

Management

System

RelativeOperatingHour

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Other Considerations

Ambient temperature

Surrounding ambient temperature maybe adetermining factor for selection of:

Light source

Control equipment

Luminaire materials

Light output will be below rated output if the bulbwall temperature is too low or too high and below acritical temperature the lamps may not start at all.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Ambient temperature

Fluorescent lamps are sensitive to the temperaturearound the lamp.

Energy saving fluorescent lamps are designed tostart in temperatures above 60F

In low temperature areas, standard fluorescentlamps may require a low-temperature startingballast.





Economics



Ambient temperature

Luminaire materials must withstand temperatureextremes encountered in the installation

High or low temperature may adversely affectsome plastics.

If lighting is installed in areas with high ambienttemperatures, ballasts must be rated to operate athigh ambient temperature or be installed remotefrom the luminaire to have a satisfactory life.



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Economics


Other ConsiderationsHVAC Effects

Lighting systems introduce heat into occupiedspace.In the summer, air conditioning will be required tooffset the heat introduced by the lighting.If the heat is significant, the additional cost ofoperating air conditioning system should beconsidered.Lighting system which operate at coolertemperatures offer benefits in terms of reducedHVAC costs.

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Lighting AuditLighting Audit

Definition

Purpose

Types of auditLighting system auditor

Evaluating lighting system

Measuring and monitoring equipment requirement

Potential of energy savings and payback period

Lighting audit report

Existing lighting system conditions

EnergyEnergy





Economics

DefinitionDefinition

A lighting audit is a detailed, systematicevaluation of the existing conditions of lightedspaces and the performance of lighting systems.

The audit is characterized by detailed datacollection, measurements, and an in- depthanalysis of the data, usually performed by third-party lighting technical specialists.

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Purpose of the AuditPurpose of the Audit

The main purpose of a lighting audit is:

To gather information concerning the characteristicsand the current condition of lighting systems and thelighted environment.

To quantify the potential monetary savings andbenefits for the owner/occupants.

To determine if lighting upgrade is possible within theconstraints (time and budget) imposed by the buildingestablishment owner or operator.

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Types of AuditTypes of Audit

Walk- Thru Audit

Intermediate or Preliminary Audit

Comprehensive or Detailed Audit





Economics

WalkWalk--thru Auditthru Audit

simplest type and usually performed during thelighting survey

collect just enough information in a short periodof time to make effective recommendations

usually for a one- on- one lighting retrofitno fixtures are counted and no calculation ofpower density is made

includes a brief report describing the existinglighting system, outline of proposedimprovements and the estimated payback



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Economics

Intermediate or PreliminaryIntermediate or PreliminaryAuditAud it

Combination of walk-thru and detailed audit

Data collection is done by a small team of 2 or 3 lighting

technical specialistsFinancial analysis is more than a simple payback butalso not a full scale life cycle costing

Calculations are made on a project basis instead offixture or component basis

Reports usually include equipment inventories, powerdensities, limited evaluation of upgrade or relightingalternatives, and payback

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Comprehensive or Detailed AuditComprehensive or Detailed Audit

Performed if extensive analysis is required which includevisual tasks, workers productivity, lighting qualityimprovements and include life cycle costing

Accounting of all lighting equipment with great emphasison actual mix of lamps and ballasts usage

Comprehensive report describing the existing lightingsystem and outlines several upgrading options includingrelighting, calculated savings and potential productivityimprovements

Description of the upgraded or relighted spaces maybeincluded, both positive and negative, supported bydrawings or computer graphics, for better clientperspective

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Lighting System AuditorLighting System Auditor

Characteristics of a good lighting system auditor

Experienced in the field of energy efficiency withspecialized experience in lighting energy audits andenergy efficient lighting

Good interpersonal and communication skills

Highly skilled in interview techniques especially whendealing with key building personnel for criticalinformation

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Step 1:

Perform aLighting Audit

Step 2:

IdentifyOpportunities

forImprovements

Step 3:

CalculateSavings and

PotentialPayback

Evaluating Lighting SystemEvaluating Lighting SystemEnergyEnergy





Economics

Performing a Lighting AuditPerforming a Lighting Audit

The characteristics of each lighting system needto be assessed which includes the following:

Operating conditions

Operating hours

Maintenance





Economics

Identifying Opportunities forIdentifying Opportunities for

ImprovementsImprovements

Improvements are the changes that raise theexisting condition of the lighted environment to amore desirable condition or to a more excellentquality, that is, that make the lighted

environment better.What to change and how to change will dependon the particular focus of the analyst and theobjectives of the upgrade or relighting project.



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Economics

Calculating Savings andCalculating Savings and

Potential PaybackPotential Payback

Savings may be calculated using either of thefollowing:

Simple Payback (SPB)

Life-Cycle Costing (LCC)

Different types of lighting system operating costshould also be considered before arriving atcalculating the SPB and LCC.

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Measuring and MonitoringMeasuring and Monitoring

Equipment RequirementEquipment Requirement

Below are some of the measuring and monitoringequipment used in lighting system audit:

Clamp-on power meter. Measures, computes and display circuitload at a given time (measurement taken at the circuit breakerand other circuit disconnecting means).

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Clamp-on data logger power meter. Automatically logand interface to laptop computer the recorded data forpower consumption over a period of time.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



True RMS AC Clamp Meter and Hybrid Recorder. Measure flowof current in a conductor, capable of measuring powerconsumption, line voltage, insulation resistance in mega-ohmand temperature. It can measure electrical parameters without

interrupting power utilization.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Energy analyzer with computer interface. Recordsunit hour summary, peak/valley, demand summaryand monitor phase angle. Automatic line monitoring isdone thru connection of meter clamp.





Economics



Flexible transducer. Measure large ampere flow ofcurrent in a conductor to monitor its total ampere flow(accessory to the clamp meters).



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Economics



Lux meter. Measure light illumination levels over thespecific area (work plane and room surroundings).

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Two-way radio. Use for fast communication andcoordination of activity during the conduct of

audit especially for large area.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Steel tape and roller measure. Use to measuredistances and dimensions of rooms.

EnergyEnergy





Economics



Binocular. Views nearer and closer readings to somefar and elevated location of lighting system andinstalled meter and indicators in the site.

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Lighting Audit ReportLighting Audit Report

The report should include at the minimum thefollowing:

Overview of the activities at the area audited (existinglighting systems) and the main energy end-users;

Details of the scope of the Audit including the areas,systems and activities assessed;

The status of the energy management system at thesite audited;





Economics

Lighting Audi t ReportLighting Audi t Report

The current energy performance of the site andof each of the energy systems assessed in the

Audit;The recommendations should also matchcomprehensive solutions to current task needs

and provide flexibility for future needs (severalupgrade options, including relighting, with adetailed analysis of each). The Auditor shouldconfirm the technical feasibility of eachrecommendation; and

The Audit recommendations quantified in termsof energy savings and payback period.



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Economics

Existing Lighting SystemExisting Lighting SystemConditionsConditions

To conduct a lighting audit, you need basic lightinginformation, such as the number of lights, their location

and their time in use to help you understand the currentenergy use attributed to lighting in the facility.

This information will help understand how much you arecurrently spending and the potential savings availablefrom lighting efficiencies.

The purpose of using this lighting system audit form is toensure a consistent and systematic approach to andexecution of a lighting audit.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


A sample worksheet below can be used to assess your current lightingconditions.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Note that not every parameter listed below will be relevant to every area.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


EnergyEnergy





Economics






Economics

Maintenance and PracticesMaintenance and Practices

Lumen Depreciation Factors

The Atmosphere in which a lighting system willoperate is important for design calculation and forplanning maintenance.

Adherence to group relamping and luminaire cleaningschedules maintain high levels of light and reducesenergy requirements.

Luminaires with ventilated reflectors help reduce dirtcollection on lamps and reflectors by creatingconvective air flow that carries dirt past the lamp andout of the luminaire.



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Economics


Lumen Depreciation Factors

Cleaning schedulesAmbient air conditions

Group relamping schedule

Economics

Energy conservation

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Regular Maintenance Program

Reduces the number of luminaires

required to provide a given illuminance byas much as 50 %.

Energy requires may also be reduced byasmuch as 50%.

EnergyEnergy





Economics

Demand Side ManagementDemand Side Management

Demand Side Management

Incorporates both conservation an load managementtools and programs designed by utilities orgovernment agencies.

Provides incentives to minimize lighting energy wasteand promote the use of efficient lighting system.

Include comprehensive set of options designed toincrease the value of efficient lighting to the end userfor the energy cost spent.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Many utilities offer incentives, including rebatesfor use of

Efficient lamps, ballasts, reflectors

Controls systems

Energy management systems

Rebates may be offered in the form of peso perunit of equipment or peso per watt saved.

Rebates assists in the economic justification ofenergy efficient lighting systems by lowering theoverall cost of the building owner.

EnergyEnergy





Economics


Process

Supply-side process that minimizes the cost ofserving the customers load while maintaining aconstant level of reliability

Demand-side process identifies and evaluatescustomers actions that reduce energy costs, whileincreasing or maintaining customer value.





Economics


Complete Economics Analysis

Insures proper balance between the initial investmentin the lighting systems and the energy savings madepossible by energy management principles

A complete cost/benefit analysis should be performedfor several reasonable alternatives offering the mostenergy efficient lighting within the codes andstandards



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Economics

Lighting EconomicsLighting Economics

Lighting Economics

Utility Rate Structure

Cost of Light

Cost Analysis

Evaluation of the Cost Analysis




Economics


Provide a method by which one can makelogical comparisons between lighting

alternatives based on cost consideration.Cost issues:

Does cost include the initial purchase only?

Does it include the labor to install lighting system?

Does it include those costs necessary to operate andmaintain the lighting system?




Economics

Utility Rate StructureUtility Rate Structure

Energy

The active or actual electric energy needed tooperate an electrical loads/appliance during a givenperiod of time

Measured in kilowatthour (kWh) or 1,000watthours

It varies with the electrical load or appliance andthe number of hours the load was used

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Demand

The amount of electric power needed to run anelectrical load/appliance at any given instant

Varies from time to time depending on the actualloads in use

Measured in kilowatts (kW) or 1,000 watts

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Billing Demand - the highest 15 minutes averagedemand measured during the billing period

0 15 30 45

Time, in minutes

demand

Billing kW

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Economics


Measurement/Computation of Demand & EnergyConsumption

kW = (Highest 15 min. Demand Reading)Dem Mtr x Demand MeterMultiplier

kWh = (Present - Previous Rdg) kWh Mtr x kWh Meter Multiplier



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Reactive Energy

additional energy required to run or operate certain

electrical loadsmeasured in reactive kilovoltampere-hours (rkVAh)or 1,000 reactive voltampere hours

it varies with the type of load and the number ofhours the load was used

used to compute for the Power Factor (PF)

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List of Typical Electrical LoadsList of Typical Electrical Loads

'Pure Active' Loads'Pure Active' Loads 'Active - Reactive' Loads'Active - Reactive' Loads

* Incandescent Bulbs* Electric Range* Flat Irons* Water Heaters* Bread Toasters* Electric Ovens, etc ...

* Fluorescent Lamps* Water Pumps* Air Conditioners* Washing Machines* Vacuum Cleaners* Electric Fans, etc ...

Pure 'kWh' EnergyPure 'kWh' Energy 'kWh'+ 'rkVAh' Energy'kWh'+ 'rkVAh' Energy

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TYPE OF LOAD & POWER FACTOR

PF

Purely Active 100%

Acti ve-Reac ti ve> 0% TO

< 100%

Purely Reactive 0%

TYPE OF LOAD

kWh

kWh &rkVAh

rkVAh

Consumption

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Power Factor

a measure of how much additional energy isrequired by the load to run or operate

determines the rating of service facilities required tobe installed by the utilities - the lower the PF, thehigher the rating of facilities

has values ranging from 0% to 100%

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Supply

kwh

rkvah

Supply

Capacitors

ACTIVE (k Wh) & REACTIVE (rkVAh) ENERGY

M

M

kwh

rkvah





Economics


Measurement/Computation of Reactor (rKVAh)Consumption

For Conventio nal Type of Reactive Meter

rkVAh = (Present - Previous Rdg) rkVAh Mtr x ReactiveMeter Multiplier

For Q-Meter Type of Reactive Meter

kQh = (Present - Previous Rdg) rkVAh Mtr x Q - MeterMultiplier



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Relationship between Active (kWh) & reactive (rkVAh)

Consumption

kQh to rkVAh Conversion

3

kWh-kQhx2rKVAH =

22 rKVAhkWh

kWhPF

+

=

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Cost of LightCost of Light

Cost of Light

Provides a quick and easy method of comparing

lighting systemsSimilar to an efficacy rating for lamps, whichprovides economic information regarding the lightoutput per watt.

Evaluates the cost required to deliver light over aperiod of time, or pesos per lumen-hour.

Convenient method of analysis because it isrelatively easy to calculate.

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Operation)of(HoursDelivered)Lumens(Total

CostTotalhourlumenperCost

=

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However, cost per lumen- hour is very small, forconvenience it is generally expressed as costper million lumenhours.

Operation)of(HoursDelivered)Lumens(Total

CostTotal1,000,000hourlumenperCost

=

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Include all significant costs in the total costs.

Initial cost

Maintenance cost

Operating costs





Economics


Coefficient of Utilization (CU)

Product of luminaire efficiency and roomefficiency

Light Loss Factors (LLF)

Required to properly determine the l ightingsystems efficiency over time.



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Operating hours

Are included to account for variations between

lighting alternatives that operate for different lengthsof time.

Useful when using control systems such as infraredor motion detectors and with the use of daylight.

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Comparison of Two SystemsComparison of Two Systems

$ 19,200$ 21,080Total Cost

$ 10,200$13,080Total (5 years)

$ 2,040$ 2,616Maintenance &Operating Cost/Year

$ 9,000$ 8,000Total

9080Initial Cost

Luminaire and Lamps

100100Number of Fixtures

2x4 Lamp ParabolicT8 Electronic

System

2x4 LampParabolic ES

lamps and Ballast

Parameters

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Comparison of Two SystemsComparison of Two Systems

2x4 Lamp Parabolic T8Electronic System

2x4 Lamp ParabolicES lamps and Ballast

Parameters

$ 161

(19,000 x 1,000,000)

/(5943 x 20,000)

$ 226

(21,080 x 1,000,000)

/(4663 x 20,000)

Total Cost per Million LumenHours

20,00020,000Total Operating Hours

4,000

5

4,000

5

Operating Hours

Operating Hours per Year

Number of Years

5,9434,663Total Delivered Lumens

2950

3

0.79

0.85

2650

3

0.69

0.85

Delivered Lumens

-Lumens/Lamp

-Number of Lamps

-Coefficient of Utilization

-Light Loss Factor

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Cost AnalysisCost Analysis

Life Cycle Costing

Considers the followingSignificant Cost of Lighting System

Significant Cost over its useful life

Cost in terms of equivalent pesos

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Cost Factors Comparison

Evaluations are made based on equivalent lightingsystems.

Equivalence is determined primarily by the lighting

designer or building owner and is based on therequirements of the job.

If the system is not equivalent, the cost analysis isvirtually meaningless.





Economics


Cost Factors Comparison

Equivalence is determined based on the followingfactors

Illuminance provided

The construction of the lighting productsFlexibility of the lighting system

Quality of light provided

Color of the light produced



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Cost of lighting systems

Evaluation is much more complex than simple

comparison of the cost of one luminaire to another.Should consider all costs associated with:

Purchasing

Installing

Operating

Maintenance

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Cost Criteria

Initial Cost

Energy Cost

Maintenance Cost

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Cost Criteria

Initial CostIncludes the purchase of equipment and labor to install

Computed as follows:

Initial Cost = (Equipment cost) + [(Installation Hours) x(Labor Rate)]

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Cost Criteria

Initial CostIncludes the purchase of equipment and labor to install

Computed as follows:

Initial Cost = (Equipment cost) + [(Installation Hours)

x (Labor Rate)]

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Cost CriteriaInitial Cost

Myriads of lighting alternatives are available, which impactthe equipment cost.

Some luminaires are designed fro a specific lamps and

ballast type, others accommodate a variety of lamps orballasts.

For instance, a recessed troffer requires a lamp of specificlength and electric characteristics for which dozens oflamps with different phosphor coatings, operating wattage,or lamp lives may be used.

These different type of lamps may be use with severaldifferent ballast.





Economics


Cost Criteria

Initial Cost

Lighting Controls

Also affect initial cost of lighting systemCan be simple as switches and Dimmers

Can be sophisticated as an energy managementsystem that controls lighting of the entire building



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Installation CostMany lighting products are equipped with optional equipmentthat makes the system easier and faster to install.

Options:

Prewiring

Plug-in circuits

Flexible wiring that connects directly to the branch wiring.

Products that reduce the amount of time required to installthem reduce the installed cost due to significant laborsavings.

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0.28624100F40 T12 CW/ES

Relative CostCRIColor Temp KLamp Type

0.49864100F32 T8 41K-High CRI

0.35784100F32 T8 41K

2.14854100F40 T12 CW/ES-High CRI

0.63704100F40 T12 41K/ES

2.04854100F40 T12 41K-High CRI

1.00704100F40 T12 41K

Relative Initial Cost of Various Fluorescent LampsRelative Initial Cost of Various Fluorescent Lamps

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Cost Criteria

Initial CostLabor Cost

Influences installation Cost

Vary quite dramatically by geographical region.

In areas where rates are high, an increased incentivesexists to utilize labor saving options to keep the installationcost to a minimum

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Upgrade Cost

Cost require for replacement of lamps, ballasts, or lensesto meet the necessary quality.

Compared to the cost associated with a new system and isgenerally less expensive than installation in newconstruction

A retrofit application has electrical wiring in place and isreused for the new system.

This reduces the cost of replacement and providesincentives to upgrade to a higher quality, energy efficientlighting system.

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Cost Criteria

Energy CostSingle Significant Cost Factor

Efficient use of lighting energy is necessary criterion in

lighting design due to increasing power rates





Economics


Cost Criteria

Energy CostAnnual Energy Cost

Function of the following:

Power used by the lighting system The energy rate charged by the utility company

Amount of time the system will operate over the courseof a year



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Cost CriteriaEnergy Cost

Annual Energy Cost is expressed as

Annual Energy Cost = N x (kW/Luminaire) x (P/kWH) x (Hours/Yr)

Where:

N = total number of luminaires

kW/Luminaire = kilowtts per luminaire (1 kW = 1000 Watts)

P/kWH = energy rate in persos per kilowatt-hour

Hours/Year = the number of hours the lighting system willoperate over the period of a year

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Cost Criteria

Energy Cost

Power Cost

Energy Rate

Demand Charge

Burning Hours

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Relative Initial and Energy Cost for Various Lamp Ballast Combination

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

40WT12/ES 34WT12/ES 32WT8/Magnetic 34WT12/Electronic 32WT8/Electronic

RelativeInitialEnergyCost

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Cost Criteria

Energy Cost

Power Cost

Analysis begins with the total power consumed by thelighting equipment used in the application

While some options cost more initially, they providesignificant savings in long-term energy costs.

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Energy Rate

Rate charge by the utility company

Utility company determine energy rates based on thefollowing criteria

Location of the power plants

Efficiency of the plants

Local demand for the power

Many utility companies vary the energy rate according tothe time of day.





Economics


Cost Criteria

Energy Cost

Demand Charge

Applied to electricity suppliedIs designed to encourage moving the energy use duringpeak periods to an off-peak time when energy rates arelower.

Similar to the method some long distance companies useto bill customer for phone calls.

If in effect for a specific lighting application, this cost mustbe accounted for in addition to the standard energy cost



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Burning hours

The number of hours the lighting system will operate duringthe year.

Necessary to effectively evaluate energy costs.

Lighting controls significantly reduce the overall hours thelighting system operates

Occupancy sensors

Daylight sensing

Energy management systems

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Cost Criteria

Maintenance Cost

Incurred as lighting system ages and requires cleaning orminor repairs.

May be related to the following:

Replacing old lamps

Cleaning luminaires

Replacing ballasts

Replacing old or broken lenses and louvers.

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Cost Criteria

Maintenance CostComputed as follows:

Maintenance Cost = (Cost of Materials required forMaintenance) +[(Hours Required for Maintenance) x(Labor Rate)]

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Cost CriteriaMaintenance Cost

Lamp Replacement

The most significant maintenance cost

Cost of materials is simply the number of lamps replaced,multiplied by the cost of each lamp.

The number of lamps replaced can be expressed as:

Hrs)inLife(Lamp

Hrs/Yr)(OperatingxLamps)ofNumber(TotalYearperReplacedLampsofNo. =

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Cost Criteria

Maintenance Cost

Lamp Replacement

Number of lamps replaced each year varies.Very few lamps are replaced in the first few years when thelamps are new

As lamp age, an increasing number fail and must bereplaced

Designs utilizing lamps with extended lamp life or controlsystems to reduce operating hours per year become veryattractive.





Economics


Cost Criteria

Maintenance Cost

Group Relamping

Replacing all lamps at one time.If all lamps are replaced every 2 to 3 years, then thenumber of lamps replaced is simply equal t the number oflamps in the application.

If performed on a scheduled basis, the lamps will provide ahigher maintained light level than occurs with spotrelamping



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Cost Criteria

Maintenance Cost

Group Relamping

May be more cost effective when replacing alarge quantity of lamps because of economics inpurchasing a large quantity of lamps andreducing the overall time to replace each lamp.

Based on industry statistics relamping costs areapproximately $3 per lamp for group relampingversus $23 per lamp for spot relamping)

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Evaluation of Cost Analysis

Total System Cost

Simple Payback

Return on Investment

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Total System Cost

Determined simply by adding the following:

Initial Cost

Energy Cost

Maintenance Cost

Extremely Useful because it describes the cost ofpurchasing the lighting system as well as operatingand maintaining the system.

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Total System Cost

Total initial cost is a one-time lump sum value, whilethe energy and maintenance costs are generallyannual costs.

To compensate for these difference, the evaluationestimates annual payments on the initial investment.

Another method determines the total energy andmaintenance costs over the useful life of the lightingsystem and sums that value to the initial cost.

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module 9 energy mgmt economics

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