moles!
DESCRIPTION
Moles!. Whatcha talkn ’ about a mole?. First…a dozen. 12 cookies = 12 bagels = 12 cans = 12 footballs = 12 dance moves =. 1 dozen. 1 dozen. 1 dozen. 1 dozen. 1 dozen. As scientist we need to determine something to quantify atoms, molecules, particles, or something very, very small. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Moles!
Whatcha talkn’ about a mole?First…a dozen.
12 cookies = 12 bagels =12 cans =12 footballs =12 dance moves =
As scientist we need to determine something to quantify atoms, molecules, particles, or something very, very small
1 dozen1 dozen
1 dozen
1 dozen1 dozen
As scientist we don't work with dozen....we work with something called a mole!
Back to original question: "What the heck is a mole?!!"
Same concept as a dozen but larger....much larger.
If I want to have a mole of cookies….
6.022 x 1023 times!!
I mole of cookies = 6.022 x 1023 cookies
What about a mole of dance moves?
6.022 x 1023 times!!
I mole of dance moves= 6.022 x 1023 dance moves
Mole in Chemistry?Obviously in chemistry you don’t
have cookies and dance moves….we have
AtomsMoleculesParticlesFormula units (ionic compounds)Electrons
Abbreviation for mole is mol
Moles!1 mole of atoms =
1 mole of molecules =
1 mole of particles =
1 mole of formula units =
1 mole of electrons =
6.022 x 1023 atoms
6.022 x 1023 molecules
6.022 x 1023 particles
6.022 x 1023 formula units
6.022 x 1023 electrons
6.022 x 1023 is called Avogadro number (named after Amadeo Avogadro)
So what does this mean?Converting….DA!!! Yeah!
1. How many moles are in 4.56 x 1024 atoms of hydrogen?
4.56 x 1024 atoms 6.022 x 1023 atoms
1 mole= 7.57 moles
2. How many formula units are in 8.92 moles of NaCl?8.92 moles6.022 x 1023 formula units
1 mole = 5.37 x 1024 formula units
More moley practice…1. How many atoms of oxygen are
in 5.00 moles of carbon dioxide (CO2)?5.00 mol CO2
1 mole of CO2
6.022 x 1023 molecules CO2
1 molecule CO2
2 atoms O
= 6.02 x 1024 atoms of O
Why moles, not atoms?1 atom of Al = 4.48 x 10-23 gramsUsing moles to work with easier
numbers
1 mole of Al = 26.98 gramsWhich is called molar mass
◦Mass (in grams) of a moleGuess what….another conversionYeah!! Boom! No doubt!
Molar Mass1. Determine the molar mass of Sucrose
(C12H22O11)C – 12(12.01)H – 22(1.008)O – 11(15.999)
2. Determine the molar mass of Ca(NO3)2
Ca – 1(40.078)N – 2(14.0067)O – 6(15.999)
= 342.29 g/mol
= 164.09 g/mol
Converting Moles to grams or grams to moles
All conversions come from molar mass…aka periodic table
1. How many grams of aluminum are in 4.89 moles of Al?
2. How many moles of CaCl2 are in 13.5 g of CaCl2?
4.89 mol of Al mol of Al grams of Al26.98
1= 132 g of Al
13.5 g of CaCl2 g of CaCl2
mol of CaCl2110.984
1 = 0.122 mol of CaCl2
Molar mass of Al
Molar mass of CaCl2
Practice1. How many moles are in 25.67
grams of nickel?0.4374 mol of Ni
2. How many grams are in 0.234 moles of lead(II) iodide (PbI2)?
108 grams of PbI2
More Practice1. How many atoms are in 14.0
grams of manganese?1.53 x 1023 atoms of Mn
2. How many molecules are in 46.7 grams of nitrogen gas?
1.00 x 1024 molecules of N2
3. How many oxygen atoms are in 3.45 grams of CO2?
9.44 x 1022 atoms of O
MolarityWhat are these bottles we keep
working with numbers and a big M?
Well, Molarity is how scientist describe concentration of a solution
Molarity = how many moles per 1 liter of solution
MolarityWhat does this mean?
For example: 2.00 M HCl
2.00 moles of HCl per 1 liter OR2.00 moles of HCl = 1 L
That’s right another conversion factor!! Yeah!
Other examples1. 0.500 M of Pb(NO3)2
0.500 moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 1 L
2. 1.56 M of NaCl1.56 moles of NaCl = 1 L
Using molarity…All about the DA1. A 250. mL container has a solution of NaCl
with a molarity of 1.54 M. How many moles of NaCl is present?
2. How many grams of NaCl would that contain?
250. mL 1000
mL
1 LLmol1.54
1 0.385 mol of NaCl=
molg58.44
31 = 22.5 g of NaCl
Molar mass of NaCl
Why finding mass?You need the mass…
- how much you need to measure in the lab (because you can’t measure moles on a scale)
- make accurate concentrations of your solutions
Practice1. How many moles are present in
500.0 mL of 0.800 M solution of HCl?
2. How many grams are present in 250. mL of 0.500 M solution of Pb(NO3)2?
500. 0 mL 1000
mL
1 L 0.800 mol1 L = 0.400 mol of
HCl
250. 0 mL 1000
mL
1 L 0.500 mol1 L
331.21 g Pb(NO3)21 mol
= 41.4 g of Pb(NO3)2
Molar mass of Pb(NO3)2
More Practice…1. How many grams are needed to
make 4.00 L of 0.250 M solution of NaCl?
2. How many grams are needed to make 2.50 L of 0.500 M solution of Na2CO3?
= 58.4 g of NaCl
= 132 g of Na2CO3
More Practice…Complete the table:
Formula Grams Dissolved
Moles Dissolved
Volume of Solution
Molarity
NaCl 4.00 grams
? 1.50 L ?
KOH ? 2.56 x 10-3
1.80 L ?Moles NaCl = 0.0684 molMolarity of NaCl = 0.0456 M
Grams KOH = 0.144 gMolarity of KOH= 0.00142 M
Making Solutions1. Obtain correct volumetric flask
2. Determine the correct number of grams needed to measure
3. Add the massed out compound to flask4. Rinse weigh boat with DI into flask5. Add DI to etched line on flask
Example1. How many grams are needed to
make 250 mL of 0.250 M solution of CuSO4?250. 0
mL 1000 mL
1 L 0.250 mol1 L
159.608 g CuSO41 mol
= 9.98 g of CuSO4
Molar mass of CuSO4
-Mass out 9.98 grams of copper(II) sulfate-Hot dog weigh boat and use DI water to add CuSO4 to 250 mL volumetric flask-Add DI water to 250 mL mark-Add stir bar and stir till all dissolves-Add solution to appropriate containers
Percent Mass and Determining Compound FormulasFind percent of each element in
the compound
Define Molecular and Empirical Formulas
Mass PercentWhat percent of each element in a
compound?Example:
Find the percent of each element in ethanol (C2H5OH).
C – (2)(12.01) = 24.02H – (6)(1.008) = 6.048O – (1)(15.999) = 15.99946.07
g/mol% C = 24.02 g/mol
46.07 g/mol
x 100 =52.14% of C
Mass PercentWhat percent of each element in a
compound?Example:
Find the percent of each element in ethanol (C2H5OH).
C – (2)(12.01) = 24.02H – (6)(1.008) = 6.048O – (1)(15.999) = 15.99946.07
g/mol% H = 6.048 g/mol
46.07 g/mol
x 100 =13.13% of H
Mass PercentWhat percent of each element in a
compound?Example:
Find the percent of each element in ethanol (C2H5OH).
C – (2)(12.01) = 24.02H – (6)(1.008) = 6.048O – (1)(15.999) = 15.99946.07
g/mol% O = 15.999 g/mol
46.07 g/mol
x 100 =37.73% of O
Mass Percent Practice1. Find the percent of each element in CuSO4.
2. Find the percent of each element in C2H2.
Cu = (1)63.546 = 63.546S = (1)32.065 = 32.065O = (4)15.999 = 63.996
159.607 g/mol
%Cu = 39.81%%S = 20.09%%O = 40.10%
H = (2)1.008 = 2.016C = (2)12.01 = 24.02
26.04 g/mol
%H = 7.743%%C = 92.26%
Empirical and Molecular FormulasLook at C2H2 (Acetylene gas)
Acetylene + O2 + pumpkin = awesome!
What is the ratio between hydrogen and carbon atoms?
What about the mole ratio between hydrogen and carbon?
2 atoms of H2 atoms of C
= 1 H : 1 C
Same: 1 H : 1 C
Why?
2 atoms H6.022 x 1023 atoms
1 mol
3.32 x 10-24 moles H
2 atoms O6.022 x 1023 atoms
1 mol
3.32 x 10-24 moles O
What does this tell us?A chemical compound’s formula can be
determined by finding the moles of each element.
Yeah!! Moles!I Moles
This formula is called Empirical (strikes back) formula
The empirical formula only tells you the ratio between elements…
For example:C2H2 and C6H6 both have the same empirical formula… CH
To find the correct formula (molecular formula)…you need the molar mass of the compound to be given.
Example:Given molar mass of 78.1 g/mol and empirical formula of CH…Molar mass of CH = 13.02 g/mol (Periodic table)It takes 6 times of 13.02 to get 78.1… therefore the empirical formula (CH) gets multiplied by 6 and thus C6H6
Molecular Formula Empirical Formula
The exact formula for the compound.
Ex. C4H10 or P4O8
The reduced formula for the compound.
Ex. C2H5 or PO2
The empirical can be the molecular just as MgCl2 or Fe2O3
Determine Empirical Formula1. Must find moles of each element (molar
mass)2. Find ratios between each element (large
over smallest)Problem: A compound is made up of sulfur
and oxygen. 25.0 grams each of sulfur and oxygen are present. Find the empirical formula.25.0 g S 1 mol of S
32.06 g S= 0.780 mol of S
25.0 g O 1 mol of O15.999 g O
1.56 mol of O
= 1.56 mol of O
0.780 mol of S
= 2 O : 1 S
Formula: SO2
Determine Molecular Formula1. Must find molar mass of empirical formula (periodic table)
2. Find ratio between given molecular molar mass and empirical molar mass (large over small)
Problem: A compound is made up of sulfur and oxygen. 25.0 grams each of sulfur and oxygen are present. The molar mass of the compound is 128.12 g/mol. Determine the molecular formula.
Empirical Formula: SO2
Molar Mass of SO2 = 64.06 g/mol
128.12 g/mol64.06 g/mol
= 2 : 1
Molecular Formula: S2O4
Determine Empirical/Molecular Formula1. Must find moles of each element (molar
mass)2. Find ratios between each element (large
over smallest) to get empirical formula3. Find molar mass of the empirical
formula4. Find the ratio between molar mass5. Multiply the ratio to each element in the
empirical formula
Example 1An unknown compound contains both hydrogen
and carbon has a molecular molar mass of 26.04 g/mol. The compound contains 1.85 grams of hydrogen and 22.15 grams of carbon. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas.1.85 g H 1 mol of H1.008 g H
= 1.84 mol of H
22.15 g C 1 mol of C12.01 g C
1.84 mol of H
= 1.84 mol of C
1.84 mol of C= 1 H : 1 C
Emp Formula: CH Molar mass of CH = 13.02 g/mol
26.04 g/mol13.02 g/mol
= 2:1 Mol. Formula: C2H2
Example 2An unknown compound contains both sulfur and
oxygen has a molecular molar mass of 160.1 g/mol. The compound contains 40.0% sulfur and 60.0% oxygen Determine the empirical and molecular formulas.40.0 g S 1 mol of S32.06 g S
= 1.25 mol of S
60.0 g O 1 mol of O15.999 g O
3.75 mol of O
= 3.75 mol of O
1.25 mol of S= 3 O : 1 S
Emp. Formula: SO3 Molar mass of SO3 = 80.06 g/mol
*****Math Alert!!*****
Attention: This is a math ALERT!!!
Treat percentage just like grams….it doesn’t matter how much sample you
have!!
Therefore if you have %...make it grams!160.1 g/mol = 2:1 Mol. Formula:
S2O680.06 g/mol