UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAMSchool of History

V13129 Japan in War and Peace

Module Handbook

Photograph © Dr. Susan C. Townsend 2010Released under: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike UK 2.0 Licence (BY-NC-SA).Source: Supplied by University of Nottingham faculty member and copyright owner direct.

Autumn Semester 2009-10 20 Credits

Convenor: Dr. Susan C. TownsendLocation: B6 Lenton Grove. Consultation and Feedback hours: Mondays 4-5 and Thursdays 4-5

Assessed seminar consultation by appointment.Tel: (0115) (95)15946Email: sue.townsend@nottingham.ac.uk

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ContentsModule Aims & Outcomes 3Method of Assessment 3Note on Attendance 4Sources 4Essays and Deadline 4Structure of the Module/Films and Seminars 5Seminar Report & Portfolio 5A Note on Reading Lists/Preparatory Reading 6Seminar and Lecture Programme at a Glance 7Group Lists 8Session One (24/9): Introduction 9Session Two (01/10): Lecture/Documents 10Session Three (08/10): Film 12Session Four (15/10): Lecture/debate 14Session Five (22/10): Film 16Session Six (29/10): Lecture 18

Assessed Seminar 18Session Seven (05/11): Lecture 20

Assessed Seminar 20Session Eight (12/11): Lecture 23

Assessed Seminar 23Reading Week 16-20 November

Session Nine (26/11): Lecture 25Assessed Seminar 25

Session Ten (03/12): Film 28Essay Questions 29

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Module aimsThis module consists of a detailed examination of the critical period in Japanese history from the end of the Pacific War through the U.S. Occupation between 1945 and 1952 and recovery in the 1960s and beyond. The lectures and seminars will examine the following topics:Japan’s Road to WarThe Japanese experience of war and defeatThe A-bomb in history and memoryThe ‘Allied’ Occupation of JapanThe changing Japanese familyJapan’s economic recovery in the 1950s and 60sThe environmental costs of rapid economic developmentThe Asia-Pacific War in Japanese memory and popular culture

Module outcomes: The module provides opportunities for students to develop and demonstrate knowledge and understanding, qualities, skills and other attributes in the following areas:Knowledge and understanding of: key problems and issues in the study of the Asia-Pacific War and its aftermath; the methodology used by historians in the interrogation of primary sources; the interaction between historiography and empirical evidence; the interaction between history and memory.Intellectual skills: Students should be able to: identify and evaluate critically key problems in the study of Japan in war and peace and memories of the Asia-Pacific War within an intellectual framework informed by current scholarship; locate, select and interpret critically a variety of primary and secondary sources in this area; use the information gained in the module to reflect critically upon the discipline and develop an awareness of it as a constantly changing and evolving entity.Professional and practical skills: Students should be able to: articulate both knowledge and critical awareness of issues surrounding Japan in war and peace; develop individual analyses and interpretations of data within the broad framework of current historiography surrounding the topic.Transferable skills: Students should be able to: demonstrate initiative and show some evidence of original thinking in their essays and presentations; take responsibility for their own learning in the preparation for seminars and coursework; communicate their findings clearly and coherently in both written work and verbally.

Method of Assessment:One 3,000 word essay: 40%Seminar work: 20%One two hour examination: 40%You may not submit assessed essays on the same topic as your first year Learning History project, second year EH essay or third year dissertation, and you must not substantially repeat material from the coursework essay in the examination (but you may use materials and ideas which have developed from your own assessed student-led seminar).

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Attendance: It is the responsibility of all students to attend scheduled teaching, especially where those are marked ‘compulsory’ in this handbook, and to undertake all formative and summative assessments. A register will be taken for compulsory sessions such as seminars and if you fail to attend without a valid reason you will receive letters warning you about the consequences and, in the case of persistent non-attendance, you will be advised to see the course convenor and/or your personal tutor. In the most serious cases, where the majority of compulsory sessions have been missed and no explanation has been forthcoming, you may be prevented from sitting the examination or a mark of 0% may be awarded for assessments. The regulations for attendance and penalties for non-attendance can be found in the university’s Quality Manual at http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/quality-manual.study-regulations/attendance.htm and you are advised to familiarise yourselves with these. See also the School’s Notes for Guidance.Sources: One feature of this module is the use of film. Films are used in order to investigate how the medium can be used to inform us, as historians, about contemporary social commentary, philosophical and religious views, political and environmental issues and collective memory. Additionally we examine the ways in which film shapes Japanese popular culture and contributes to the formation of collective memory. In this module we examine two film genres:

Cinema as social commentary, the ‘Noriko trilogy’ directed by Ozu and released during or just after the American Occupation of Japan. These films comment on the changing roles of women and the breakdown of the traditional family after the war.

Anime and the formation of Japanese popular culture and collective memory. The Anime used here cover a range of issues including the idea of post-nuclear apocalypse, Japanese views of the spiritual and natural world and Japan’s wartime memories.

Please note: if you use the example of film in your essays, seminars or examination I do NOT want a running commentary on the plot, but a critical evaluation of the way in which the film addresses the historical and conceptual issues with which it is concerned and its likely impact on public perception and collective memory.I am indebted to my former student James Scagell for drawing my attention to suitable anime and other sources.EssaysDeadline: Wednesday 2nd December 2009Note: The essay must be word-processed and TWO copies must be posted in the School’s letterbox either inside, or on the outside wall of Lenton Grove. Please note that you can download the coversheet from the School’s website – undergraduate/current students – complete it in accordance with the instructions and then place it in the letter box on the outside wall, in order to save queuing on deadline day. It will be date stamped by the office staff. Marking of essays, like examinations, is anonymous, so make sure that you fold down and staple the flap of the coversheet to cover your name. You must make sure that you append your student number only to the title sheet and individual pages. Each copy of the essay should be stapled separately and include your title sheet and coversheet (one staple in top left). Both copies should be secured together by ONE paperclip. Please do NOT use plastic document folders or ring-bound files. Note: your title sheet is NOT the same as a coversheet.Essays handed in late will incur a penalty of 5% for every working day. Extensions will normally only be granted by the School’s Examinations Officer (Dr. Sharipova) in exceptional circumstances and on receipt of written evidence of a problem before the deadline.Following marking, one copy of each piece of coursework will be returned with comments and the other kept for the External Examiner. Feedback is provided in written form and verbally upon requesting an appointment or in my designated One-to-one Contact/Feedback Hours. Additional feedback on your overall progress can also be provided by your Personal Tutor.

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Structure of the modulePlease note that because I will be showing three films during the course of the module we have been allocated a longer slot in B13. This means that you will have two and a half contact hours per week on this module to allow for this. Our sessions consist of a mixture of lectures, film-showings and seminars (some of them assessed) beginning at 9.30 every Thursday in B13, Lenton Grove.FilmsIn addition to the lectures, three films Tokyo Story, Grave of the Fireflies and Princess Mononoke will be shown in place of the usual lecture and seminar. Attendance is compulsory. SeminarsThis year there are c.14 students on the module. The seminars are all ONE and a half hours in duration and take place after the lecture at 10.30. These are compulsory. In the first two weeks the seminars will be conducted with the whole group and will be used to familiarise you with key primary sources. In the third week the seminar will consist of a debate among the whole group.From week six we begin the first of FOUR assessed student-led seminars. The seminar will normally be chaired by three members of the class and will include presentations of one paper each of FIVE minutes duration and ONE or TWO exercises to engage the group. Seminar agenda and process: As chairpersons you will be required to produce a finalised agenda for the seminar by Thursday for the following Wednesday in order to give participants time to prepare. It is essential, therefore, that you begin preparation where possible, at least two weeks in advance. The agenda needs to be planned in consultation with me well before the Thursday deadline and should include preparatory reading/viewing for members of the group. Allow ONE hour and FIFTEEN minutes for your seminar. You will need to get everyone involved, so think how you might achieve this. Maybe you would like to involve the group in a debate or split them into buzz groups to discuss specific questions which you have set using the reading material available. Quizzes are generally not productive in such a short space of time, so use brainstorming exercises instead. Make sure you leave time to discuss your conclusions by allowing 10 minutes at the end. After the session you will be given peer feedback and a 10 minute debriefing by me.Documentary material for each seminar will also be provided for you to work with. All materials which you need photocopying should be given to me well before the seminar. It may be a good idea to distribute materials the week before the meeting. Students other than the seminar leaders will also be expected to prepare thoroughly for each seminar and base their reading (or viewing a film) on the pre-circulated agendas. Seminar report portfolio: A 1,000 word seminar report must be submitted within ONE week of the assessed seminar. This should include an outline of how the seminar was planned and implemented, the main themes and issues discussed, a brief summary of your own presentation and participation and the conclusions reached. Sources used must be footnoted and you should include a reading list (not included in the word count). The portfolio should also include the seminar agenda, materials used such as handouts (either written or powerpoint) or OHPs and any posters etc.

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Reading lists for seminars and essays.Your reading lists/bibliographies should include the following elements:

Sources providing the historical context of the topics. These include journal articles, book chapters, and encyclopaedia entries (NOT from Wikipedia). These may be delivered electronically or via the internet (but make sure you check its provenance, authenticity and accuracy, hence the prohibition on Wikipedia).

If you are using film you must provide a brief background of the director and the film’s context. You may use sleeve notes for this or additional material provided on the DVD. However, if using the latter make sure you use this material critically since the quality of this information is very variable. Critical reviews of films or books, online (again, check the provenance) or in journals and book chapters.

Journal articles/book chapters on the main historical and conceptual themes discussed in the essay or the seminar.

The reading lists included below are not definitive and you are expected to track down additional material on your own.Preparatory ReadingIt is recommended that you undertake some general reading in preparation for the lectures. You will find the following useful, but there are a number of general histories of postwar Japan in the library: W. G. Beasley The Rise of Modern Japan Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1990John Dower Japan in War and Peace: Essays on History, Race and Culture. Harper Collins, 1995 and Embracing DefeatJanet Hunter The Emergence of Modern Japan: An Introductory History Since 1853: Longman, 1989.Ann Waswo Modern Japanese Society 1868-1994 (1996)Many of the articles cited in the reading list for the seminars will be found in Stephen S Large (ed.) Showa Japan: Political, Economic and Social History 1926-1989. 4 vols., London: Routledge, 1998. Japanese Journals: The main journals are Japan Forum (Holdings in Hallward and available electronically from http://wwwtandf.co.uk/journals/) You have to fiddle about with their website but you can get articles in PDFJournal of Asian Studies, Monumenta Japonica and the Journal of Japanese Studies are available from JSTOR up to 2003 and online. For JJS select Project Muse to download articles.

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Seminar and Lecture Programme at a Glance

*Indicates compulsory attendanceOne 24/9 *Introduction *Video: The Decision to Drop

the BombTwo 01/10 Lecture: Japan’s Road to

War*Seminar: Japan’s Decision for War – Reading the Documents

Three 08/10

*Film: Grave of the Fireflies

Four 15/10 Lecture: Aftermath and Occupation i: Reform

*Seminar: The Debate about the A-bomb

Five 22/10 *Film: Tokyo StorySix 29/10 Lecture: Aftermath and

Occupation ii: Punishment * Assessed Seminar: Why did Japan go to war with the United States in 1941?

Seven 05/11

Lecture: From Apocalypse to Economic Miracle

*Assessed Seminar: Either: How successfully did the U.S. democratise and demilitarise Japan after the war? OR: Hirohito’s war responsibility: A moderate dupe of the military or war criminal?

Eight 12/11 Lecture: War, Memory and Popular Culture

*Assessed Seminar: A Free Ride? The American Occupation and the Economic Miracle. OR What were the environmental costs of the ‘Miracle’?

Nine26/11

Essays Q&A and Revision *Assessed Seminar: The A-bomb in Memory and Popular Culture. OR The War and Japanese Memory

Ten 3/12 *Film: Princess Mononoke

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Seminar Leaders for Assessed Seminars

Six29/10

Why did Japan go to war with the United States in 1941?

Seven05/11

How successfully did the U.S. democratise and demilitarise Japan after the war? OR Hirohito’s War Responsibility: A moderate dupe of the military or a war criminal?

Eight12/11

A Free Ride? The American Occupation and the Economic Miracle. OR What were the environmental costs of the ‘Miracle’?

Nine26/11

The A-bomb in Memory and Popular Culture. OR The War and Japanese Memory

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Details of Sessions

Session One 24/9 Compulsory introduction for the whole groupIntroduction 1 hr Introduction to the module and choosing your assessed

seminarsVideo 1 hr

plusThe Decision to Drop the BombFollowed by discussion (30 mins)

Session Two 01/10 Lecture and compulsory tutor-led seminarLecture 1 hr Japan’s Road to WarReading for the lectureDo some general reading on the Pacific War, there are plenty of books available in the Hallward Library. For example, the appropriate chapter in Marius B. Jansen The Making of Modern Japan or the introductions to the document collections listed below.Seminar 1hr 30 mins Japan’s Decision for War: Reading the Documents. (SCT)Primary Sources: There are several volumes containing primary sources on this topic. The most useful collection of both documents, commentaries and essays is:Akira Iriye (ed.) Pearl Harbor and the Coming of the Pacific War: A Brief History with Documents and Essays (1999)

Imperial Conference, Nov. 5, 1941 (p. 14 -. Also in Lu and Ike below) The Hull Memorandum, Nov. 17, 1941 (p. 42-) The Hull Note (Outline of Proposed Basis for Agreement between the United

States and Japan) Nov. 26, 1941 (p. 74-) Japan’s View of the Hull Note (p. 79 -) Imperial Conference, Dec. 1, 1941 (p. 42-) Cartoon ‘The Japanese take Manchuria’, p. 109

David J. Lu (ed.) A Documentary History: The Late Tokugawa Period to the Present. 2 vols. Vol. 2.:-

Ch. XIV, Doc. 5 The Tripartite Pact between Japan, Germany and Italy, 1940

Essential ReadingAkira Fujiwara, ‘The Road to Pearl Harbor’ in Stephen S. Large (ed.) Showa Japan: Political, Economic and Social History 1926-1989 (1998) Vol IAkira Iriye, ‘The Failure of Military Expansionism.’ in Large (ed.) Showa Japan, Vol. I -- --The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific, (1987) -- --Power and Culture: The Japanese American War, 1941-1945, (1981).

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Session Two (cont.)Marshall, Jonathan. To have and to have not: Southeast Asian Raw Materials and the Origins of the Pacific War, (1995).James W. Morley (ed.) The Fateful Choice: Japan's Advance into Southeast Asia, (1980)-- -- Deterrent diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR 1935-1940 (1976)-- -- The Final Confrontation: Japan’s negotiations with the United States, 1941 (1994)

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Session Two cont.

Further Reading/ViewingHiroyuki Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy. Translated by John Bester (1982).Anthony Best Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbour: Avoiding War in East Asia, 1936-1941, (1995).R. Butow, Tojo & the Coming of the War (1961), Chap. 11 ‘The Decision for War’.Richard B. Frank Downfall: The end of the Imperial Japanese Empire (1999)Gerald Horne Race War: White Supremacy and the Japanese attack on the British Empire (2004) [eBook]Edwin Palmer Hoyt, Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict 1853-1952, (1986).Leonard A. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Warrior (1995)Saburo Ienaga Japan's Last War: World War II and the Japanese 1931-1945.Marius B. Jansen, Japan and China: from War to Peace, (1975).G Mark R. Peattie in ‘Nanshin: The ‘Southward Advance,’ 1931-1941, as a Prelude to the Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia’ in Peter Duus, Ramon Myers and Mark Peattie (eds) The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931-1945 (1996) Harry Wray and Hilary Conroy (eds.) Japan Examined: Perspectives on Modern Japanese History (1983), Chap. 10 ‘Japan’s Foreign Policy in the 1930s: Search for Autonomy or Naked Aggression?’

The World at War [digitally remastered videorecording]

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Session Three 08/10 Compulsory film showing Grave of the Fireflies (1988)

Dir. Isao Takahata from Studio GhibliThe Asia-Pacific War is drawing to a close. Fourteen year-old Seita and his four-year-old sister Setsuko are orphaned after their mother is killed during an air-raid by American forces in Kobe, Japan. With no surviving relatives and their emergency funds and rations depleted, Seita and Setsuko struggle to survive.

Review by Roger Ebert 19/03/ 2000 (Extract)

"Grave of the Fireflies" is an emotional experience so powerful that it forces a rethinking of animation. Since the earliest days, most animated films have been "cartoons" for children and families. Recent animated features such as "The Lion King," "Princess Mononoke" and "The Iron Giant" have touched on more serious themes, and the "Toy Story" movies and classics like "Bambi" have had moments that moved some audience members to tears. But these films exist within safe confines; they inspire tears, but not grief. "Grave of the Fireflies" is a powerful dramatic film that happens to be animated, and I know what the critic Ernest Rister means when he compares it to "Schindler's List" and says, "It is the most profoundly human animated film I've ever seen."

Bring your hankies girls!Reading on Japanese Cinema, Anime and Manga Essential Reading:Susan Napier Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese animation (2001) [eBook] ch. 9 ‘No More Words: Barefoot Gen, Grave of the Fireflies, and “Victim’s History”.’Further Reading:Joseph L. Anderson, and Donald Richie The Japanese film: art and industry (1982)Mick Broderick (ed.) Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the nuclear image in Japanese film (1996), esp. Freda Freiberg ‘Akira and the Postnuclear Sublime’Steven T. Brown Cinema Anime (2006) [ebook]Keiko McDonald Reading a Japanese film: Cinema in context (2006)Markus Nornes, Japanese Documentary Film: The Meiji era through Hiroshima (2003) [e-resource]Film Studies/Theory/History (A small selection)James Chapman Cinemas of the world: film and society from 1895 to the present (2003)Susan Hayward Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts (3rd. edn. 2006)Marnie Hughes-Warrington History Goes to the Movies: Studying History on Film (2007)Jill Nelmes, (ed.) Introduction to Film Studies (2007)Robert A. Rosenstone Visions of the Past: The Challenge of Film to our Idea of History (1995)Geoffrey Nowell-Smith The Oxford History of World Cinema (1996)

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Session Four 15/10 Lecture and compulsory debateLecture 1hr Aftermath and Occupation i: ReformReading for the lecture:The most readable book on the Occupation is John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II (1999), but any of the general histories of the occupation listed under the seminar reading will be fine.Seminar 1hr

30minsThe debate about the A-bomb: This house moves that the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 was justified.

For

Against

Jury

Primary SourcesStimson, Henry L. ‘The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb', Harper's Magazine (Feb 1947): 97-107. (A perspective on American thinking at the time)Essential ReadingGar Alperovitz Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam: the use of the atomic bomb and the American confrontation with Soviet power (1985 expanded and revised edn.) (The classic revisionist account)--.--The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, (1995). Bernstein, B. J. 'Roosevelt, Truman and the Atomic Bomb: A Reinterpretation', Political Science Quarterly 90, 1 (Spring 1975): 23-70.--.-- 'Seizing the Contested Terrain of Early Nuclear History', Diplomatic History 17, 1 (Winter 1993): 35-75.--.-- 'Understanding the Atomic Bomb and the Japanese Surrender' Diplomatic History 19, 2 (Spring 1995)

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Herbert Feis, Japan Subdued: the Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific, (1961)Paul Fussell, Thank God for the Atomic Bomb, and Other Essays (1988)Stephen Harper, Miracle of Deliverance: The case for the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1985) Michael A.Hogan, (ed.) Hiroshima in History and Memory, (1996)Martin J. Sherwin ‘Hiroshima and Modern Memory: The New A-bomb Debate’ (1981) Photocopy held in Hallward Library (Ask at desk)

Further ReadingAlperovitz, et. al. 'Correspondence, Marshall, Truman, and the Decision to Drop the Bomb' International Security 16, 3 (Winter 1991/92): 205-21.Dockrill, Saki, (ed.) From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima; the Second World War in the Pacific, 1941-45, (1994) Michael Walzer Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations , 1992 Ch. 16 ‘Supreme Emergency’ pp 251-268, esp. ‘The Limits of Calculation: Hiroshima: pp 263 –8 Messer, B. J. 'New Evidence on Truman's Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (August 1985): 50-56.Seldon, Mark ‘The United States, Japan, and the Atomic Bomb’ in Stephen S. Large (ed.) Showa Japan: Political, Economic and Social History 1926-1989 (1998), Vol. IWalker, S. ‘The Decision to Use the Bomb: A Historiographical Update', Diplomatic History 14: 97-114Internet ResourcesTitle: Truman Presidential Digital ArchivesURL: http://www.whistlestop .org/archive.htm(A site with links to documents pertaining to the Truman administration)Title: The Decision to Drop the Atomic BombURL: http://www.whistlestop.org/study_collections/bomb/large/bomb.htm(Includes Online Book: Truman’s Decision Process (Truman and the Bomb – A Documentary History); Interim Committee (An advisory committee formed by Secretary of War Henry Stimson to study war-time use of the atomic bomb)FilmsBarefoot Gen See internet resources.Sources relating to film (See also reading lists for session five)Mick Broderick (ed.) Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki and the nuclear image in Japanese film (1996)Abe Mark Nornes and Yukio Fukushima The Japan/America film wars: World War II propaganda and its cultural contexts (1994)Anime Howl’s Moving Castle; Akira; Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind

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Session Five 22/10 Compulsory film viewing for the whole group.Ozu Yasujiro dir. Tokyo Story (1953)

‘A tale of generational conflict when a middle-aged couple visit their married children in the bustling metropolis of post-war Tokyo’.From a review: ‘To experience a Yasujiro Ozu film is to immerse in the reserved, quiet grace of a disappearing traditional culture’.‘There are no external catalysts in the film, no psychological deconstruction of a dysfunctional family. It is a story about generational fractures - culture, tradition, and people - left in the wake of modernization and consuming self-absorption.’Tokyo Story demands little from the viewer, except to sit back and absorb the sweeping, beautiful images that gradually unfold before us towards its muted, heartbreaking conclusion, and from it, derive meaning for our own frenetic existence.

Preparation: BooksAbout the directorDavid Bordwell, Ozu and the poetics of cinema (1988)Donald Richie, Ozu (1974)

DVDTokyo Story DVD/Video Recording (Hallward Library DVD PN1997.T65). This film is part of the so-called ‘Noriko Trilogy’.

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Session Five (cont.)Further Reading on Japanese CinemaJoseph L. Anderson, and Donald Richie The Japanese film: art and industry (1982)Gregory Barrett Archetypes in Japanese Film: the sociopolitical and religious significance of the principal heroes and heroines (1989)Audie Bock Japanese film directors (1978)Darrell W. Davis, Japaneseness: Monumental style, national identity, Japanese film (1996)Keiko McDonald Reading a Japanese film: Cinema in context (2006)Isolde Standish, A New History of Japanese Cinema: A century of narrative film (2005)

Reading on women in post-war JapanPrimary SourcesLetters from Sachiko: A Japanese Woman’s View of Life from the Land of the Economic Miracle (1984) Essential ReadingKumiko Fujimura-Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda (eds.) Japanese Women: new feminist perspectives on the past, present, and future (1995)Janet Hunter (ed.) Japanese Women Working, (1993):

Ch. 6 Barbara Molony ‘Equality versus difference: the Japanese debate over ‘motherhood protection, 1915-50’ 122-180

Further ReadingAmy Beth Borovoy, The too-good wife: alcohol, codependency, and the politics of nurturance in postwar Japan (2005) [eBook]Joyce Gelb, Gender politics in Japan and the United States: Comparing women’s movements, rights and politics (2003) [eBook]Irena Powell, Writers and Society in Modern Japan (Kodansha: Tokyo, 1983)Nancy Rosenberger, Gambling with virtue: Japanese women and the search for self in a changing nation (2001) [eBook]Sharon Sievers, Flowers in Salt: the Beginning of Feminist Consciousness in Modern Japan (1986)Hiroko Tomida and Gordon Daniels (eds.) Japanese Women: Emerging from Subservience, (1868-1945)(2005):

Chapter 5 ‘Gender, Economics and Industrialization: Approaches to the Economic History of Japanese Women, 1868-1945’ 119-144

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Session Six 29/10 Lecture and assessed seminarLecture 1 hr Aftermath and Occupation ii: PunishmentReading for the Lecture: The most important book to read (apart from Dower’s Embracing Defeat) is Richard Minear, Victors’ Justice: the Tokyo War Crimes Trial (1971)Assessed Seminar 1hr 30

minsWhy did Japan go to war with the United States in 1941?

Seminar Leaders

Primary SourcesNobutaka Ike (trans and ed.) Japan’s Decision for War: Records of the 1941 Policy Conferences (1967) (Contains a complete record of the relevant Imperial Conferences). These documents are absolutely crucial in analysing Japan’s decision for war in 1941. They are divided into three sections: pt. One ‘The decision to move south’ from mid-April 18 to early July 1941; pt. Two ‘Prepare for war now, but continue to negotiate’ (July-September 1941); pt. Three ‘ “The time for war will not come later”.

66th Liaison Conference, Nov. 1 1941Elizabeth P. Tsunoda, (ed.) Japan and America, c.1930-1955: ‘The Pacific War and the occupation of Japan. Series 2, The O’Ryan mission to Japan and occupied China, 1940: The Whitney Diary, correspondence & papers of Dr. Whitney, General O’Ryan and other members of the economic and trade mission.’

Essential ReadingAkira Fujiwara, ‘The Road to Pearl Harbor’ in Stephen S. Large (ed.) Showa Japan: Political, Economic and Social History 1926-1989 (1998) Vol IAkira Iriye, ‘The Failure of Military Expansionism.’ in Large (ed.) Showa Japan, Vol. I -- --The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific, (1987) -- --Power and Culture: The Japanese American War, 1941-1945, (1981).Marshall, Jonathan. To have and to have not: Southeast Asian Raw Materials and the Origins of the Pacific War, (1995).James W. Morley (ed.) The Fateful Choice: Japan's Advance into Southeast Asia, (1980)-- -- Deterrent diplomacy: Japan, Germany and the USSR 1935-1940 (1976)-- -- The Final Confrontation: Japan’s negotiations with the United States, 1941 (1994)

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Session Six cont.Further ReadingHiroyuki Agawa, The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy. Translated by John Bester (1982).Anthony Best Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbour: Avoiding War in East Asia, 1936-1941, (1995).R. Butow, Tojo & the Coming of the War (1961), Chap. 11 ‘The Decision for War’.Edwin Palmer Hoyt, Japan's War: The Great Pacific Conflict 1853-1952, (1986).Leonard A. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Warrior (1995)Saburo Ienaga Japan's Last War: World War II and the Japanese 1931-1945.Marius B. Jansen, Japan and China: from War to Peace, (1975).G. Prange, Pearl Harbor The Verdict of History (1991)

The World at War [digitally remastered videorecording]

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Session Seven 05/11 Lecture and assessed seminarLecture 1 hr From Apocalypse to Miracle: The Road to Economic

SuperpowerReading for the LectureAny general history of post-war JapanAssessed Seminar 1hr 30

minsHow successfully did the United States democratise and demilitarise Japan after the War? OR Hirohito’s War Responsibility: A mode dupe of the military class or a war criminal?

Seminar Leaders

Occupation: Primary SourcesDavid J. Lu, (ed.) A Documentary History: The Late Tokugawa Period to the Present. 2 vols. Vol. 2.:-Ch. XV, Doc. 1 ‘Initial Postsurrender Policy for Japan, 1945’--.--Doc. 2 ‘Emperor Hirohito’s Rescript Disavowing His Own Divinity, 1946’-- --Doc 4 ‘Excerpts from the Shōwa Constitution, 1946’-- --Doc. 6 ‘MacArthur on the Japanese Constitution, 1946’Ch. XV, Doc. 9 ‘Abolition of State Shintō’Sodei Rinjirō and John Junkerman (eds) Dear General MacArthur: Letters from the Japanese during the American Occupation (2006)

Occupation: Essential ReadingJohn Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II (1999) (Various) Richard B. Finn, Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida and Postwar Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.--.--The Allied Occupation of Japan in Retrospect (1996) [Pamphlet]Grant K. Goodman, America’s Japan: the first year (2005) [eBook]Shōichi Koseki The Birth of Japan’s Postwar Constitution (1998)Ray A. Moore, ‘Reflections on the Occupation of Japan’ in Large (ed.) Showa Japan Vol?Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson Partners for democracy: crafting the new Japanese state under MacArthur (2002) [eBook]M. Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan (1985)Schonberger, Howard. Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan 1945-1952, 1989. Chap. 3 ‘T. A. Bisson: The Limits of Reform in Occupied Japan’.Robert E. Ward and Sakamoto Yoshikazu Democratizing Japan: the allied occupation 1945-52 (1987)

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Occupation: Further ReadingChristopher Aldous The Police in Occupation Japan: control, corruption and resistance to reform (1997)Richard J. Barnet, Allies: America, Europe, Japan Since the War, (1984).Peter Bates, Japan and the British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1946-52, (1993).Roger Buckley, Occupation Diplomacy: Britain, the United States and Japan 1945-1952, (1982).John Dower, Japan in War and Peace: Essays on History, Race and Culture (1995). Ch. 1 ‘The Useful War’ Chap. 5 ‘Occupied Japan and the Cold War in Asia.’J. Fukui, ‘Postwar Politics, 1945-1973’ in Peter Duus (ed.) Cambridge History of Japan. 6 vols. Vol. VI Dale Hellegers, We, the Japanese People: world War II and the origins of the Japanese Constitution (2002) [eBook]Kersten, Rikki Democracy in postwar Japan: Maruyama Masao and the search for autonomy (1996)Peter Lowe, Containing the Cold War in East Asia: British Policies towards Japan, China and Korea, 1948-53 (1997).Michael Molasky, The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory (2001)Michael Schaller, Altered States: The United States and Japan since the Occupation (1997) [eBook]H. Wray ‘The fall of moral education and the rise and decline of civics education and social studies in occupied and independent Japan’ Japan Forum 12:1 (2000)Robert Ward, (Ed.) Political Development in Modern Japan, 1968. Chap. 13 ‘Reflections on the Allied Occupation and Planned Political Change in Japan’.

The Occupation of Japan: The Grass Roots; the proceedings of the eighth symposium sponsored by The General Douglas MacArthur Foundation, Old Dominion University, The MacArthur Memorial 7-8 November 1991 ed. by William F. Nimmo (1992) On Order

Hirohito’s War ResponsibilityPrimary SourcesDavid J. Lu, (ed.) A Documentary History: The Late Tokugawa Period to the Present. 2 vols. Vol. 2.:---.--Ch. XV, Doc. 3 ‘Emperor Not Guilty of War Crimes, 1946’The Tokyo major war crimes trial: the records of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East: with an authoritative commentary and comprehensive guide. Compiled and edited by R. John Pritchard (2004) 135 Volumes.Bernard Röling Tokyo trial and beyond: reflections of a peacemonger (1993) (memoirs of one of the trial judges)Essential ReadingBehr, Edward, Hirohito: Behind the Myth (1989)

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Bergamini, David Japan’s Imperial Conspiracy (1971)Herb Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (2000)--.-- ‘The Showa Emperor’s Monologue and the Problem of War Responsibility’ Journal of Japanese Studies, 18:2 (1992) [JSTOR]Richard Minear, Victors’ Justice: the Tokyo War Crimes Trial (1971)Stephen S. Large, ‘Emperor Hirohito and Early Showa Japan.’ Stephen S. Large (ed.) Showa Japan--.-- Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: A Political Biography, (1993). Wetzler, Peter. Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan, 1998Further ReadingOmer Bartov, A. Grossman and M. Nolan (eds.) Crimes of war: guilt and denial in the twentieth century (2003)Arnold Brackman, The Other Nuremburg: The Tokyo War Crimes Trial (1987)James Clayton, The Years of MacArthur: Vol. III Triumph and Disaster, 1945-1964 (1985)John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Aftermath of World War II (1999) Ch. 15 ‘Victor’s Justice, Loser’s Justice’ and 16 ‘What do you tell the dead when you lose?’Hosoya, Chihiro et. al. (eds) The Tokyo Trial: An International Symposium (1986)Ienaga, Saburo. Japan's Last War: World War II and the Japanese 1931-1945. Chap. 9 ‘The Horrors of WarPritchard, R. John. ‘The International Military Tribunal for the Far East and Its Contemporary Resonances.’ In Showa Japan: Political, Economic and Social History 1926-1989, edited by Stephen S. Large. London: Routledge, 1998.Takahashi Tetsuya, ‘The Emperor Shōwa standing at ground zero’ in Japan Forum, 15:1 (2003). See reply by R. Kersten ‘Revisionism, reaction and the ‘symbol emperor’ in post-war Japan’.Toshiyuki Tanaka Hidden Horrors: Japanese war crimes in World War II (1998)

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Session Eight 12/11 Lecture and assessed seminarLecture 1 hr War, Memory and Popular CultureReading for the LectureSee the list below for the seminarAnimePrincess Mononoke; Laputa: The Castle in the Sky; Howl’s Moving Castle; Nausicaa of the Valley of the WindAssessed Seminar 1hr 30

minsEither: A Free Ride? The American Occupation and the Economic MiracleOr: What were the environmental costs of the ‘economic miracle’?

Seminar Leaders

Primary Sources: The Economic MiracleDavid J. Lu, (ed.) A Documentary History: The Late Tokugawa Period to the Present. 2 vols. Vol. 2.:-Ch. XV, Doc. 10 ‘Summary of a Report of the U. S. Education Mission 1946’-- --Doc 12 ‘12 Excerpts from SCAP Directive on Rural Land Reform, 1945’-- --Doc. 13 ‘Prime Minister Yoshida on Agricultural Reform, 1945-52’--.--Doc. 14 ‘SCAP Program for Economic Stabilization, 1948’Ch. XVI: See Documents under ‘the 1955 System’ pp 506-512Ch. XVII Doc. ‘1 Plan to Double Individual Income, December 27 1960’--.--Doc. 2 ‘Background for Income Doubling Plan, November 1, 1960’--.—Doc. 5 ‘It’s All in the Family – Sony’s Management Style, 1986’‘Basic problems for postwar reconstruction of the Japanese economy: translation of a report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ Special Survey Committee, September 1946 (1977)’ HC462Essential Reading: The Economic MiracleMary C. Brinton, Women and the Economic Miracle: Gender and work in postwar Japan (1993)Ian Buruma, Inventing Japan: From Empire to Economic Miracle (2005) Chalmers Johnson MITI and the Japanese “Miracle”. (1982)Richard B. Finn, Winners in Peace: MacArthur, Yoshida and Postwar Japan (1992).--.--The Allied Occupation of Japan in Retrospect (1996) [Pamphlet]Aaron Forsberg, America and the Japanese Miracle: the Cold War Context of Japan’s postwar economic revival, 1950-1960 (2000) [eBook]M. Schaller, The American Occupation of Japan (1985)Further Reading: The Economic Miracle

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Richard J. Barnet, Allies: America, Europe, Japan Since the War, (1984).Sheldon M. Garon, ‘The Imperial Bureaucracy and Labor Policy in Postwar Japan’ in Large (ed.) Showa Japan (1998).Andrew Graham and Anthony Seldon Government and Economies in the Postwar World: Economic Polices and Comparative Performance, 1945-85 (1990) [eBook]Robert Guillain The Japanese Challenge (1970)William K. Tabb The postwar Japanese system: cultural economic and economic transformation (1995) [eBook] Ezra Vogel, Japan as Number One: Lessons for Americans (1979)John Welfield, An empire in Eclipse: Japan in the postwar American Alliance System (1988)Kōzō Yamamura, Economic Policy in Postwar Japan: Growth versus economic democracy (1967)Environmental costs: ReadingAlmeida, Paul and Linda Stearns ‘Political Opportunities and Local Grassroots Environmental Movements: The Case of Minamata’, Social Problems, 45 (1998)Fisher, Charles and John Sargeant ‘Japan’s Ecological Crisis’ The Geographical Journal, 141, 1975George, Timothy S. Minamata: pollution and the struggle for democracy in postwar Japan (2001)Mason Robert J. ‘Whither Japan’s Environmental Movement? An Assessment of Problems and Prospects at the National Level’ Pacific Affairs 72:2 (Summer, 1999) 187-207 (Useful English bibliography in footnotes)Reed, Steven ‘Environmental Politics: Some Reflections Based on the Japanese Case’ Comparative Politics, 13 (1981)Strong, Kenneth Ox Against the Storm: A Biography of Tanaka Shozo-Japan’s First Conservationist Pioneer (1995)Tsutsui, William ‘Landscapes in the dark valley: Toward an environmental history of wartime Japan’ Environmental History (April 2003)Internet Resourceshttp://www.expo2005.com/ Official website of the Expo 2005 Aichi.http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/japanenv.html Official statement about the state of Japan’s environment. Gives a useful post-war historical overview. (6 pages)http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/parks_list.html List of National and Quasi-national Parks in Japan.Japanese Ministry of the Environment http://www.env.go.jp/en/index.html There are many other resources available about the Minamata incident etc.

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Reading Week 16th – 20th November

Session Nine 26/11 Q&A Session and assessed seminarQ & A: Essays and Revision

1 hr

Assessed Seminar 1hr 30 mins

Either: The A-bomb: Memory and Popular Culture. Or: The War and Japanese Memory

Seminar Leaders

The A-bomb: Memory and Popular CulturePrimary SourcesTakashi Nagai We of Nagasaki: the story of survivors in an atomic wasteland (1951)Mark and Kyoku Seldon (eds.) The Atomic Bomb: Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, (1989)Hiroshima and Nagasaki: the physical, medical and social effects of the atomic bombing (A report compiled by the Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hirsohima and Nagasaki) (1981). This book is in the George Green Library at QP82.2.R3 HIRFrank Gibney (ed.) Sensō: The Japanese Remember the Pacific War: Letters to the Editor of Asahi Shinbun. (1995)Essential ReadingSusan Napier Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese animation (2001) [eBook] ch. 11 ‘Waiting for the End of the World: Apocalyptic Identity.’Bosworth, R. J. R. Explaining Auschwitz and Hiroshima: History Writing and the Second World War. (1993)Michael A. Hogan, (ed.) Hiroshima in History and Memory (1996)Igarashi Yoshikuni Bodies of Memory: Narratives of war in postwar Japanese culture, 1945-1970 (2000)Lawrence Lifschultz, and Kai Bird, (eds.) Hiroshima's Shadow, (1998)James N Yamazaki, Children of the Atomic Bomb: An American physician’s memoir of Nagasaki, Hiroshima and the Marshall Islands (1995)Further ReadingM. Broderick, Hibakusha Cinema: Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and the nuclear image in Japanese film (1996)Laura Hein and Mark Seldon (eds) Censoring History: Citizenship and Memory in Japan, Germany and the United States (2000)Hachiya, Michihiko Hiroshima Diary: the journal of a Japanese physician, August 6-September 30, 1945: fifty years later (1995)Hein, L., and M. Seldon, eds. Living with the Bomb: American and Japanese Cultural

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Conflict in the Nuclear Age. (1996)James L. Henderson Hiroshima (1974)Weiner, M. ‘The Representation of Absence and the Absence of Representation: Korean Victims of the Atomic Bomb’ in M. Weiner (ed.) Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity, (1997)Mari Yamamoto, Grassroots pacifism in post-war Japan: the rebirth of a nation (2004)Internet siteshttp://www.corneredangel.com/amwess/acad_1.htmlAnimeHowl’s Moving Castle; Akira; Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind

Subculture, popular culture and OtakuTakashi Murakami (ed.) Little Boy and the Arts of Japan’s Exploding Subculture (2005)This is the book of an exhibition organised by one of Japan’s most famous artists, Takashi Murakami. It demonstrates the importance of Otaku (‘geeks’ or ‘subculture fanatics’) on Japanese cultural expressions of the impact of the atomic bombing.See:‘Foreword’, pp. vi-viiTarō Okamoto: ‘Art is Explosion’ various plates to p. 8 esp. Mushroom cloud; Hiroshima; Godzilla; Article 9 of the Constitution.See especially the Essays: Takashi Murakami ‘Earth in my Window’, pp 99-150 in which he considers Japan’s ‘superflat’ culture, particularly the film industry in the light of the trauma of war. He considers Howl’s Moving Castle as ‘defining’ the Japanese in 2005 and discusses Akira as well as other anime. Also included here are poems about the Enola Gay and the A-Bombing; Noi Sawaragi ‘On the Battlefield of “Superflat” Subculture and Art in Postwar Japan, pp. 186-208Dominic Strinati An introduction to theories of popular culture (2nd. Edn. 2004)Reading on War and Memory

Brook, Timothy (ed.) Documents on the Rape of Nanking (2000) Chang, I. The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (1997)Fogel, Joshua A. (ed.) The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography (2000) Honda Katsuichi The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan’s National Shame (2000)Ienaga, S. ‘The Glorification of War in Japanese Education.’ International Security 18, no. 3 (1993/4).Kersten, Rikki ‘Neo-nationalism and the ‘Liberal School of History’ Japan Forum 11 (2) 1999: 191-203Rose, Caroline ‘The Textbook Issue: Domestic Sources of Japan’s Foreign Policy’, Japan Forum 11(2) 1999: 205-216

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Electronic SourcesTitle: Association for the Advancement of the Liberal (unbiased) View of History (jiyū-shugi shikan kenkyūkai) Home PageURL: http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/e/[A site with links to view the main arguments of Fujioka Nobukatsu and other revisionists]Further ReadingBartov, Omar et. al. Crimes of War: Guilt and Denial in the Twentieth Century (2003)Buruma, Ian. The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in Germany and Japan. London: Vintage, 1995.T. Fujitani, Geoffrey M. White and Lisa Yoneyama, Perilous Memories: the Asia-Pacific Wars (2000)Gong, Gerrit W. (ed.) Remembering and forgetting: The Legacy of War and Peace in Asia (1996)Hicks, G. Japan's War Memories: Amnesia or Concealment? (1997)Sugihara, Seishiro Between Incompetence and Culpability: Assessing the Diplomacy of Japan’s Foreign Ministry from Pearl Harbor to Potsdam Trans. Norman Hu. (1997) Ch. 6 ‘Mr. Prime Minister, What do you think of the accounts in These Textbooks?’ pp. 113-140Tam, Y-H. ‘To Bury the Unhappy Past: The Problem of Textbook Revision in Japan’ East Asian Library Journal VII, no. 1 (1994)Tanaka, Yuki. Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II, 1998. White, G. M. ‘Memory Wars: The Politics of Remembering the Asia-Pacific War’ Asia Pacific Issues, no. 21, (1995)

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Essay Deadline Wednesday 02 December

Session Ten 3/12 Compulsory Film Showing Princess Mononoke dir. Hayao Miyazaki from Studio Ghibli

Review by Roger Ebert Oct 29, 1999

I go to the movies for many reasons. Here is one of them. I want to see wondrous sights not available in the real world, in stories where myth and dreams are set free to play. Animation opens that possibility, because it is freed from gravity and the chains of the possible. Realistic films show the physical world; animation shows its essence. Animated films are not copies of "real movies," are not shadows of reality, but create a new existence in their own right. True, a lot of animation is insipid, and insulting even to the children it is made for. But great animation can make the mind sing.

Hayao Miyazaki is a great animator, and his "Princess Mononoke" is a great film. Do not allow conventional thoughts about animation to prevent you from seeing it. It tells an epic story set in medieval Japan, at the dawn of the Iron Age, when some men still lived in harmony with nature and others were trying to tame and defeat it. It is not a simplistic tale of good and evil, but the story of how humans, forest animals and nature gods all fight for their share of the new emerging order. It is one of the most visually inventive films I have ever seen.

Essential Reading:Susan Napier Anime from Akira to Princess Mononoke: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese animation (2001) [eBook] ch. 10 ‘Princess Mononoke: Fantasy, the Feminine, and the Myth of “Progress”.’Steven T. Brown Cinema Anime (2006) [ebook]

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ESSAY QUESTIONS1. With reference to the records of the 1941 Policy Conference (Ike), examine the role of

ONE of the following government leaders in the policy discussions between July and December 1941 which led ultimately to war with the U.S.A.:

Prince Konoe Fumimaro Foreign Minister Togo Shigenori Prime Minister Tojo Hideki

2. Were the Tokyo War Crimes Trials seriously flawed by the failure to indict Emperor Hirohito as a war criminal?

3. “Despite intense pressure on a vulnerable topography, the people of Japan have done less to ravage their land and bring ruin upon it than have many other societies past and present that have been favoured by a less dense population and more benign terrain” (Conrad Totman). Discuss.

4. “Movies assist audiences in negotiating major changes in identity; they carry them across difficult periods of cultural transition in such a way that a more or less coherent national identity remains in place, spanning the gaps and fissures that threaten to disrupt its movement and to expose its essential disjointedness.” (John Belton Movies and Mass Culture) Discuss this statement in relation to any TWO Japanese anime or films.

5. Examine the tensions between history and memory in ONE of the following contemporary issues:

a) The Comfort Womenb) The Rape of Nankingc) The Yasukuni Shrine

6. Analyse Ozu’s critique of the postwar Japanese family in his ‘Noriko Trilogy’ films.7. What role did MITI (Ministry for International Trade and Industry) play in achieving the

‘Miracle’ economy in the 25 years after Japan’s defeat?8. Examine government responses to the ‘big four’ pollution cases of the 1960s and 70s.9. To what extent did the Occupation period constitute a distinct break in the history of

modern Japan?

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