molecules of life the stuff we’re made of. water the human body is mostly water –lean muscle:...
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![Page 1: Molecules of Life The stuff we’re made of. Water The human body is mostly water –Lean muscle: 75% water –Blood: 83% water –Body fat: 25% water –Bone:](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649d4e5503460f94a2cef0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Molecules of Life
The stuff we’re made of
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Water
• The human body is mostly water– Lean muscle: 75% water– Blood: 83% water – Body fat: 25% water – Bone: 22% water
• All living organisms require water to live
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Properties of Water• Water is a polar
molecule – Each atom has a
partial charge– Molecule has zero net
charge
• Polar molecules have special properties– Good solvents– Bond with each other
(cohesion)– Take longer to heat
and cool
O
H H
δ -
δ +δ +
O
H H
δ -
δ +δ +
O
H H
δ -
δ +δ +
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Partial charges on atoms, no net charge overall!
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Water Trivia
• What occupies more volume – 8 oz of water at room temperature, or 8 oz of water at -10 F?
Ice Liquid
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Properties of Water
• Water molecules are attracted to molecules of solid surfaces (adhesion)
• Adhesion allows water to move through very small pores or tubes against gravity (capillary action)
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Carbon
• A carbon atom has 4 outer (valence) electrons – wants to make 4 bonds to be stable
• Carbon can bond with itself and many other elements
• Because it’s so friendly, carbon is present in all life on earth
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Organic Molecules
• Any molecule containing carbon is called an organic molecule
!! Except CO2 !!• Most organic molecules
are arranged like chains – Each link is a monomer– A chain is a polymer– A large molecule made of
a long chain or chains is a macro molecule
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Types of Organic Molecules
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Nucleic acids
• Proteins
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Carbohydrates
• Molecules used for energy, made of C H O– Monosaccharide: a simple sugar (glucose, fructose,
galactose)– Disaccharide: two monosaccharides bound together
(sucrose aka table sugar)
– Polysaccharide: 3 or more monosaccharides (starch is hundreds of glucose molecules bonded together)
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Carbohydrates
Glycogen stored in liver cells (red)
Cellulose in plant cell walls (outer blue layer)
Starch compartments in potato cells
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Lipids
• Fatty compounds made of C H O, don’t interact with water (hydrophobic)– Cell membranes are composed two lipid layers,
which keep water from crossing
• Lipids are polymers made up of fatty acid monomers– Fatty acids have oily “tails” and polar “heads”
Non polar(Boo water!)
Polar(Yay water!)
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Lipid Layers• Lipids in water will arrange
themselves to hide their hydrophobic tails
• Cell membranes are composed of a phospholipid bi-layer
• What is a phospholipid?
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Other Lipids
• Waxes• Oils • Steroids
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Nucleic Acids
• The genetic material in any cell – Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)– Polymer chains composed of a
combination of 5 different monomers
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Nucleic Acids
• The monomers are called nucleotides– Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine,
Thymine (DNA only), Uracil (RNA only)
– Bond in specific pairs– Adenine – Thymine (Uracil) – Guanine – Cytosine
• Nucleic acid polymers are millions of monomers long, wound in a double helix
• Helix unwinds during replication (copying)
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DNA Trivia
• The DNA from a single human cell has a length of ~ 5.9 feet.
• The biggest cells are less than 0.1 inches across
• How can so much DNA fit in a cell?
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Proteins
• Structural building blocks of cells in all tissues (not just muscle!)
• Polymers composed of 300 – 100k+ monomers• Monomers are called amino acid• There are 20 amino acids, many of which must come
from your diet
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Protein Structure
• Primary structure – the order of amino acids making up the polymer string
• Secondary structure – helixes and sheets of the polymer string folding on itself
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Protein Structure
• Tertiary structure – globs of sheets and helixes folding around each other
• Quaternary Structure – individual proteins bound to each other to form a multi-protein unit with is own unique function
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Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood
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Actin fibers in skeletal muscle cells
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Proteins make up the cell cytoskeleton
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Enzymes to copy and repair DNA