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Min Zhuo Editor
Molecular Pain
ag»wai)isa ^ Snringer Higher Education Press _ ' ^ r - - ^S
Min Zhuo
Department of Physiology
University of Toronto
Medical Sciences Bldg, Rm 3342
1 King's College Circle
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
E-mail: [email protected]
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Copyright © 2007 by
Higher Education Press 4 Dewai Dajie, Beijing 100011, R R. China
Distributed by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC under ISBN 978-0-387-75268-6 worldwide except in
mainland China by the arrangement of Higher Education Press.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the Publisher
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein.
ISBN 978-7-04-018954-4
Printed in R R. China
Major Contributors
Lan Bao, MD, PhD Principal Investigator, Professor
Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology
Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Chinese Academy of Sciences
No. 320 Yue Yang Rd
Shanghai 200031, China
Phone:86-21-54921764
Fax: 86-21-54921762
E-mail: [email protected],cn
Haruhiko Bito, MD, PhD Associate Professor and Head
Department of Neurochemistry
The University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Medi-
cine
7-3-1 Kongo, Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
Phone:81-3-5841-3559
Fax:81-3-3814-8154
E-mail: [email protected],jp
Yves De Koninck, PhD Professor and Director
Department of Psychiatry
Centre de recherche Universite Laval Robert-Giffard
(CRULRG)
2601, Chemin de la Canardiere
Bureau F-5579 Beauport (Quebec) Gl J 2G3, Canada
Phone: 418-663-5747 ext 6885
Fax:418-663-5873 E-mail: [email protected]
Alaa El-Husseini, PhD Assistant Professor and Invesitgator
Brain Research Centre
University of British Columbia
Department of Psychiatry
Room 4N2-2255 Wesbrook Mall
Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
Phone: 604-822-7526
Fax:604-822-7981
E-mail: [email protected]
Paul W. Frankland, PhD Canada Research Chair in Cognitive Neurobiology
Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute
Department of Integrative Biology
555 University Ave.
Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada
Phone: 416-813-7654 extl823
Fax:416-813-6846
E-mail: [email protected]
Gerald R Gebhart, PhD Professor and Director
Center for Pain Research
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA
Phone:412-383-5911
ii Major Contributors
Fax: 412-383-5466
E-mail: [email protected]
Peter A. Goldstein, MD Assistant Professor
Department of Anesthesiology
Weill Medical College
Cornell University
NewYorkNY 10021, USA
Phone: 212-746-5325
Fax: 212-746-4879
E-mail: [email protected]
Jianguo G. Gu, PhD Associate Professor
Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Di-
agnostic Sciences
College of Dentistry and McKnight Brain Institute
University of Florida
Box 100416
1600 SW Archer Road
Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
Phone: 352-392-5989
Fax: 352-392-7609
E-mail: [email protected]
Sheena Josselyn, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Brain & Behavior
Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute
McMaster Bldg Rm 4017B, 555 University Ave
Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada
Phone: 416-813-7654 ext.1824
Fax:416-813-6846
E-mail: [email protected]
Bong-Kiun Kaang, PhD Professor
Neurobiology Laboratory
Department of Biological Sciences
& Institute of Molecular Biology & Genetics
College of Natural Sciences
Seoul National University
San 56-1 Silim-dong Kwanak-gu
Seoul 151-742, Korea
Phone: 82-2-880-7525
Fax: 82-2-884-9577
E-mail: [email protected]
Jon H. Kaas, PhD Distinguished Professor, Department of Psychology
Associate Professor, Department of Cell Biology
Kennedy Center Investigator
Vanderbilt University
Department of Psychology
301 Wilson Hall
Nashville TN 37240, USA
Phone: 615-322-6029
Fax: 615-343-8449
E-mail: [email protected]
Rohini Kuner, PhD Principal Investigator
Institute of Pharmacology
University of Heidelberg
Department of Molecular Pharmacology
366 IM Neuenheimer Feld
Heidelberg 69120, Germany
Phone: 49-6221-54-8289
Fax: 49-6221-54-8549
E-mail: [email protected]
John R MacDonald, PhD
Ernest B. and Leonard B. Smith Professor and Chair
Physiology
Department of Physiology
University of Toronto
1 King's College Circle
Toronto ON M5S 1A8, Canada
Phone:416-978-0711
Fax: 416-978-4940
E-mail: [email protected]
Annika Malmberg, PhD Principal Scientist, Head of Analgesia Discovery Re-
search and Head of in Vivo Analgesia
Major Contributors iii
Elan Pharmaceuticals
800 Gateway Boulevard
South San Francsico CA 94080, USA
Phone: 650-794-4253
Fax: 650-877-7486
E-mail: [email protected]
Christophe MuUe, PhD
Professor and Director
Institut Francois Magendie
Universite Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2
1 rue C. Saint-Saens
Bordeaux 33077, France
Phone: 0557574086
Fax: 0557574082
E-mail: [email protected]
Timothy J. Ness, MD, PhD Professor and Co-Director
University of Alabama Birmingham
Department of Anesthesiology
619 19th St SZRB 940
Birmingham AL 35233-6810, USA
Phone: 205-975-9643
Fax: 205-934-7437
E-mail: [email protected]
Volker E. Neugebauer, MD, PhD Associate Professor
Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences
The University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston TX 77555-1069, USA
Phone: 409-772-2124
Fax: 409-772-2789
E-mail: [email protected]
Zhizhong Z. Pan, PhD Assistant Professor
The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
1515 Holcombe Blvd.
Houston TX 77030, USA
Phone: 713-792-5559
Fax: 713-745-4754
E-mail: [email protected]
Huixin Qi, PhD Research Assistant Professor
Department of Psychology
Vanderbilt University
Nashville TN 37203, USA
Phone: 615-322-7491
Fax: 615-343-8449
E-mail: [email protected]
Alfredo Riberio-da-Silva, PhD Professor
McGill University
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology
3655 Prom. Sir William Osier
Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
Phone:514-398-3619
Fax: 514-398-6690
E-mail: [email protected]
Michael W. Salter, MD, PhD Canada Research Chair in Neuroplasticity and Pain
(Tier I)
Senior Scientist, Programs in Brain and Behaviour
and Cell Biology
The Hospital for Sick Children
Professor of Physiology; Director, University of To-
ronto Centre for the Study of Pain
University of Toronto
Elizabeth McMaster Bldg 555 University Ave, Rm
5018
Toronto ON M5G1X8, Canada
Phone:416-813-6272
Fax:416-813-7921
E-mail: [email protected]
Kathleen A. Sluka, PT, PhD Associate Professor
Graduate Program in Physical Therapy & Rehabilita-
iv Major Contributors
tion Science
University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
1-242 Medical Education Building
Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1190, USA
Phone: 319-335-9791 or 9799
Fax:319-335-9707
E-mail: [email protected]
search & Division of Neurology
The Hospital for Sick Children (HSC)
555 University Ave
Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada
Phone:416-813-8711
Fax:416-813-5086
E-mail: [email protected]
Stefan Strack, PhD Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
University of Iowa, College of Medicine
2-432 BSB
Iowa City lA 52242, USA
Phone:319-335-7965
Fax:319-338-8930
E-mail: [email protected]
Andrew J. Todd, PhD Professor
Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences
University of Glasgow
West Medical Building University Avenue
Glasgow G12 8QQYT, UK
Phone: 441413305868
Fax: 441413302868
E-mail: [email protected]
Makoto Tominaga, MD, PhD Professor
Okazaki Institute of Integrative Bioscience
Section Cell Signaling
Higashiyama 5-1 Myodaiji
Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
Phone: 81-5-6459-5286
Fax: 81-5-6459-5285
E-mail: [email protected]
Lu-Yang Wang, PhD Associate Professor
Department of Physiology, University of Toronto
Canada Research Chair in Brain & Behavior (Tier II)
Senior Scientist, Program in Brain and Behavior Re-
Ling-Gang Wu, PhD
Investigator
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
36 Convent Drive, Bldg 36, Rm. 1C12
Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Phone:301-451-3338
Fax: 301-480-1466
E-mail: [email protected]
Tian-Le Xu, PhD Investigator and Chief
Laboratory of Synaptic Physiology
Institute of Neuroscience
Chinese Academy of Sciences
No.320 Yue Yang Rd
Shanghai 200031, China
Phone:86-21-54921751
Fax: 86-21-54921735
E-mail: [email protected]
Megumu Yoshimura, MD, PhD Professor and Chair
Department of Integrative Physiology
Graduate School of Medical Sciences
Kyushu University
3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku
Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
Phone: 81-9-2642-6085
Fax: 81-9-2642-6093
E-mail: [email protected]
Xu Zhang, MD, PhD
Principal Investigator and Professor
Laboratory Sensory Sys
Institute Neuro Science
Chinese Academy of Sciences
No.320YueYangRd
Shanghai 200031, China
Phone: 86-21-54921761
Fax: 86-21-64713446
E-mail: [email protected]
Zhi-Qi Zhao, PhD
Professor
Institute of Neurobiology
Fudan University
Shanghai 200433, China.
Phone: 86-21-55522878
Fax: 86-21-55522876
E-mail: [email protected]
Major Contributors v
Min Zhuo, Ph D Canada Research Chair in Pain and Cognition, Tier I
EJLB-CIHR Michael Smith Chair in Neurosciences
and Mental Health
Professor
Department of Physiology
University of Toronto
Medical Sciences Bldg, Rm 3342
1 King's College Circle
Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
Phone: 416-946-0532
Fax: 416-978-4940
E-mail: [email protected]
Preface
T he initial idea for this book came from Dr.
Li Bingxiang at Higher Education Press
during an international symposium in
beautiftil southern China. Unlike traditional textbooks
on pain, she proposed I write a new book that in-
cluded recent progress in the neurobiology of pain.
This idea revived my long-term interest in editing a
book on molecular pain.
A scenery view of the southern China.
There are at least four major reasons why I felt
this book was necessary. First, there are only a few
textbooks on pain available, and some of them are
outdated.
Second, the existing pain textbooks mainly focus
on basic animal research and the clinical treatment
of pain. Due to space limitations and the breadth
of the topic, coverage of basic neuroscience is not
sufficient.
Third, molecular biologists are making rapid
progress toward finding molecular and gene involve-
ment in pain. This progress is visible in a number of
ways: the gene-chip used in pharmaceutical compa-
nies; the increase in molecular biologists interested in
pain; and the use of transgenic mice in pain research.
These scientists must be brought together with pain
scientists.
And finally, an integrative approach is becoming
standard in pain research. New investigators in the
field need to be trained in multiple aspects of neuro-
biology.
Support from my friends and fellow scientists
was essential to this book. The idea for this book was
met with a strong positive response from many scien-
tists, though not all of them could contribute chapters
due to personal time constraints. I am confident that
many of these excellent scientists will be able to con-
tribute new chapters to future editions.
Help from Michelle and Melissa was essential to
ii Preface
put this book together. Funding from the EJLB-CIHR
Michael Smith Chair and the Canada research Chair
made it possible for me to work on this book. Addi-
tional help from lab members was also appreciated.
My wife Kelly and my daughters Morgan and Dan-
ielle gave me enough energy and support to take on
this rather difficult task.
I look forward to hearing readers' suggestions
and comments on the book, though I know that not
every pain-related topic is fully covered. In most
cases, experts were contacted to write a chapter, but
couldn't due to various commitments. This book is
not intended to cover every topic related to pain; for
instance, I have skipped over discussion of sensory
receptors and the genetic background of pain. My
goal was to focus on several topics in which neuro-
science and pain interact to produce a basic under-
standing of mechanisms.
I hope that readers will find this book helpftil
and useful, and I sincerely hope that this book will
enable doctors to relieve their patients' pain effec-
tively.
The Guide to Use This Book
U nlike traditional textbooks, this book is
edited as a series of topical seminars
given by active researchers. The order of
chapters is topic related, rather than the traditional
layout of the pain textbooks, which is from periphery
to the brain, and from basic to clinic. Most of topics
are selected based on the recent progress as well as
basic discovery at neurobiological levels in terms of
our understanding. Many particular areas related to
pain and analgesia are not covered, in part due to ei-
ther the lack of molecular and cellular understanding
of the process or the limit space.
Therefore, the readers are encouraged to use this
book, together with the classic textbook of Pain (Wall
and Melzeck). If necessary, the basic neuroscience
textbooks are also recommended including the Prin-
ciple of Neural Science (Kandel, Schwartz, Jessell).
Clinical studies are usually well covered in other
pain-related textbooks. However, due to the limitation
of new translational researches, we did not cover the
clinical pain researches. Readers are encouraged to
use the textbook of pain if needed.
Considering the rapid progress in neuroscience
and pain related researches, the readers are highly
recommended to use the PubMed in combination with
this book.
The book is designed to teach basic principles
for pain while introducing the most recent progress in
exploring basic pain mechanism. We will aim at
undergraduate students (late years), graduate students,
post-doc fellows, medical students, nursing students,
and clinical pain fellows. Although the book is fo-
cused on pain, we would like to also teach the stu-
dents to use Pain as a model for investigating brain
mechanisms.
Contents
Major Contributors
Preface
The Guide to Use This Book
Part I Genes, Neurons and Neurotransmission
Chapter 1 Genes and Neurons (Bong-Kiun Kaang) 3 of Neurotransmitter (Lu-Yang Wang) 17
Chapter 2 Synapses: Coupling of Presynaptic Chapter 3 Synaptic Vesicle Cycle at Nerve Terminals
Voltage-gated Ca ^ Channels to Vesicular Release (Ling-Gang Wu, JianhuaXu) 27
Part n Giutamate, Excitatory Transmission and Pain
Chapter 4 Postsynaptic Excitatory Transmission (John F. El-Husseini) 63
MacDonald, Suhas Kotecha, Michael F. Chapter 7 Spinal Glutamate Receptors (Megimiu
Jackson, Michael Beazely) 43 Yoshimura) 85
Chapters Kainate Receptors (ChristopheMuUe) 53 Chapters Glutamate Kainate Receptor in Pain
Chapter 6 Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmitter Transmission and Modulation
Regulation (Rochelle Hines, Alaa (MinZhuo) 97
Part in Neuropeptides, ATP, Retrograde Messengers and Opioids
Chapter 9 Neuropeptides (Xu Zhang, LanBao) 109 Chapter 11 Opioid Receptors (ZhizhongZ. Pan) 131
Chapter 10 ATP and Its Receptors in Pain (Terumasa Chapter 12 Retrograde Messengers (Min Zhuo) 145
Nakatsuka, Jianguo G. Gu) 117
Part IV Inhibitory Transmission and Plasticity
Chapter 13 Inhibitory Transmission (Tian-LeXu) -157 Systems (YvesDeKoninck) 169
Chapter 14 Plasticity of Inhibition; GABA/glycine
Part V Postsynaptic Signaling and Gene Regulation
Chapter 15 Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Fine-tune Neuronal Outputs? (Haruhiko
(Ronald A. Merrill, Stefan Strack) 187 Bito, Sayaka Takemoto-Kimura,
Chapter 16 Activity-dependent Gene Regulation: Hiroyuki Okuno) 207
How Do Synapses Talk to the Nucleus and
ii Contents
Chapter 17 Second Messenger Pathways in Pain Rajan Radhakrishnan) 219
(Kathleen A. Sluka, David A. Skyba, Marie K. Chapter 18 Genetic Approaches for the Study of Pain
Hoeger Bement, Katherine M. Audette, (Rohini Kuner) 235
Part VI Peripheral Nociceptor, Amygdala and Fear
Chapter 19 Peripheral Nociceptors (Makoto Modulation (Volker Neugebauer) 265
Tominaga) 247 Chapter 21 Fear Learning (Paul W. Frankland,
Chapter 20 Amygdala—Pain Processing and Pain Sheena A. Josselyn) 281
Part Vn Spinal Plasticity, Reorganization and Chronic Pain
Chapter 22 Silent Glutamatergic Synapses and (Andrew J. Todd, Alfredo
Long-term Facilitation in Spinal Dorsal Horn Ribeiro-da-Silva) 309
Neurons (MinZhuo) 295 Chapter 24 Spinal Microglia in Neuropathic Pain
Chapter 23 Anatomical Changes in the Spinal Dorsal Plasticity (Michael W. Salter) 325
Horn after Peripheral Nerve Injury
Part VI Cortical Plasticity, Reorganization and Amputation
Chapter 25 ACC Plasticity (MinZhuo) 337 System after Injury
Chapter 26 Reorganization of the Sensorimotor (Huixin Qi, Jon H. Kaas) 351
Part DC Endogenous Analgesia and Other Form of Analgesia
Chapter 27 Endogenous Biphasic Modulation Timothy J. Ness) 387
(MinZhuo, GeraldF.Gebhart) 373 Chapter 29 Acupuncture Analgesia (Zhi-QiZhao) 397
Chapter 28 Paradoxical Analgesic and Hyperalgesic Chapter 30 Mechanisms of Opioid Tolerance
Effects of Stress (Meredith Tumbach Robbins, (Zhizhong Z. Pan) 413
Part X Models for Studying Pain and Searching for Pain Killers
Chapter 31 Models in Pain Research (Timothy J. Chapter 33 Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recording
Ness) • 425 in Vivo (Megumu Yoshimura) 459
Chapter 32 Models for Studying Pain and Searching Chapter 34 Basic Mechanisms of Clinically Used
for Pain Killers in Vitro Electrophysiological Drugs (AnnikaB. Malmberg) 469
Studies of Pain
(Peter Goldstein, JianguoGu) 441
Selected References 481
Appendix I Units in Pain Research 485
Appendix II Useful Websites for the Study of Pain 487
Appendix IH List of Scientific Journals Publishing Studies in Pain 489
Appendix IV Fundamental and Innovative Contribution to Understanding of Basic Mechanism of Pain, Analgesia
and Persistent Pain 491