molecular genetics - ms. kropac · 2019-10-28 · molecular genetics: the study of heredity...
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Molecular GeneticsDNA Structure and Organization
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Brainstrom: What do we know about genetics already?
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Molecular Genetics: The study of heredity
Molecular Genetics
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Review: DNADNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid
OO=P-O O
Phosphate Group
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
Sugar(deoxyribose)
NNitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T)
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DNA: Double Helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
G CP
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
T A
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DNA structureHelicalDouble StrandedStrands run antiparallel
3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’Phosphate starts 5’ end and the hydroxyl starts the 3’ end
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Base PairsPurines (2 rings)
1)Adenine2)Guanine
Pyrimidines (1 ring)1) Cytosine2) Thymine
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Base PairsPurines (2 rings)
1)Adenine2)Guanine
Pyrimidines (1 ring)1) Cytosine2) Thymine
A or G
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Base PairsPurines (2 rings)
1)Adenine2)Guanine
Pyrimidines (1 ring)1) Cytosine2) Thymine
A or G
T or C
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Base Pairs
Purines and Pyrimidines are held together by hydrogen bonds
2 bonds between A and T3 bonds between C and G
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
G CP
P
PO
O
O
1
2 34
5
5
3
5
3
T A
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Base Pairs
A always binds with TC always binds with GCalled complementary base pairing
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
G CP
P
PO
O
O
1
2 34
5
5
3
5
3
T A
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History of DNA Structure
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Fredrich Miescher (1869)
Investigated pus cells, and the non-protein compound found in the nucleus
Nuclein (later named DNA)
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Frederick Griffith (1928)
Studied good(S) and bad(R) bacteria
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Frederick Griffith (1928)
Mice injected with heat killed S-strain mixed with living R strain somehow passed along its deadly properties
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Frederick Griffith (1928)
Idea of “transforming principal” (the passing on of information from one strain to another)
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
Worked with bacteriophage marked with S and P
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
First marked protein coat with S
Material NOT passed on
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
Then marked DNA with P
Material IS passed on
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
Results finally determined that DNA was the hereditary material.
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Erwin ChargaffLooked at DNA differences between species
Discovered that nucleotides were present in characteristic proportions across species
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Erwin Chargaff
Chargaff’s Rule: The percent composition is the same for adenine and thymine, and the percent composition is the same for guanine as cytosine
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Rosalind FranklinUsed X-ray diffraction to capture DNA on film
Determined DNA had a helical structure
Determined nitrogenous bases in the centre, sugar phosphate backbone on the outside
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James Watson and Francis Crick
Constructed a 3D model of DNA
Credited with discovering double helix structure
Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962
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