module2 ubuntu5 10 eng

8/13/2019 Module2 Ubuntu5 10 Eng

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ICDL Module 2(Using a Computer and Managing Files)

using

Linux

Ubuntu Linux and the Gnome Desktop

Thomas la!kabelgeek Te!hnologies

in"o#babelgeek$!om

Important Notice

All candidates who follow an ICDL/ECDL course must have an official CDL/ECDL SkillsLog Book or Skills Card. Without such a Log Book or Skills Card no tests can e takenand the candidate will not e ale to otain an International Com!uter Driving Licence"

nor an# other form of certificate or recognition for the course.

Log Books/Skills Cards are otainale from ICDL/ECDL $raining and $esting Centres%see www.icdl.org.&a' or directl# from the ICDL (oundation of South Africa.

%info)icdl.org.&a" !hone *+,-+-,-0,0'
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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1 ICDL Foundation 2%%&

$his work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attriution-2oDerivs +.3 License. $o view aco!# of this license" visit htt!4//creativecommons.org/licenses/#-nd/+.3/ or send a letter toCreative Commons" 356 7oward Street" 3th (loor" San (rancisco" California" 8503" 9SA.(irst !ulished +005.

:Euro!ean Com!uter Driving Licence; and ECDL and Stars device are registered trade marks ofthe Euro!ean Com!uter Driving Licence (oundation Limited in Ireland and other countries.

2either the Euro!ean Com!uter Driving Licence (oundation nor the ICDL (oundation warrantsthat the use of this !roduct will ensure !assing the relevant e


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Table o" Contents

2$' Computer nironment

2$'$' First *teps +ith the Computer 2$&+... Start the com!uter.+...+ Shut down the com!uter using an a!!ro!riate routine.+...6 >estart the com!uter using an a!!ro!riate routine.

+...5 Shut down a non-res!onding a!!lication.

2$'$2 asi! In"ormation and ,perations 2$-+..+. =iew the com!uter?s asic s#stem information4 o!erating s#stem and version

numer" installed >A@ %random access memor#'.+..+.+ Change the com!uter?s deskto! configuration4 date time" volume settings"

deskto! dis!la# o!tions %colour settings" screen !i

2$. Managing Files

2$.$' Con!epts 2$.2+.6.. 9nderstand how an o!erating s#stem shows drives" folders" files in a

hierarchical structure.+.6..+ now that the devices used # an o!erating s#stem to store files and folders are

the hard disk" diskette" CD->@" network drives.

2$.$2 Dire!tories Folders 2$..+.6.+. 2avigate to a file" folder on a drive.+.6.+.+ Create a director# / folder and a further su-director# / su-folder.

+.6.+.6 !en a window to dis!la# director# / folder name" si&e" location on drive.

2$.$. /orking +ith Files 2$.3+.6.6. >ecogni&e common file t#!es4 word !rocessing files" s!readsheet files" dataase

files" !resentation files" image files" audio files" video files" com!ressedfiles" tem!orar# files.

+.6.6.+ Count the numer of files" files of a !articular t#!e" in a folder %including an# files


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in su-folders'.+.6.6.6 Change file status4 read-onl# / locked" read-write.+.6.6.5 Sort files # name" si&e" t#!e" date modified.+.6.6.3 9nderstand the im!ortance of maintaining correct file ee-name files" directories / folders.

2$.$0 Dupli!ate4 Moe 2$02+.6.5. Select a file" director# / folder individuall# or as a grou! of adacent" non-adacent

files" directories / folders.+.6.5.+ Du!licate files" directories / folders etween directories/folders and etween drives.+.6.5.6 @ove files" directories / folders etween directories/folders and drives.+.6.5.5 9nderstand wh# making a Facku!? co!# of files to a removale storage device

is im!ortant.

2$.$5 Delete4 6estore 2$0.+.6.3. Delete files" directories / folders to the rec#cle in / wasteasket.+.6.3.+ >estore files" directories / folders from the rec#cle in / wasteasket.

+.6.3.6 Em!t# the rec#cle in / wasteasket.

2$.$& *ear!hing 2$0.+.6.. 9se the (ind tool to locate a file" director#/folder.+.6..+ Search for files # content" date modified" date created" si&e" wildcards.

+.6..6 =iew list of recentl# used files.

2$.$3 Compressing Files 2$03+.6.,. 9nderstand what file com!ression means.+.6.,.+ Com!ress files in a folder on a drive.

+.6.,.6 E


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Module 2:Using a Computer and Managing

Filesusing Ubuntu and the Gnome Desktop

*e!tion ': Computer nironment

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2$' Using a Computer and Managing Files: Computer nironment;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

2$'$' First *teps +ith the Computer

2$'$'$' *tart the !omputer$

Gress the ,n,""switch on front of the com!uter.

$his will initiate the boot!rocess. During this !rocess the startMof the com!uter and !ass over control to it.

De!ending on how the com!uter has een configured" one of three things will ha!!en4. $he o!erating s#stem will automaticall# load the GUI (Graphi!al user inter"a!e) and

start this for a default user. $he s#stem will e availale for immediate use.+. $he o!erating s#stem will automaticall# load the H9I" ut #ou will e !rom!ted to enter a

username and !assword. $hese will e given to #ou # who ever installed the s#stem.6. nl# the teememer that!asswords are case sensitive. If #ou are given a !assword" #ou must enter it e


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2$'$'$2 *hut do+n the !omputer using an appropriate routine$

Click *=stemin the menu ar at the to! left of the screen.

Click Log ,uton the dro! down menu.

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Click the *hut Do+n radio utton in the

dialogue which a!!ears and click ,A.

2ever ust shutdown the com!uter # !ressing the ,n,"" switch.

2$'$'$. 6estart the !omputer using an appropriate routine$

(ollow the same method as for shutting down the com!uter e


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2$'$'$0 *hut do+n a nonppli!ationson the menu ar.

Click the following in seJuence4 *=stem Toolsthen *=stem Monitor.

Conention

(or sim!licit# a seJuence of menu o!tions such as the aove will e indicated as4

>ppli!ations BB *=stem Tools BB *=stem Monitor

Similarl#" ecause we will e making e


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Kou can see from the hel! to!ics that we are using version 3.0 of the 9untu Linu< Distriution"also codenamed the :Bree Badger; release.

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2$'$2$2 Change the !omputers desktop !on"iguration: date time4 olume settings4 desktop displa= options (!olour settings4 s!reen pixel resolution4 s!reen saer options)$

In order to carr# out some of the changes to the s#stem" #ou will need to know the root

!assword.

*et date and time

>ight click on the date and time in the to! right of the screen to

dis!la# a !ontext menu. Click on >dHust Date Time

Enter the root !assword when !rom!ted.

Adust the date and time on the calendar and clock. Alternativel#"

if #ou are activel# connected to the Internet" #ou ma# click on*=n!hroniEe ?o+to set the date and time using Internet time

servers. Click ,Awhen done.

An alternative method is to use4

*=stem BB >dministration BB Time and Date$

*et olume leel

Similar to setting the date and time" right

click on the s!eaker icon in the to! right of#our screen to o!en u! a conte


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*et desktop options

@ost as!ects of the deskto! are changed # clicking on the a!!ro!riate o!tions in the *=stemBB 9re"eren!es menu.

Change theme settings

*=stem BB 9re"eren!es BB Theme

Select #our !referred theme.

Click on Theme Details to adust

individual theme com!onents. Click Closewhen done.

Change s!reen saer

*=stemBB 9re"eren!es BB

*!reensaer$ Select the screen saver mode as well

as the actual screensaver and set thetime efore the screen saver isdis!la#ed.

If #ou wish" #ou ma# lock #our screen

after a certain numer of minutes.$his will reJuire #ou entering #our!assword efore #ou can continueworking. $his will automaticall#!rotect #our work should #ou leave#our machine unattended for a !eriodof time.

Click File BB uit when done.

Disable the s!reen saer

Select Disable *!reensaer o!tion from the Modelist.

Click File BB uit.

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*et desktop ba!kground

*=stem BB 9re"eren!es BB Desktop

a!kground$

Configure the ackground as #ou wish it. Kouma# also add a new ackground. Click Close.

*et s!reen pixel resolution

*=stem BB 9re"eren!es BB *!reen

6esolution Enter the root !assword when !rom!ted and

click ,A. Select #our chosen resolution from the

6esolution dro! down list. Select #our refresh rate from the 6e"resh

6atedro! down list. Click >ppl=when done.

Confirm that #our settings are corrected when

!rom!ted.

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2$'$2$. *et4 !hange ke=board language$

$he ke#oard language defines the !osition of the various ke#s on the ke#oard. (or e


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2$'$2$0 Format remoable disk media: diskette4 ip disk$

Before data can e saved on a disk" it has to e !re!ared. $he !rocess of !re!aring a disk tostore files is called formatting. If a disk has een !reviousl# formatted" formatting a second timewill result in the loss of an# data that ma# have een stored on it.

Format a "lopp= disk

@ake sure the disk #ou wish to format does

not contain an# data #ou will need. Insert the diskette into the diskette drive.

>ppli!ations BB *=stem Tools BB Flopp=

Formatter Select the File s=stem.

If #ou use D,*" #ou will e ale to share thedisk with Windows users. If #ou use JT2" #ouwill onl# e ale to share it with Linu< users.

Hive the diskette a lael. $his is the electroniclael that the formatting !rocess attaches tothe disk.

If the disk has een formatted !reviousl#" #ou

can select ui!k "ormat. $his makes use ofthe !revious format to s!eed u! the !rocess.

Click Format.

nce the disk has een formatted" #ou can save files to it.

Format a diskette using a terminal

An alternative method of formatting a flo!!# disk is to o!en a terminal and t#!e in thea!!ro!riate command.

$erminal windows give #ou access to the full !ower of Linu


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Format a Eip disk "or use in Linux onl=

In order to format a &i! disk" #ou would need to use a terminal.

Insert the &i! disk to e formatted.

>ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB Terminal $#!e in the following command e


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Click Internet to e

Click on More 9rograms to o!en the tree of further availale Internet related a!!lications

Scroll down until #ou see Thunderbird Mail Client and click the tick o< alongside its name

to select it for installation. A window ma# a!!ear warning #ou of dependen!ies. A de!endenc# refers to other software

which needs to e installed on the machine efore the a!!lication can e installed. Click Close. A tick will then a!!ear neppl=. Kou will e !rom!ted to confirm the software installation" click >ppl= again.

If !rom!ted" insert the 9untu install CD and click ,A.

When the installation has com!leted a notification window will a!!ear. Click Close. Another

window will a!!ear confirming that an a!!lication has een installed. Click ,A$ Click File BB uit to close >dd 9rograms$

=erif# that the a!!lication has een installed. In this case use4

>ppli!ations BB Internet BB Thunderbird Mail Client.

Install appli!ations "rom a CD +ith an install program

Kou ma# get an a!!lication as !art of a CD or through a download across the Internet. In somecases these a!!lications are distriuted with an install file. Doule clicking on this in a "ilemanagerwill initiate an automated installation !rocess. Kou would sim!l# sit ack and wait forthe entire !rocess to com!lete.

Install an appli!ation using the File Manager

$he following illustration assumes the a!!lication is located on a CD.

Doule click on the CDUninstall an appli!ation

9ninstalling a!!lications is edministration BB >dd >ppli!ations$

*=stem BB >dministration BB >dd >ppli!ations

Enter the root !assword when !rom!ted.

Locate the software using the rowser tree.

9ncheck the tick o< neppl=.

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2$'$2$& Use ke=board print s!reen "a!ilit= and paste !ontents into a do!ument$

Kou can take a sna!shot of the screen #ou are working on and use it in a document.

Gress the 9rint *!reenutton on the ke#oard. It ma# e areviated to 9rt *!ror similar.

$his activates the *ae *!reenshotdialogue which saves a ca!ture of #our screen.

(ill in an a!!ro!riate name for the screenshot.

Select the a!!ro!riate folder for saving it to.

Click *ae. $he screenshot will e saved in pngformat.

$he image can now e inserted into a document in the same wa# #ou would insert an# gra!hicsfile # o!ening the document and doing the following4

Click on Insert BB 9i!ture BB From "ile.

Browse to the director# / folder containing the file.

Click the filename of the gra!hic #ou wish to insert and click ,penor sim!l# doule click on it

$his will insert the gra!hic into the document at the current cursor !osition.

2$'$2$3 Use aailable 8elp "un!tions$

9untu comes with numerous manuals in electronic form.

*=stem BB 8elp$

Click on Desktop to e

Click on User Guide to e

Browse the guide # navigating the tree rowser on the left.

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*ear!h in the !urrent topi!

$he search function onl# allows #ou to scan the currentl# dis!la#ed to!ic.

dit BB Findor !ress CtrlF.

Enter the te


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2$'$. Text diting

2$'$.$' Laun!h a text editing appli!ation$ ,pen4 !reate a "ile$

Click on >ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB Text ditor

$he Hnome Editor %Hedit' will now dis!la#. $here are other editors availale" ut we will useHedit for now. $he com!onents of the screen are shown elow.

Title bar Menu bar

Main Toolbar /ork area

*tatus bar

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Close Gedit

File BB uit.

$his will close all o!en documents ande


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Create a ne+ do!ument

$o create a new document from scratch4

File BB ?e+

$his will dis!la# a lank screen in which #ou can create a document. $his document will e asedon default settings. Default settings are ones which are set u! for #ou automaticall#.

2$'$.$2 *ae the "ile to a lo!ation on a drie$

When #ou work with a document on #our com!uter" the working form resides in the com!uters>A@. $his is tem!orar# memor# used for #our current activities. Since >A@ is volatile" when thecom!uter is switched off" ever#thing that is in >A@ is automaticall# lost. In order to kee! #ourwork #ou will need to transfer the contents of >A@ to #our hard disk. $his !rocess is calledsaing.

When #ou save a document" #ou give it a name and #ou s!ecif# where it is to e stored.

*ae an existing do!ument

If #ou have o!ened a document and made some changes" the !rocess of saving it is ver# sim!le4

File BB *ae.

$his will change the contents of the stored version so that it is identical to the version that isdis!la#ed on #our screen. In this case" the !revious version on disk is overwritten.

If #ou use File BB *aein a newl# created document" Hedit will automaticall# assume that #ou

wish to use File BB *ae as.

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*ae a ne+ do!ument

When #ou create a document from scratch" there is no version stored on disk. $o save the file todisk4

File BB *ae as.

$he *ae >sdialogue will a!!ear. Click onro+se "or other "olders to e

which #ou wish to save the file. Enter a file name into the 2ame te


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*e!tion 2: Desktop

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;


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2$2 Using a Computer and Managing Files: Desktop;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Terminolog=

GUI (Graphi!al User Inter"a!e):A H9I is a s#stem that allows the user to interact with theo!erating s#stem through clicking on icons on the screen. Icons are gra!hical re!resentations ofo!erating s#stem functions. At its heart" Linu< is a te


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2$2$' /ork +ith I!ons

2$2$'$' 6e!ogniEe !ommon desktop i!ons su!h as those representing: "iles4dire!tories "olders4 appli!ations4 printers4 re!=!le bin +astebasket$

$he adacent screen illustrates a numer of icons on the deskto!.

CD

Trashis a storage location where files are !laced after the# haveeen deleted. If trash has not een em!tied" #ou can recover files#ou have deleted. 9nlike man# other o!erating s#stems and otherdistriutions of Linu


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Icons can also re!resent a!!lications a!!lications" in the e


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2otice that this director# contains a numer of files and other directories.

,pen an appli!ation "rom the desktop

Doule click on an a!!lication icon on the deskto! such as the icon re!resenting

!enffice.org.

$his will o!en the a!!lication and #ou will then have to use the a!!lications !en command toaccess the file.

A shorter method would e to doule click on a file associated with an a!!lication which will o!enthe file in the a!!ro!riate a!!lication. (or e


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2$2$'$0 Create a desktop short!ut i!on4 desktop menu alias$

*ae a "ile to the desktop

Su!!ose #ou are working on a file in Writer called costs.odt and #ou wish to save it to the

deskto!.

In Writer" File BB *ae as.

Select the su-director# called Desktopin #our home director#.

Click *ae.

Create a short!ut to a menu item

Su!!ose #ou use Writer and Calc on a regular asis. Instead of accessing them through the menus#stem" #ou can !lace shortcut icons on the deskto!. $he easiest wa# of doing this is # draggingthe a!!lication from the menu onto the deskto!. $his doesnt co!# the a!!lication to #ourdeskto!" ut rather creates an a!!lication launcher on #our deskto!. In the eppli!ations BB *=stem Tools BB >ppli!ations Menu ditor$

Scroll down to the ,""i!e entr# and click on it to e

>ight click on the ,pen,""i!e$org2 /riterentr# and click on 9roperties.

>ead off the Command. In this case it is oo""i!e2


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2$2$2 /ork +ith /indo+s

2$2$2$' Identi"= the di""erent parts o" a +indo+: title bar4 menu bar4 toolbar4status bar4 s!roll bar$

$he following screen uses !enffice.org+ Writer to illustrate the main com!onents of ana!!lication window.

Menu barMain toolbar

Text *t=le Text FontFont siEe

Fun!tion barTitle ar 6uler

,bHe!t bar/ork area

*tatus bar 8oriEontal *!roll ar 7erti!al *!roll ar

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$he Title bar is where #ou can see the name of the a!!lication that is o!en. In this case!enffice.org. Kou will notice in the screen aove the words Untitled 1a!!ear efore the name

of the a!!lication. $his means that there is an unsaved document o!en. nce the document haseen saved and has een given a name then the name will a!!ear instead of Untitled 1.

$he Main toobar is where #oull find all the icons for common a!!lication functions. $heseinclude icons to ,pen" *ae and9rint #our document.

$he Text st=le window allows #ou to assign !re-defined te


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2$2$2$2 Collapse4 expand4 resiEe4 moe4 !lose a +indo+$

$he icons relating to these functions are located in the to! right handcorner of the screen.

Collapse a +indo+

$he first is the MinimiEeutton. $his colla!ses the current window.

An icon is the dis!la#ed with the a!!lications name in the panelat the ottom of

the screen.

$o restore the a!!lication window" click on the a!!lication icon in the panel.

Close a +indo+

Click the Closeicon.

6esiEe a +indo+

Click the Cas!ade +indo+sicon.

$his dis!la#s the window so that it onl# occu!ies !art of the screen. 7over the mouse over one of the corners on the window.

$his will dis!la# a resi&e handle. 7old down the left mouse utton and drag the corner to resi&e the window.

>elease the mouse utton when #ou have the desired si&e for the window.

7over the mouse over one of the sides of the window.

$his will also dis!la# a resi&e handle. 7owever these handles limit #our movementeither verticall# or hori&ontall#.

Moe a +indo+

Click and hold down the left mouse utton on the Titleof the window. $his is the rown area

at the to! of the window. Drag the window to the new !osition.

>elease the mouse utton.

Maximise a +indo+

Click the MaximiEe +indo+icon.

$his icon will onl# e availale if the window has een cascaded.

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Kou cannot resi&e or move a window that has een ma


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*e!tion .: Managing Files

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2$. Using a Computer and Managing Files: Managing Files;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

2$.$' Con!epts

2$.$'$' Understand ho+ an operating s=stem sho+s dries4 "olders4 "iles ina hierar!hi!al stru!ture$

$o understand the conce!t of a director#" consider an analog# of an office lock containing anumer of offices. Each office has a name. Inside each office there are a numer of filingcainets" each of which is named. (iles are stored in the filing cainets. Each file also has aname.

Su!!ose a file called Lomard is located in the Staff cainet of the Administration office. $hiscould e descried in a shorthand form as /Administration/Staff/Lomard.

In the same wa# /Stores/Su!!liers/umar would indicate a file called umar in the Su!!liersfiling cainet in the Stores office.

Directories on a com!uter s#stem are similar to the offices and filing cainets. A dire!tor=is acontainer that can contain files or other directories. A director# located inside another director# iscalled a sub


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Linu< names are case sensitive. 7ence the three names ta


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written to !art of the surface" this !art can no longer e used. CD->W disks are designed so thatone set of data can overwrite another. $his allows the disks to e re-used man# times.

CD >@ !rovides a reliale and storage medium for acking u! and storing data. $he s!eed isgreater than that of a diskette ut slower than that of a hard drive. Writing to a CD >@ is amuch slower !rocess than reading it. $he ca!acit# of a CD >@ is 50 @. It is sometimes!ossile to store aout ,00 @ on a disk.

$he D7D (Digital 7ersatile Disk)is a develo!ment of the storage technolog# of the CD >@.9sing newer storage methods and higher Jualit# media" a D=D can store aout 5 H of data. $hisis enough to store a full length film. As with CD >@s" oth D=D-> and D=D->W disks areavailale.

A hard disk driecan e internalor external. An internal drive is housed inside the main unitand is connected directl# to the motheroard of the com!uter. An e


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$he Desktop su-director# is created automaticall# at the same time as the home director#.(iles that are saved to this su-director# will e dis!la#ed as icons on the deskto!.

$he navigation icons are dis!la#ed on the left of the toolar.$he Upicon dis!la#s the director# one u! in the hierarch#. $hisis also known as the parentof the current director#. It is oneste! closer to the rootof the s#stem.

Click Uptwice. $his will dis!la# the rootof the s#stem. $his is the starting !oint of the entiredirector# s#stem.

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Although #ou can see files and directories" #ou will not e ale to mani!ulate them or deletethem. Kou are onl# ale to work with directories and files to which #ou have access. 2ormall#these are onl# files located in #our home director# and its su-director#. $he root user ishowever ale to give #ou access rights to files and directories outside #our home director#.

$he a!kand For+ardicons allow #ou to trace #our ste!s ack andforward through the directories #ou have visited during #our currentsession.

$o return to the homedirector# at an# stage" !ress the 8omeicon.

$o move to a new director#" doule click on the icon in the main !ane.

Doule click on the et!director#.

2$.$2$2 Create a dire!tor= "older and a "urther sub


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Gress nter.

Doule click on the Lettersicon in the main !ane.

2otice that Letters is now dis!la#ed in the Lo!ation ar now reflect the new director#.

File BB ?e+ Folder or !ress *hi"tCtrl?.

Enter a name for the new su-director#" an2%%&$

In the same wa# create directories called Feb2%%&and Mar2%%&.

$hese new directories will e dis!la#ed as icons.

Kou could" if #ou wish" enter these su-directories andcreate another level of su-directories within each.

Work out a meaningful director# structure for #our

own needs. Create this structure using the method that has ust

een descried.

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2$.$2$. ,pen a +indo+ to displa= dire!tor="older name4 siEe4 lo!ation ondrie$

Change 7ie+ Mode

$he default view in Hnome file manager dis!la#s onl# icons. $here are other !ossile views on adirector#.

Click on 8omeand move u!

to the rootlevel. 7ie+ BB 7ie+ as List

Click on 8ometo e

the director# so that itscontents will e dis!la#ed.

Click on #our own home

dire!tor=. Click on the Letterssu-

director#.

Kou should see a dis!la#similar to the one on theadacent screen.

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$o add more detail columns"

click on 7ie+ BB 7isibleColumns$

Add ,+ner4 Group and

9ermissions. Click Close

$he following screen illustrates a director# containing detail on a numer of different t#!es offiles4

$his screen gives #ou full information on each file. $he first four columns !rovide the asicinformation on "ile name" siEe" File T=peand when the file was last Modi"ied. With regard to

the Modi"iedcolumn" it is im!ortant that #our clock and calendar settings are correct. If not" theinformation in this column will e useless.

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9ermissions:$he !ermissions column !rovides information on a!!ess rightsto the files anddirectories. Access rights refer to the !ermissions users have to !erform various actions on filesand directories.

Each file has an o+ner and a groupassociated with it. A grou! is a set of users collectedtogether under a single grou! name. $he !ermissions consists of three sets of three characters.$he first three refer to the access rights of the owner" the second three of the grou! and the thirdset to all other users.

r+xmeans read" write and e


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md vendors.md A @icrosoft Access dataase file.&i! install.&i! A com!ressed file in &i! format.g& install.g& A com!ressed file in g&i! format.tar oo-6,.i3R.tar A tarall file. tar files are used for creating installation !ackages.de 00-6,.i3R.de An 9untu Gackage @anager (ile. de files are used for installing new

!ieces of software.

!ng sk#.!ng A common format for storing gra!hic images.!g" !eg sk#.!g A common format for storing gra!hic images.tif sk#.tif A common format for storing gra!hic images.gif sk#.gif A common format for storing gra!hic images.wav

au

trum!et.wav

trum!et.au

An audio file

An audio filem!g

avi

concert.m!g

concert.avi

A video file

A video filetm! ws000.tm! A tem!orar# file

E


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Count "iles o" a parti!ular t=pe

Su!!ose #ou wish to find the total numer of files ending in sx+in the su-director# Lettersin#our home dire!tor=.

Click 9la!es BB *ear!h "or Files. 9sing Look in "older rowse to the

Letters su-director# in #our homedirector#.

Enter @$sx+in the ?ame !ontains

te


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Change permissions on a dire!tor=

In this eight click on common and select 9roperties

in the !ontext menu. Click the 9ermissions ta.

@ake sure that 6ead4 /rite andxe!ute are

checked for all three classes. Click Close.

Change permissions on a "ile

B# default" 9untu locks access to files so thatthe# cannot e changed # an#one other thanthe owner or memers of the grou!.

!en the Hnome file manager and locate the

file whose !ermissions #ou wish to view orchange.

>ight click on the file and select 9ropertiesin

the Context menu. Click the 9ermissions ta.

$he current !ermissions will e checked.

Add or remove check marks to set the desired

!ermissions. Click Close.

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2$.$.$0 *ort "iles b= name4 siEe4 t=pe4 date modi"ied$

(iles can e sorted # name" t#!e" si&e and date # clicking on the titles at the to! of the !ane.

!en the Hnome (ile @anager and access the director# #ou wish to sort.

Ensure that 7ie+ as List is selected Click on ?ame. $his will sort the files in ascending al!haetic order # name.

Click on ?ame a second time. $his will now sort the files in descending order of name.

When #ou sort files" the directories will a!!ear ahead of the files. Directories and files will esorted se!aratel#.

Click Date Modi"ied. $his will sort the files in date order starting with the most recent.

Click Date Modi"ieda second time. $his will now sort them with the oldest a!!earing first.

Click *iEe$$his will sort the files in order of si&e with the largest at the to!.

Click *iEea second time. $his will sort them in the reverse order of si&e.

Click T=pe. $his will sort the files al!haeticall# # t#!e.

Click T=pea second time. $his will sort them # t#!e in the reverse order.

2$.$.$5 Understand the importan!e o" maintaining !orre!t "ile extensions+hen re


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2$.$0 Dupli!ate4 Moe

2$.$0$' *ele!t a "ile4 dire!tor= "older indiiduall= or as a group o" adHa!ent4non


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In order to !rotect data" it is im!ortant that co!ies of im!ortant files are made and ke!t in ase!arate location so that if loss occurs to the main s#stem" data can e recovered from theco!ies. Co!ies of im!ortant files are referred to as ba!kups.

2$.$5 Delete4 6estore

2$.$5$' Delete "iles4 dire!tories "olders to the re!=!le bin +astebasket$

Select %highlight' the files #ou wish to delete.

Click dit BB Moe to Trashor !ress the Deleteke#.

2$.$5$2 6estore "iles4 dire!tories "olders "rom the re!=!le bin +astebasket trash$

Click on the Trashicon in the ottom right of #our screen.

Select the files #ou wish to restore. dit BB Cut.

2avigate to the folder in which #ou wish to restore the files.

dit BB 9aste.

2$.$5$. mpt= the re!=!le bin+astebasket$

With time Trashwill accumulate hundreds of files. >ather than waste s!ace" em!t# Trashon aregular asis.

>ight click on the Trashicon on the ottom right of #our screen

Click mpt= Trashin the !ontext menu.

2$.$& *ear!hing

2$.$&$' Use the Find tool to lo!ate a "ile4 dire!tor= "older$

9la!es BB *ear!h "or Files

Click the ?ame Lo!ationta.

Adust theLook Folder selection # rowsing to the director# in which #ou wish to search.

B# default it searches through all su-directories within the selected director#.

Enter the name of the file in the ?ame Containste


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> spe!i"i! example


Click the utton ne


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*ear!h "or "iles b= date


Click the ?ame Containsteailable

,ptions$ Click Find.

Click Closewhen done.

*ear!h "or "iles b= siEe


Click the ?ame Containstedd$ Enter the minimumsi&e of the file in kilo#tes.

Click Find.

Click Closewhen done.

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2$.$&$. 7ie+ list o" re!entl= used "iles$

Click on9la!es BB 6e!ent

Do!uments A list will o!en with all #our recentl#

accessed documents. $o o!en one ofthe documents" sim!l# click on itsicon.

$o clear the list click on Clear 6e!ent

Do!uments$

2$.$3 Compressing Files

2$.$3$' Understand +hat "ile !ompression means$

Each file has a si&e associated with it. >oughl# s!eaking the amount of s!ace a file occu!ies ofdisk is aout the same as its file si&e. In realit#" it takes u! somewhat more s!ace than this.When files are stored on a CD or transmitted across the Internet" it is im!ortant to the amount of

disk s!ace the# occu!#. S!ecial algorithms %methods' have een develo!ed to com!ress files intosmaller si&es.

Sometimes a numer of files are com!ressed into a single file while at other times a single filema# e com!ressed. A com!ressed file can e recognised # its e


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In the ?ame ter!hie t=pe dro! down list" select the t#!e of archive #ou would like to create.

Click ?e+ to return to the >r!hie Managerinterface.

Click dit BB >dd Files or click the >ddicon.

2avigate to the director# in which the file is located and doule click on the file.

Alternativel#" if #ou wish to select more than one file from a director#" select themas #ou would select multi!le files and click ,A.

>e!eat until all the files have een added.

dit BB >dd a Folderif #ou wish to select entire directories.

If #ou wish to delete a file" right click on it and select Deletein the !ontext menu.

At this !oint #our screen will look something like the following4

9age 2$55


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>r!hie BB Close or >r!hie BB uitwill automaticall# save the archive. Closecloses the

current archive ut leaves the >r!hie Manager interface dis!la#ed. uit closes oth thecurrent archive and the a!!lication.

>dd "iles to an existing ar!hie

>ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB >r!hie Manager

>r!hie BB ,penor click on the ,penicon$

Browse to the archive #ou wish to o!en" select it and click ,A. $he files contained in the

archive will e listed. dit BB >dd Fileor EditBB >dd a Folderto add additional files to the archive.

$o save the archive under a new name use >r!hie BB *ae as. therwise use >r!hie BB

Closeor >r!hie BB uit.

2$.$3$. xtra!t !ompressed "iles "rom a lo!ation on a drie$

>ppli!ations BB >!!essories BB >r!hie Manager >r!hie BB ,pen.

2avigate to the archive #ou wish to o!en" select it and click ,A. $he files contained in the

archive will e listed. dit BB xtra!t.

Browse to the director# in which #ou wish to er!hie Manager# clicking >r!hie BB uit$

9sing the Gnome "ile manager navigate to the target director# to verif# that the

files have een e


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*e!tion 0: 7iruses

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;


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2$0 Using a Computer and Managing Files: 7iruses;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

2$0$' Con!epts

2$0$'$' Ano+ +hat a irus is and +hat the e""e!ts o" a irus might be$

A !omputer irusis a !rogram that is delieratel# created to cause anno#ance or alter or delete

data. Some viruses cause com!uter s#stems to slow down to the !oint where the# are notusale. ne of the features of viruses is that the# are designed to re!licate and s!read.

Although viruses are not #et a serious !rolem for Linu< ased com!uters" this could change atan# time. Ever#da# more and more viruses are created. Even though #ou ma# e using Linu


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2$0$'$. Understand the adantages o" a irusnti


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Click the xiticon in the to! right hand corner of the screen when done or !ress CtrlD.

2$0$2$2 Understand +h= irus


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*e!tion 5: 9rint Management

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

9age 2$&2


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2$. Using a Computer and Managing Files: 9rint Management;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

2$5$' *etup

2$5$'$' Change the de"ault printer "rom an installed printer list$

Su!!ose #ou have more than one !rinter availale to !rint to. $he de"ault printeris the !rinter

that will automaticall# e offered to #ou when #ou wish to !rint. ther !rinters have to es!ecificall# selected.

Click *=stem BB >dministration BB

9rinting$ >ight click on the !rinter #ou wish to make

the default and from the conte


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If the s#stem detects the !rinter" it will list itunder Use a dete!ted printer

Click Oes.

Click For+ard to continue.

2e


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$he following e

select Use another printer b= spe!i"=inga port and select the a!!ro!riate !ort fromthe dro!-down list.

Click For+ardto continue$

Select the a!!ro!riate Manu"a!turer and

Model from the selection oppl=to finalise installation.

Kour new !rinter will e listed in the

9rinters window.

9age 2$&5


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$o !rint a test !age" right click on #our new

!rinter and select 9roperties on theconte


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2$5$2$2 7ie+ a print Hobs progress using a desktop print manager$

*tart >ppli!ations BB Con"iguration BB

AD BB 9eripherals BB 9rinters.

7ighlight the !rinter #ou wish to view. Click the obsta.

$he !rogress of the !rint o will e dis!la#ed inthe !ane elow.

Click Closeto eight click on the o to dis!la# a conteight click on the !aused !rint o.

Click 6esume.

Delete a Hob

>ight click on the !rint o.

Gress Can!el.

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