The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church

Main IdeasMain Ideas• What was the nature and influence of religion What was the nature and influence of religion

in the Middle Ages?in the Middle Ages?• Why did the Church become powerful Why did the Church become powerful

and important in the Middle Ages?and important in the Middle Ages?

• ReformReform and changes swept through the and changes swept through the Christian Church, one of the most influential Christian Church, one of the most influential institutions in medieval Europe.institutions in medieval Europe.

• PopesPopes gained influence over people gained influence over people’’s s religious lives, also over European politicsreligious lives, also over European politics

Goals and Objectives:Goals and Objectives:Goal 5 – The Church in the Middle AgesGoal 5 – The Church in the Middle Ages•The student will evaluate the role of the The student will evaluate the role of the Christian church in the culture of medieval Christian church in the culture of medieval Europe.Europe.

• 5.01 5.01 Evaluate the civil role of the Christian church in Evaluate the civil role of the Christian church in medieval Europe.medieval Europe.

• 5.03 5.03 Summarize the nature of canon law of the Christian Summarize the nature of canon law of the Christian church and its role in the culture of medieval Europe.church and its role in the culture of medieval Europe.

• 5.04 5.04 Detail the various monastic movements including Detail the various monastic movements including but not limited to the Benedictines, Augustinians, Cluniacs, but not limited to the Benedictines, Augustinians, Cluniacs, Cistercians, Dominicans, and Franciscans of medieval Cistercians, Dominicans, and Franciscans of medieval Europe and their impact on the culture of the Christian Europe and their impact on the culture of the Christian church and Europe.church and Europe.

• 5.055.05 Trace the Christian Crusades including but not Trace the Christian Crusades including but not limited to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Crusades.limited to the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Crusades.

• 5.065.06 Assess the causes and effects of the Christian Assess the causes and effects of the Christian Crusades on medieval Europe and the Middle East.Crusades on medieval Europe and the Middle East.

IntroductionIntroduction• By 500 AD, By 500 AD, Germanic Invasions Germanic Invasions had all but had all but

destroyed the urban world of the Roman destroyed the urban world of the Roman EmpireEmpire• Trade DeclinedTrade Declined• Cities, bridges, and roads fell into disrepair Cities, bridges, and roads fell into disrepair

and disuse.and disuse.• Law and Order Vanished, and education Law and Order Vanished, and education

almost disappearedalmost disappeared• Money was no longer usedMoney was no longer used• For most, life did not extend beyond the tiny For most, life did not extend beyond the tiny

villages where they were born, lived and diedvillages where they were born, lived and died•Dark Ages!!!!Dark Ages!!!!

• People turned to church for order and People turned to church for order and security.security.• Germanic people called the Franks Germanic people called the Franks

were led by Clovis, who converted to were led by Clovis, who converted to Christianity.Christianity.

• The Church adapts to the rural The Church adapts to the rural conditions of Western Europe. The conditions of Western Europe. The Church built religious communities Church built religious communities called monasteries.called monasteries.

Dark AgesDark Ages• Western Europe was so backward because Western Europe was so backward because

of this decline that the early part of this of this decline that the early part of this period was once call the Dark Agesperiod was once call the Dark Ages

• MedievalMedieval- - Latin for Middle AgeLatin for Middle Age• Transition between ancient and modern timesTransition between ancient and modern times

• Out of this violent medieval period, or Out of this violent medieval period, or Middle Ages, a dynamic civilization arose.Middle Ages, a dynamic civilization arose.• Combined elements classical and Germanic Combined elements classical and Germanic

cultures with Christian beliefscultures with Christian beliefs

Notre Dame:Gothic Architecture

Medieval Life ReviewMedieval Life Review

•Feudalism Feudalism - highly decentralized - highly decentralized form of government that developed in form of government that developed in western Europe. western Europe. • Stressed alliances of mutual protection Stressed alliances of mutual protection

between monarchs and nobles of between monarchs and nobles of various degrees of power.various degrees of power.

• Land given to nobles in exchange for Land given to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military aidloyalty and military aid• With the land came peasants to farm itWith the land came peasants to farm it• Nobles also had powers over land usually reserved Nobles also had powers over land usually reserved

for governmentsfor governments

FeudalismFeudalism • A political, economic, and social A political, economic, and social system in which land was allocated in system in which land was allocated in exchange for services; roles and exchange for services; roles and obligations were clearly defined for obligations were clearly defined for all participantsall participants

• Grew out of Roman practices of Grew out of Roman practices of clientage/patronageclientage/patronage

• Originally developed as a means of Originally developed as a means of protection and defense from protection and defense from invasionsinvasions

• FeudalismFeudalism appeared in Europe during appeared in Europe during the 700s in the areas we know now the 700s in the areas we know now as as France and GermanyFrance and Germany, as weak , as weak governments sought solutions to the governments sought solutions to the question of how to provide security question of how to provide security with limited resources. By the 1000s, with limited resources. By the 1000s, most of western Europe practiced most of western Europe practiced some form of feudalism.some form of feudalism.

A French vassal receiving a feudal

grant from the king

Roles in the Feudal Roles in the Feudal SystemSystem

• Lord Lord • VassalVassal• FiefFief• ManorManor• SerfSerf

Feudal serfs

Monarch

Nobles

Lesser Nobles/Knights

Peasants

RolesRoles• Lord—Lord—A landowner, usually a noble, although sometimes lords were bishopsA landowner, usually a noble, although sometimes lords were bishops

• Vassal—Vassal—A person (usually a soldier) given a piece of land by the lordA person (usually a soldier) given a piece of land by the lord

• Fief—Fief—The land itself that is givenThe land itself that is given

• ManorManor (sometimes referred to in the context of the (sometimes referred to in the context of the ““manorial systemmanorial system””))——A basic unit of land, usually A basic unit of land, usually big enough for the supervision of a single noble or knightbig enough for the supervision of a single noble or knight

• Serf—Serf—Though it technically translates as Though it technically translates as ““slave,slave,”” the word the word ““serfserf”” (often used interchangeably with (often used interchangeably with ““peasantpeasant””) refers to a worker on the lord) refers to a worker on the lord’’s manor. Though not truly slaves, serfs had no legal rights s manor. Though not truly slaves, serfs had no legal rights and were compelled to work on their assigned land.and were compelled to work on their assigned land.

• All of these relationships were based on exchange: the monarch granted land in All of these relationships were based on exchange: the monarch granted land in exchange for management, the nobles granted land and protection in exchange exchange for management, the nobles granted land and protection in exchange for goods, and the lesser nobles granted protection in exchange for goods. for goods, and the lesser nobles granted protection in exchange for goods.

• All levels of society were bound by loyalty to the level above them.All levels of society were bound by loyalty to the level above them.

KnightsKnightsStatue of a medieval knight

Knights tended to be vassals of nobles. In exchange for land, they would swear an oath of fealty to the noble and agree to fight for them and protect them.

A knight’s training was rigorous and took a great deal of time: boys were often chosen to be knights early in life so that training could begin. Age 7: served as a “page,” an attendant in the

personal service of an individual knight; given basic lessons in horsemanship and basic hand-to-hand fighting skills

Age 14: successful students would be granted the title of “squire,” included sword privileges and increasingly difficult physical challenges and tasks such as assisting a knight in battle

Age 21: formally qualified to become a knight

Knights were supposed to live by a code of behavior known as chivalry, which required them to remain loyal to their lords, fight with honor, treat all with justice, and act politely towards women

The Medieval TournamentThe Medieval TournamentMeans of practicing military skillsMeans of practicing military skills

Knights practiced their military skills in exercises known as “tournaments”—mock battles that involved both real weapons and actual combat

Another popular sport in late medieval Europe was jousting, which involved two knights charging each other on horseback and attempting to dismount one another.

CastlesCastles• Centers of noble life – serving as homes and fortressesCenters of noble life – serving as homes and fortresses• Building a castle was often a lifelong pursuit for nobles; Building a castle was often a lifelong pursuit for nobles; some castles would even some castles would even

take several generations to completetake several generations to complete. Castles were usually constructed by serfs . Castles were usually constructed by serfs and masons (and masons (craftsmen who worked with stone). craftsmen who worked with stone). Once erected, these buildings Once erected, these buildings would serve a number of purposes:would serve a number of purposes:

Purposes:Purposes:• IntimidationIntimidation——Castles were often built in the spirit of competition with other Castles were often built in the spirit of competition with other

nobles, friendly or otherwise. A large castle could serve as a sign of a noblenobles, friendly or otherwise. A large castle could serve as a sign of a noble ’’s s strength, esteem, or power. Castles were often placed on the highest point in a strength, esteem, or power. Castles were often placed on the highest point in a region so they could be seen from great distances.region so they could be seen from great distances.

• Military defenseMilitary defense——Castles were most certainly built with military use in mind. Castles were most certainly built with military use in mind. They had clever defensive designs, incorporating elements such as moats, large They had clever defensive designs, incorporating elements such as moats, large watchtowers, and high walls. Castles were sometimes built on the outer regions watchtowers, and high walls. Castles were sometimes built on the outer regions of a nobleof a noble’’s land grant as a means of encroaching on another nobles land grant as a means of encroaching on another noble ’’s territory. s territory.

• ResidenceResidence——Nobles and their families lived in castles. The castles of the higher Nobles and their families lived in castles. The castles of the higher nobles were often lavishly decorated, with rich tapestries on the walls, grand nobles were often lavishly decorated, with rich tapestries on the walls, grand halls, and music rooms.halls, and music rooms.

• Castles were dark, lit only by torches and fireplaces. The rooms were large and Castles were dark, lit only by torches and fireplaces. The rooms were large and drafty because windows did not have glass in them.drafty because windows did not have glass in them.

Warwick Castle, England

• Medieval castles were designed in response to Medieval castles were designed in response to the weaponry they had to withstand. Wooden the weaponry they had to withstand. Wooden castles were easily destroyed by the burning castles were easily destroyed by the burning missiles slung by siege weapons.missiles slung by siege weapons.

• Castles began to be built with stone and their Castles began to be built with stone and their walls were built higher and thicker—exposed walls were built higher and thicker—exposed walls could be as thick as 33 feet.walls could be as thick as 33 feet.

• Rectangular towers were rounded off to deflect Rectangular towers were rounded off to deflect missiles.missiles.

• As protection against battering rams, castle doors As protection against battering rams, castle doors were reinforced with one or more iron grilles and were reinforced with one or more iron grilles and sometimes a second door.sometimes a second door.

Rectangular towers were rounded off to deflect missiles.As protection against battering rams, castle doors were reinforced with one or more iron grilles and sometimes a second door.

Christian beliefsChristian beliefsChristian Beliefs

• Manorialism, feudalism encouraged local loyalties

• Christian beliefs brought people across Europe together in spiritual community of Christendom– Creation of a “churchly

kingdom”

• Religion touched almost every aspect of Christians’ lives

Why was medieval clergy Why was medieval clergy influential?influential?

Religious CeremonyReligious Ceremony• Major life events marked by Major life events marked by

religious ceremoniesreligious ceremonies• Monks acted as peacemakers, Monks acted as peacemakers,

prayed for safety of rulers, prayed for safety of rulers, armiesarmies

• Church officials served as Church officials served as teachers, record keepersteachers, record keepers• Church leaders, or clergy, Church leaders, or clergy,

usually the only ones usually the only ones educated and literate educated and literate during this timeduring this time

• Clergy peopleClergy people’’s main s main connection to church, had connection to church, had great influencegreat influenceChristian church had strong influence over daily

lives of most Europeans; clergy were the people's link to the church

Why was medieval clergy Why was medieval clergy influential?influential?

Growth of the ChurchGrowth of the Church• Around 1000, influence of Around 1000, influence of

church increased church increased dramaticallydramatically

• Great upwelling of Great upwelling of pietypiety, , level of devotion, in Europelevel of devotion, in Europe

• Members of Christian Members of Christian church became more church became more devout (religious)devout (religious)

• Participation in Participation in religious services religious services increasedincreased, thousands , thousands flocked to monasteries, flocked to monasteries, joined religious ordersjoined religious orders

The Pope in the Middle AgesThe Pope in the Middle Ages

Popes as Political FiguresPopes as Political Figures• Pope is head of Roman Pope is head of Roman

Catholic Church and spiritual Catholic Church and spiritual leaderleader

• During Middle Ages, they During Middle Ages, they became powerful political figuresbecame powerful political figures

• Gregory I (590) moves power of Gregory I (590) moves power of pope into pope into secularsecular (everyday) (everyday) world—used Church money to world—used Church money to build roads, help poor, raise build roads, help poor, raise armiesarmies

• Negotiates peace treaties with Negotiates peace treaties with invaders like the Lombardsinvaders like the Lombards

Growth of the PopeGrowth of the Pope’’s Powers Power

• 900s-1000s, pope had 900s-1000s, pope had little authoritylittle authority

• Considered head of Considered head of church, but local bishops church, but local bishops made most important made most important religious decisionsreligious decisions

• Papacy not held in high Papacy not held in high regardregard

• Few popes noted for Few popes noted for religious devotion; most religious devotion; most were nobles concerned were nobles concerned with increasing own with increasing own powerpower

• 1049, first of series of 1049, first of series of clever, capable popes clever, capable popes dedicated to dedicated to reformingreforming papacy came to power, papacy came to power, Leo IXLeo IX

• Believed that EuropeBelieved that Europe’’s s clergy had become clergy had become corrupt, wanted to corrupt, wanted to reform itreform it

• Concerned with Concerned with simonysimony, , buying and selling of buying and selling of church offices by bishopschurch offices by bishops

Not only were Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of piety, many clergy members sought ways to

improve conditions.

Power and ConflictPower and Conflict• Bishops guilty of bad offenses Bishops guilty of bad offenses

excommunicatedexcommunicated, cast out of , cast out of churchchurch

• No greater punishment for No greater punishment for Christians in Middle Ages—it Christians in Middle Ages—it meant they could not be savedmeant they could not be saved

• Leo became more active in Leo became more active in governing church than other governing church than other popes in pastpopes in past• conflict with political, religious conflict with political, religious

leadersleaders• Many bishops believed pope had Many bishops believed pope had

no authority to tell them how to no authority to tell them how to actact

• One who rejected LeoOne who rejected Leo’’s s authority, bishop of authority, bishop of Constantinople Constantinople

• 1054, Leo excommunicated 1054, Leo excommunicated bishop, split Christian bishop, split Christian Church in two (Church in two (schismschism))

• Those who agreed Leo Those who agreed Leo called Roman Catholics called Roman Catholics (WEST)(WEST)

• Those who sided with Those who sided with bishop, Eastern Orthodox bishop, Eastern Orthodox (EAST—Byzantine)(EAST—Byzantine)

In what ways did popes become In what ways did popes become stronger in the Middle Ages?stronger in the Middle Ages?

• Pope became head of huge Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical network of ecclesiastical courts, heard cases on courts, heard cases on religious, moral mattersreligious, moral matters

• Pope also ruled territories, Pope also ruled territories, like like Papal StatesPapal States• Had ability to raise armies to Had ability to raise armies to

defend territoriesdefend territories• Several popes hired Several popes hired

Normans to fight warsNormans to fight wars• Crusades against Muslims Crusades against Muslims

launched by popeslaunched by popes

• The The Investiture Investiture ControversyControversy between Pope between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV of Gregory VII and Henry IV of Germany (Holy Roman Germany (Holy Roman Empire)Empire)

• eliminated corrupt clergy, eliminated corrupt clergy, appointed bishops, became appointed bishops, became political leaders, built political leaders, built armies, ruled territoryarmies, ruled territory

The Catholic Church The Catholic Church Expands Its PowerExpands Its Power

• The Church The Church becomes more of a becomes more of a political entitypolitical entity

• Struggles with Struggles with monarchsmonarchs• Gregory VII and Gregory VII and

Henry IVHenry IV• Expanded land Expanded land

ownershipownership

Henry IV of GermanyPope Gregory VII

The Church Expands The Church Expands continuedcontinued

• As the Catholic Church grew in popularity and worshippers, Popes worked to As the Catholic Church grew in popularity and worshippers, Popes worked to increase the Churchincrease the Church’’s power as a political entity. s power as a political entity.

• In 1075, a controversy erupted when Pope Gregory VII insisted that the Church, In 1075, a controversy erupted when Pope Gregory VII insisted that the Church, not the kings, should control appointment of archbishops, bishops, and other not the kings, should control appointment of archbishops, bishops, and other clergy. clergy.

• Henry IV of Germany disagreed Henry IV of Germany disagreed and, after the two men exchanged bitter and, after the two men exchanged bitter letters, the pope excommunicated him. letters, the pope excommunicated him.

• The pope also threatened to excommunicate any German clergyThe pope also threatened to excommunicate any German clergy who who did not obey him. Because much of Henrydid not obey him. Because much of Henry’’s army came from lands s army came from lands administered by the Church, he was vulnerable to attack from powerful nobles. administered by the Church, he was vulnerable to attack from powerful nobles.

• Henry went to Italy to seek papal forgiveness, while at the same time, the pope Henry went to Italy to seek papal forgiveness, while at the same time, the pope started a journey to Germany to install a new king. They met at a castle in started a journey to Germany to install a new king. They met at a castle in Canossa, Italy, where Henry stood in the snow for three days before Gregory Canossa, Italy, where Henry stood in the snow for three days before Gregory forgave him. Though this episode resulted in forgave him. Though this episode resulted in a dramatic collapse of royal a dramatic collapse of royal power,power, the pope was unable to control other European monarchs in the same the pope was unable to control other European monarchs in the same manner. The manner. The rivalry between Church and state rivalry between Church and state continued for centuries; continued for centuries; however, there was no question that Europe was united in the Christian faith.however, there was no question that Europe was united in the Christian faith.

The Monastic MovementThe Monastic Movement• A Christian movement called monasticism, A Christian movement called monasticism,

which had begun in the 3rd century, became which had begun in the 3rd century, became more popular in the 5th century. more popular in the 5th century.

• Arose as a reaction against the increasing Arose as a reaction against the increasing ““worldlinessworldliness”” of the Church of the Church

• Monasteries: secluded religious communitiesMonasteries: secluded religious communities• Men in these communities were called monks Men in these communities were called monks and women were known as nuns. They lived and women were known as nuns. They lived simple lives, often in basic communal simple lives, often in basic communal dwellings. dwellings. • The most prevalent model of the time was The most prevalent model of the time was BenedictineBenedictine monasticism, modeled after the monasticism, modeled after the life of Saint Benedict of Nursia (480life of Saint Benedict of Nursia (480––543).543).

• involved taking three vows: chastity, poverty, involved taking three vows: chastity, poverty, and obedience.and obedience.• Most monks lived highly structured lives and Most monks lived highly structured lives and engaged in activities such as producing copies of engaged in activities such as producing copies of classical works (which they did by writing out the classical works (which they did by writing out the complete work by hand), reading, studying, and complete work by hand), reading, studying, and manual labormanual labor—especially farming, which would —especially farming, which would often serve as the main source of economic often serve as the main source of economic support for a monasterysupport for a monastery..

St. Benedict

Medieval ChurchMedieval Church• The The decline of Rome led the church to assume many decline of Rome led the church to assume many

political and social taskspolitical and social tasks• Bishop of Rome, now the Pope, became the strongest political Bishop of Rome, now the Pope, became the strongest political

leader in W. Europe.leader in W. Europe.• The Pope claimed spiritual authority over all Christians The Pope claimed spiritual authority over all Christians • After the fall of Rome…the church takes on the central authorityAfter the fall of Rome…the church takes on the central authority

• Church taught all were sinnersChurch taught all were sinners• Only way to receive grace was through Only way to receive grace was through sacramentssacraments• Most people did not understand ritualsMost people did not understand rituals

• Priest spoke in Latin and most could not read or writePriest spoke in Latin and most could not read or write• Much was learned from statues, paintings and stained glass Much was learned from statues, paintings and stained glass

windows that adorned most churcheswindows that adorned most churches

Church OrganizationChurch Organization

• Same as early Christian ChurchSame as early Christian Church• Remember the hierarchy?Remember the hierarchy?

• Secular Clergy Secular Clergy • PopePope

• BishopBishop• PriestsPriests

• Regular Clergy- included Monks and Nuns that Regular Clergy- included Monks and Nuns that lived away from the rest of societylived away from the rest of society

BenedictBenedict’’s Rules Rule• Founded a monastery at Monte CassinoFounded a monastery at Monte Cassino

• Became a model for monks in other communitiesBecame a model for monks in other communities• Rules for work, meditation and prayerRules for work, meditation and prayer

• Monastic Rule:Monastic Rule:• Monks dressed simply (robes)Monks dressed simply (robes)• Rule of silenceRule of silence• Women- known as NunsWomen- known as Nuns

• Influences in Monastics:Influences in Monastics:• Provided school for youngProvided school for young• Hospitals for sickHospitals for sick• Food for needyFood for needy• Some became missionariesSome became missionaries

• Missionary Efforts:Missionary Efforts:• Pope Gregory I adopted the Benedictine Rule to spread Christianity to Pope Gregory I adopted the Benedictine Rule to spread Christianity to

all of Europeall of Europe• Mid 1000s AD- Most western Europeans had become CatholicMid 1000s AD- Most western Europeans had become Catholic

Power of ChurchPower of Church• Many Bishops and Abbots were nobles who received landMany Bishops and Abbots were nobles who received land• Local lords began to control many church offices and lands- Local lords began to control many church offices and lands-

contrary to church tradition- appointing leaderscontrary to church tradition- appointing leaders• Signs of corruptionSigns of corruption

Church Reforms:Church Reforms:• Many devout Christians called for reforms –began in Many devout Christians called for reforms –began in

monasteries monasteries • Goal of reforms = Free Church from control of feudal Goal of reforms = Free Church from control of feudal

lordslords• Pope would be chosen by cardinalsPope would be chosen by cardinals• Pope would appoint bishops and other officialsPope would appoint bishops and other officials

Fighting HeresyFighting Heresy• Pope Innocent III- condemned drunkenness, feasting, Pope Innocent III- condemned drunkenness, feasting,

and dancing among clergy and dancing among clergy • Stop spread of heresy (denial of basic church Stop spread of heresy (denial of basic church

teachings)teachings)• Convert first/ crush laterConvert first/ crush later

The Inquisition The Inquisition • Court set up to seek out and punish hereticsCourt set up to seek out and punish heretics

• Many accused without proofMany accused without proof• Punishments- prison or deathPunishments- prison or death

End of European Monastery End of European Monastery After decline of Rome…no central authority existed After decline of Rome…no central authority existed

until the 1100ADs when many European monarchs until the 1100ADs when many European monarchs began building strong statesbegan building strong states

EnglandEngland• Alfred the Great united the Anglo-Saxons kingdomsAlfred the Great united the Anglo-Saxons kingdoms

• United kingdom=EnglandUnited kingdom=England• William the Conqueror won the throneWilliam the Conqueror won the throne

• Began to strengthen powers of monarchyBegan to strengthen powers of monarchy• Magna Carta Magna Carta (Thomas Becket)(Thomas Becket)

• Placed clear Placed clear limitslimits of royal power of royal power• *Government becoming increasingly representative*Government becoming increasingly representative

• Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire• GermanyGermany’’s central government remained weaks central government remained weak• Pope and monarchs struggle for power and territory for yearsPope and monarchs struggle for power and territory for years

• The best known Medieval King was The best known Medieval King was Charlemagne,Charlemagne, who ruled over a large empire in who ruled over a large empire in what is now France, Germany and parts of Italy. what is now France, Germany and parts of Italy.

• Charlemagne encouraged learning and set up Charlemagne encouraged learning and set up schools.schools.

• He also rescued the Pope from Roman He also rescued the Pope from Roman attackers, thereby spreading his empire and attackers, thereby spreading his empire and Christianity.Christianity.

Charlemagne’s capital, Aachen, in Germany.

• Feudalism and the manor system created divisions among people. Shared beliefs in the teachings of the Church bonded people together.– Priests and other religious

officials administered the sacraments, or important religious ceremonies.

– Kings and peasants were subject to canon law, or the law of the Church, in matters such as marriage and religious practices.

A crown from the Holy Roman Empire.

A crown from the Holy Roman Empire. • After the death of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire was the strongest kingdom that arose from the ruins of his empire.– When Pope Leo III crowned

Charlemagne emperor in 800, he unknowingly set the stage for future conflicts between popes and emperors.

– Otto I, a German leader, allies with the church and creates the Holy Romany Empire.

Otto I

Formation of Western Europe 800 to 1500 AD

Beginnings of the Beginnings of the CrusadesCrusades

• Muslim Seljuk Turks conquered Muslim Seljuk Turks conquered nearly all Byzantine provinces in Asia nearly all Byzantine provinces in Asia Minor.Minor.• In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by

the Seljuk Turks.the Seljuk Turks.• In 1093, In 1093, Byzantine emperor Alexius I Byzantine emperor Alexius I

wrote a letter to Pope Urban II wrote a letter to Pope Urban II asking him and western Europe to asking him and western Europe to join his war against the Muslim join his war against the Muslim Turks, so that the Holy Land could Turks, so that the Holy Land could be controlled by Christians once be controlled by Christians once again.again.

Pope Urban IIPope Urban II• 1095: Pope Urban II1095: Pope Urban II’’s speechs speech

• Promised spiritual rewardsPromised spiritual rewards• Thousands responded to the call for religious Thousands responded to the call for religious

warriorswarriors

• Pope Urban II (1042Pope Urban II (1042––1099) sparked 1099) sparked the First Crusade by making a the First Crusade by making a dramatic plea to a crowd in France dramatic plea to a crowd in France in 1095 for warriors to organize and in 1095 for warriors to organize and travel to the Middle East to liberate travel to the Middle East to liberate the Holy Lands from the Muslims. the Holy Lands from the Muslims.

• The Pope promised spiritual The Pope promised spiritual rewards for the fighters, including rewards for the fighters, including forgiveness of their sins in forgiveness of their sins in exchange for their service. The exchange for their service. The speech was so effective that speech was so effective that thousands of soldiers marched East thousands of soldiers marched East the next year to retake the Holy the next year to retake the Holy Lands. Lands.

Pope Urban II calling for the Crusades

Beginnings of the Beginnings of the CrusadesCrusades

• The letter to the pope begged for The letter to the pope begged for help, so that the Holy Sepulcher, help, so that the Holy Sepulcher, ChristChrist’’s tomb in Jerusalem, would s tomb in Jerusalem, would not be destroyed.not be destroyed.• At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban

II declared a holy war in the East and the II declared a holy war in the East and the Truce of God in the West.Truce of God in the West.

• The pope called for this crusade, or holy The pope called for this crusade, or holy war, to help the Byzantine Empire, to war, to help the Byzantine Empire, to assert his own leadership in the West, and assert his own leadership in the West, and to get the Christians in western Europe to to get the Christians in western Europe to stop fighting each other.stop fighting each other.

Beginnings of the Beginnings of the CrusadesCrusades • Pope Urban II called for the Pope Urban II called for the

crusades in a famous speech. crusades in a famous speech. • In this speech, he referred to the In this speech, he referred to the

Muslims as Muslims as ““wickedwicked”” and promised and promised forgiveness of sins and heaven to forgiveness of sins and heaven to anyone who fought against them.anyone who fought against them.

The CrusadesThe Crusades• The First Crusade consisted mostly The First Crusade consisted mostly

of poor people, including serfs, who of poor people, including serfs, who lacked supplies, equipment, weapons, lacked supplies, equipment, weapons, and training.and training.• Many peasants Many peasants joined the crusade to joined the crusade to

gain new lands and riches, gain new lands and riches, as there had as there had been many crop failures. Serfs wanted to been many crop failures. Serfs wanted to escape feudalism.escape feudalism.

• Even criminals and debtors joined the Even criminals and debtors joined the crusade in order to escape punishments.crusade in order to escape punishments.

• Many of the people in the First Crusade Many of the people in the First Crusade died on the way to Constantinople due to died on the way to Constantinople due to a lack of food and clashes with others a lack of food and clashes with others along the way.along the way.

The CrusadesThe Crusades• In 1099, crusaders conquered Jerusalem and forced Jews In 1099, crusaders conquered Jerusalem and forced Jews

and Muslims to convert to Christianity, leave the city, or and Muslims to convert to Christianity, leave the city, or die.die.

• Fighting continued in the Holy Land between crusaders Fighting continued in the Holy Land between crusaders and Muslims, who were fighting in the name of Allah.and Muslims, who were fighting in the name of Allah.

• Led by Saladin, sultan of Egypt, the Muslims conquered Led by Saladin, sultan of Egypt, the Muslims conquered Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land in 1187.Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land in 1187.

The CrusadesThe Crusades• The The King of England, Richard the King of England, Richard the

Lion-Hearted, led the Third Crusade Lion-Hearted, led the Third Crusade against Saladin.against Saladin.

• Rather than fight, Rather than fight, they they agreed to a agreed to a peace treaty. peace treaty. • Under the treaty, European pilgrims would Under the treaty, European pilgrims would

be allowed to safely visit the Holy Land, be allowed to safely visit the Holy Land, which would remain under the control of which would remain under the control of the Muslims.the Muslims.

• Many new trade routes opened between the Many new trade routes opened between the East and the West.East and the West.

The Crusades The Crusades Continue…Continue…• In the Fourth Crusade, crusaders attacked and plundered In the Fourth Crusade, crusaders attacked and plundered

Constantinople, the city they had originally come to protect!Constantinople, the city they had originally come to protect!

• For the next 68 years, four more crusades were fought, but For the next 68 years, four more crusades were fought, but the Holy Land remained under Muslim control.the Holy Land remained under Muslim control.• Crusaders had ruined much of

the land through which they traveled, including many farms.

• Many knights that returned home had lost their horses and money.

• Many crusaders never made it home, leaving western Europe with many widows and fatherless children.

Results of the Results of the Crusades?Crusades?

The result of the Crusades ishard to determine…

-Land gained from the Crusades was later taken back.

-Europe lost many men in theCrusades, but for what?

-Did they win anything?

Trade relationsNew technologyBorrow culture

England Develops

• By the early 800s, there were many small By the early 800s, there were many small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms throughout the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms throughout the former Roman province Britain.former Roman province Britain.

• For centuries, invaders from various For centuries, invaders from various regions in Europe landed on English regions in Europe landed on English shores. Many of them stayed, bringing shores. Many of them stayed, bringing their own ways and changing English their own ways and changing English culture.culture.• 800800’’s -- Danish Vikings invaded. It wasns -- Danish Vikings invaded. It wasn’’t until t until

Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great, king from 871-899, managed , king from 871-899, managed to turn back the Vikings.to turn back the Vikings.

• Alfred united the kingdoms of Britain under one Alfred united the kingdoms of Britain under one rule, calling it England (rule, calling it England (““Land of the AnglesLand of the Angles””).).

The InquisitionThe Inquisition• New orders: Franciscans and DominicansNew orders: Franciscans and Dominicans• The The InquisitionInquisition: special court : special court

established by the Church to combat established by the Church to combat heresyheresy

• Members depended on charity to Members depended on charity to support them so that they could devote support them so that they could devote all their time to preaching and aiding the all their time to preaching and aiding the poor and downtrodden. poor and downtrodden. • The orders were also a response to the The orders were also a response to the growing number of growing number of hereticsheretics who were who were interested in ideas contrary to Church interested in ideas contrary to Church doctrine.doctrine.

• They hoped that providing examples of They hoped that providing examples of religious men and women leading religious men and women leading ““godlygodly”” lives in service to the community would lives in service to the community would draw people back to the Church. draw people back to the Church. • Accused heretics Accused heretics were brought before were brought before the Inquisition and if they admitted the Inquisition and if they admitted error, they would be released after a error, they would be released after a penance was administered.penance was administered.• If they were slow, or uncooperative, If they were slow, or uncooperative, they would be tortured. A convicted they would be tortured. A convicted heretic was burned at the stake.heretic was burned at the stake.

A suspected heretic being tortured by the Inquisition