MIGRATION AND ECONOMIC CRISIS: RESPONSES OF BRITS AT HOME AND ABROAD A White Rose Consortium Funded Research Network Co-ordinated by Majella Kilkey (University of Sheffield), Neil Lunt (University of York) and Louise Waite (University of Leeds)

MON 23 SEPT 2013MON 23 SEPT 2013

FACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

Seminar 1: Economic crisis, austerity and Brits abroad

23rd Sept 2013 University of Sheffield

Researching the ‘new’ British mobility: conceptual frames and methodological challenges

Loretta Baldassar

1. British – Aust migration history

2. Comparison ‘new’ UK & Italian entrants

3. Aust diaspora4. Research methods

and agendas

MON 23 SEPT 2013MON 23 SEPT 2013

FACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

PEOPLE FROM OVER 200 COUNTRIES LIVE IN AUSTRALIAPEOPLE FROM OVER 200 COUNTRIES LIVE IN AUSTRALIA

14.2% BORN OVERSEAS IN NESB COUNTRIES (ABS 2001)14.2% BORN OVERSEAS IN NESB COUNTRIES (ABS 2001)15% OF AUSTRALIANS >5 YRS SPEAK LOTE (ABS 2001)15% OF AUSTRALIANS >5 YRS SPEAK LOTE (ABS 2001)2.4% INDIGENOUS (ABS 2001)2.4% INDIGENOUS (ABS 2001)35% AUSTRALIAN (ABS 2001)35% AUSTRALIAN (ABS 2001)

36.1% ENGLISH OR ENG-AUST (7.2 MILLION) (ABS 2011)36.1% ENGLISH OR ENG-AUST (7.2 MILLION) (ABS 2011)910,000 ENGLAND BORN RESIDENTS IN 2011 (4%)910,000 ENGLAND BORN RESIDENTS IN 2011 (4%)

AUSTRALIA = SETTLER SOCIETYAUSTRALIA = SETTLER SOCIETY

44% MIGRANTS OR CHILDREN OF MIGRANTS (ABS 2006)44% MIGRANTS OR CHILDREN OF MIGRANTS (ABS 2006)25% AUSTRALIANS BORN OVERSEAS (ABS 2009) 25% AUSTRALIANS BORN OVERSEAS (ABS 2009) 12.5% US 200812.5% US 200820% 20% 22NDND GEN IMMIGRANTS (ABS 2006) GEN IMMIGRANTS (ABS 2006) 10.9% 210.9% 2NDND GEN US 2008 GEN US 2008

MON 23 SEPT 2013MON 23 SEPT 2013

FACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

OVERVIEW OF AUSTRALIA'S MIGRATION HISTORY:OVERVIEW OF AUSTRALIA'S MIGRATION HISTORY:

1. COLONIAL PERIOD 1788-1901 (PROTECTIONISM)

1788-18501788-1850 BRITISH PROTESTANTS BRITISH PROTESTANTS ANGLO-SAXONANGLO-SAXON(FIRST WAVE) (FIRST WAVE) CHARTERCHARTER' (DOMINANT) GROUP ' (DOMINANT) GROUP MIGRATION OF SETTLEMENT (free settlers and convicts)MIGRATION OF SETTLEMENT (free settlers and convicts)

1850-1850- MELANESIANS, KANAKASMELANESIANS, KANAKAS FEAR OF MISCEGENATIONFEAR OF MISCEGENATIONINDIANS; CHINESEINDIANS; CHINESE 1857 RACE RIOTS1857 RACE RIOTS

SOJOURNERS (guest workers) Gold rushesSOJOURNERS (guest workers) Gold rushes1857 Restrictive legislation against the importation of Asian labour1857 Restrictive legislation against the importation of Asian labour

Attracting women migrantsAttracting women migrants

(FIRST (FIRST IRISH CATHOLICSIRISH CATHOLICS ANGLO-CELTICANGLO-CELTICETHNICS)ETHNICS) JOINED CHARTER GROUPJOINED CHARTER GROUP LABOUR PARTY, SCHOOLSLABOUR PARTY, SCHOOLS

(NORDIC(NORDIC GERMAN PROTESTANTGERMAN PROTESTANT FREE SETTLERS ANDFREE SETTLERS AND'ETHNIC''ETHNIC' SCANDINAVIAN; POLES;SCANDINAVIAN; POLES; ASSISTED PASSAGEASSISTED PASSAGEGROUPS)GROUPS) HUNGARIANSHUNGARIANS HIERARCHY OF PREFERENCEHIERARCHY OF PREFERENCE

2. POST FEDERATION PERIOD 1901-1950 (ASSIMILATION)2. POST FEDERATION PERIOD 1901-1950 (ASSIMILATION)IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION ACT (White Australia Policy) 1901-1970sIMMIGRATION RESTRICTION ACT (White Australia Policy) 1901-1970s

55Source: Monash University, Federation Images

MON 23 SEPT 2013MON 23 SEPT 2013

FACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. COLONIAL PERIOD 1788-1901 (PROTECTIONISM)1788-18501788-1850 BRITISH PROTESTANTS BRITISH PROTESTANTS ANGLO-SAXONANGLO-SAXON(FIRST WAVE) (FIRST WAVE) CHARTER' (DOMINANT) GROUP CHARTER' (DOMINANT) GROUP

1850-1850- MELANESIANS, KANAKASMELANESIANS, KANAKAS FEAR OF MISCEGENATIONFEAR OF MISCEGENATION(SOJOURNERS) (SOJOURNERS) INDIANS; CHINESEINDIANS; CHINESE 1857 RACE RIOTS1857 RACE RIOTS

(FIRST (FIRST IRISH CATHOLICSIRISH CATHOLICS ANGLO-CELTICANGLO-CELTICETHNICS)ETHNICS) JOINED CHARTER GROUPJOINED CHARTER GROUP LABOUR PARTY, SCHOOLSLABOUR PARTY, SCHOOLS

(NORDIC(NORDIC GERMAN PROTESTANTGERMAN PROTESTANT FREE SETTLERS ANDFREE SETTLERS AND'ETHNIC''ETHNIC' SCANDINAVIAN; POLES;SCANDINAVIAN; POLES; ASSISTED PASSAGEASSISTED PASSAGEGROUPS)GROUPS) HUNGARIANSHUNGARIANS HIERARCHY OF PREFERENCEHIERARCHY OF PREFERENCE

2. POST FEDERATION PERIOD 1901-1950 (ASSIMILATION)2. POST FEDERATION PERIOD 1901-1950 (ASSIMILATION)IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION ACT (White Australia Policy) 1901-1970sIMMIGRATION RESTRICTION ACT (White Australia Policy) 1901-1970s

1901-1901- PREFFERED BRITISH SETTLER MIGRATIONPREFFERED BRITISH SETTLER MIGRATION1950-1950- JEWISH (MAINLY GERMAN)JEWISH (MAINLY GERMAN) DISPLACED PERSONSDISPLACED PERSONS

1904-14 ASSISTED PASSAGES - Free land offered to settlers1904-14 ASSISTED PASSAGES - Free land offered to settlers

1922 EMPIRE SETTLEMENT ACT - Govt assistance to preferred migrants1922 EMPIRE SETTLEMENT ACT - Govt assistance to preferred migrants

1925 IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1925 AMENDMENT1925 IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1925 AMENDMENTPower to exclude those unlikely to be readily assimilablePower to exclude those unlikely to be readily assimilable

MON 23 SEPT 2013MON 23 SEPT 2013

FACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

COLONIAL PERIOD 1788-1901 (PROTECTIONISM)1788-18501788-1850 BRITISH PROTESTANTS BRITISH PROTESTANTS ANGLO-SAXONANGLO-SAXON(FIRST WAVE) (FIRST WAVE) CHARTER' (DOMINANT) GROUP CHARTER' (DOMINANT) GROUP

1850-1850- MELANESIANS, KANAKASMELANESIANS, KANAKAS FEAR OF MISCEGENATIONFEAR OF MISCEGENATION(SOJOURNERS) (SOJOURNERS) INDIANS; CHINESEINDIANS; CHINESE 1857 RACE RIOTS1857 RACE RIOTS

(FIRST (FIRST IRISH CATHOLICSIRISH CATHOLICS ANGLO-CELTICANGLO-CELTICETHNICS)ETHNICS) JOINED CHARTER GROUPJOINED CHARTER GROUP LABOUR PARTY, SCHOOLSLABOUR PARTY, SCHOOLS

(NORDIC(NORDIC GERMAN PROTESTANTGERMAN PROTESTANT FREE SETTLERS ANDFREE SETTLERS AND'ETHNIC''ETHNIC' SCANDINAVIAN; POLES;SCANDINAVIAN; POLES; ASSISTED PASSAGEASSISTED PASSAGEGROUPS)GROUPS) HUNGARIANSHUNGARIANS HIERARCHY OF PREFERENCEHIERARCHY OF PREFERENCE

1901-1950 POST FEDERATION PERIOD (ASSIMILATION) 1901-1950 POST FEDERATION PERIOD (ASSIMILATION) WHITE AUSTRALIAWHITE AUSTRALIA1901-1901- PREFFERED BRITISH SETTLER MIGRATIONPREFFERED BRITISH SETTLER MIGRATION1950-1950- JEWISH (MAINLY GERMAN)JEWISH (MAINLY GERMAN) DISPLACED PERSONSDISPLACED PERSONS

3. POST WORLD WAR II PERIOD 1950-1970 (INTEGRATION)3. POST WORLD WAR II PERIOD 1950-1970 (INTEGRATION)POPULATE OR PERISH: (CATCH CRY)POPULATE OR PERISH: (CATCH CRY)Population growth Population growth Defense against 'yellow peril‘ (Asian neighbours)Defense against 'yellow peril‘ (Asian neighbours)Economic developmentEconomic developmentRejection of indigenous populationRejection of indigenous population

1950-1950- (SOUTHERN(SOUTHERN GREEK; ITALIANGREEK; ITALIAN 'NEW AUSTRALIANS''NEW AUSTRALIANS'19601960 EUROPEAN)EUROPEAN) SLAV; TURKISH SLAV; TURKISH HIERARCHYHIERARCHY OF OF PREFERENCEPREFERENCE

1947 1947 ASSISTED PASSAGES TO CERTAIN GROUPS ASSISTED PASSAGES TO CERTAIN GROUPS TEN POUND POM (ANGLO CONFORMITY)TEN POUND POM (ANGLO CONFORMITY)

1957 1957 BRING OUT A BRITBRING OUT A BRIT

MON 23 SEPT 2013MON 23 SEPT 2013

FACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

3. POST WORLD WAR II PERIOD 1950-1970 (INTEGRATION) 3. POST WORLD WAR II PERIOD 1950-1970 (INTEGRATION) 1950-1950- (SOUTHERN(SOUTHERN GREEK; ITALIANGREEK; ITALIAN 'NEW AUSTRALIANS''NEW AUSTRALIANS'19601960 EUROPEAN)EUROPEAN) SLAV; TURKISHSLAV; TURKISH OF PREFERENCEOF PREFERENCE

4. MULTICULTURAL PERIOD 1970 – 1990 4. MULTICULTURAL PERIOD 1970 – 1990 (MULTICULTURALISM)(MULTICULTURALISM)FAMILY REUNION POLICYFAMILY REUNION POLICY1970s VIETNAMESE REFUGEE INTAKE1970s VIETNAMESE REFUGEE INTAKE

1980S LATIN AMERICA, ARICA1980S LATIN AMERICA, ARICA

1990S MIDDLE EAST1990S MIDDLE EAST

ONSHORE ASYLUM SEEKERSONSHORE ASYLUM SEEKERS

5. POST MULTICULTURAL 2000 – (NEO-LIBERAL?)5. POST MULTICULTURAL 2000 – (NEO-LIBERAL?)POINTS TEST (English language ability, preferred skills, POINTS TEST (English language ability, preferred skills, education)education)SKILLED MIGRATION (certain professions)SKILLED MIGRATION (certain professions)SPECIAL VISAS – ‘NEW’ ‘THIRD WAVE’ MIGRATIONSPECIAL VISAS – ‘NEW’ ‘THIRD WAVE’ MIGRATION

Working Holiday Maker – 18-30yrs, Working Holiday Maker – 18-30yrs, 1-2 year stay1-2 year stay

457 Temporary Business Entry long stay 457 Temporary Business Entry long stay (sponsored (sponsored temporary residence up to 4 yrs)temporary residence up to 4 yrs)

http://www.immi.gov.au/skills/skillselect/http://www.immi.gov.au/skills/skillselect/

MON 23 SEPT 2013MON 23 SEPT 2013

FACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

AUSTRALIAN MIGRATION HISTORYAUSTRALIAN MIGRATION HISTORY

- - ALL AUSTRALIANS… ALL AUSTRALIANS… BUT SOME BUT SOME MORE THAN OTHERSMORE THAN OTHERS

(SARGENT)(SARGENT)

MON 23 SEPT 2013MON 23 SEPT 2013

FACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCESFACULTY OF ARTS, SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

LONDON COURT, PERTH CITYLONDON COURT, PERTH CITYLONDON COURT, PERTH CITYLONDON COURT, PERTH CITYOfficial tourist destinationOfficial tourist destination

http://www.pomsinoz.com/forum/forum.phphttp://www.pomsinoz.com/forum/forum.php

Front yard of private home in Albany, WAFront yard of private home in Albany, WAunofficial tourist destinationunofficial tourist destination

Australian diasporas transnational linkages

◦Macedonian – 1,101 respondents ◦ Italian – 613 respondents◦Vietnamese – 466 respondents◦Tongan – 254 respondents

Mixed method: survey, focus groups, interviews