Monday 8/16/2015Monday 8/16/2015 What is the difference between What is the difference between

anatomy and physiology?anatomy and physiology?

What is the difference between sports What is the difference between sports physiology and exercise physiology?physiology and exercise physiology?

Why is it important to learn about the Why is it important to learn about the history of a field, whether it is sports history of a field, whether it is sports physiology or elsewhere?physiology or elsewhere?

Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology

Course DescriptionCourse Description

The study and application of physiological bases of movement, work, response, and adaptation to exercise. Environmental conditions

being considered.

Goals of this course Goals of this course Promote an awareness of the complexities of the body’s

metabolic energy systems and how they convert the food we eat into ATP to provide our muscles with the energy they need to move

Provide the student an opportunity to examine the metabolic energy systems and how these systems function, and respond and adapt to increased demands during exercise

Promote an awareness of how the endocrine system monitors and responds to changes in the body’s systems during exercise

Goals of this courseGoals of this course Provide the student an opportunity to examine the

organization and structure of the skeletal neuromuscular systems and how the skeletal neuromuscular systems function, and respond and adapt to increased demands during exercise

Provide the student an opportunity to examine the organization and structure of cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how these systems function, and respond and adapt to increased demands during exercise

Provide the student an opportunity to examine how differing methods/types of aerobic and anaerobic training, and resistance training can influence physical performance and promote improvements in physical fitness across the lifespan.

Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Exercise Exercise

PhysiologyPhysiologyIntroductionIntroduction

HistoryHistory 1889 – first textbook on exercise physiology 1889 – first textbook on exercise physiology

was published, titled was published, titled Physiology of Physiology of Bodily ExerciseBodily Exercise

1922 – A.V. Hill, a biochemist, was awarded 1922 – A.V. Hill, a biochemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for his work on energy the Nobel Prize for his work on energy metabolism and muscle contraction metabolism and muscle contraction

1926 – Hill visited Harvard University and 1926 – Hill visited Harvard University and inspired the biochemist Lawrence J. inspired the biochemist Lawrence J. Henderson to create and open the Harvard Henderson to create and open the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in 1927 Fatigue Laboratory in 1927

HistoryHistory 1927 - Lawrence J. Henderson would appoint David 1927 - Lawrence J. Henderson would appoint David

Bruce (D.B.) Dill as the director of the Harvard Bruce (D.B.) Dill as the director of the Harvard Fatigue LaboratoryFatigue Laboratory

1947 – The HFL would close, but during those 20 1947 – The HFL would close, but during those 20 years, scientists from 15 nations would study years, scientists from 15 nations would study various aspects of human performance and would various aspects of human performance and would later begin their own labs throughout the world, later begin their own labs throughout the world, spreading the study of exercise science spreading the study of exercise science

1954 – the American College of Sports Medicine 1954 – the American College of Sports Medicine was foundedwas founded

HistoryHistory

1960’s & 70’s – the field of exercise 1960’s & 70’s – the field of exercise physiology would see dramatic advances physiology would see dramatic advances due to improvements in technologydue to improvements in technology

Future leaders will probably come from Future leaders will probably come from the fields of molecular biology and the fields of molecular biology and geneticsgenetics

Exercise Physiology v. Sport Exercise Physiology v. Sport PhysiologyPhysiology

What is exercise physiology?What is exercise physiology? The study of how the bodies’ structures and The study of how the bodies’ structures and

functions are altered by exposure to acute and functions are altered by exposure to acute and chronic bouts of exercisechronic bouts of exercise

What is the difference between exercise What is the difference between exercise physiology and sport physiology?physiology and sport physiology? Sport physiology is the application of the Sport physiology is the application of the

principles of exercise physiology to the training of principles of exercise physiology to the training of athletes and the enhancement of an athletes athletes and the enhancement of an athletes performanceperformance

Consider the body systems Consider the body systems involved in carrying out various involved in carrying out various

physical activities, from a physical activities, from a leisurely walk across campus to leisurely walk across campus to

running a marathon.running a marathon.

Learning about the effects of Learning about the effects of exercise/physical activity on exercise/physical activity on

these systems is a process that these systems is a process that requires an integrated requires an integrated

knowledge of specific fields of knowledge of specific fields of studystudy

Of course, first you must be able to identify Of course, first you must be able to identify the structure and function of these systemsthe structure and function of these systems

Musculoskeletal systemMusculoskeletal system Muscular system – force generator and Muscular system – force generator and

transmittertransmitter Skeletal system – frame work through which Skeletal system – frame work through which

muscles actmuscles act Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology BiomechanicsBiomechanics

Cardiovascular & Respiratory systemsCardiovascular & Respiratory systems Delivers nutrients and removes waste productsDelivers nutrients and removes waste products Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxideDelivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology

Digestive systemDigestive system Ingestion & conversion of food into the bodies’ fuelIngestion & conversion of food into the bodies’ fuel

Sports NutritionSports Nutrition Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology

Nervous & Endocrine systemNervous & Endocrine system Regulate and coordinate the bodies’ systems in Regulate and coordinate the bodies’ systems in

order to perform physical activityorder to perform physical activity Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology Motor LearningMotor Learning Sport PsychologySport Psychology

Integumentary (skin) systemIntegumentary (skin) system Helps regulate temperature and fluid balanceHelps regulate temperature and fluid balance

Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology Sports NutritionSports Nutrition

The “Core” of The “Core” of Understanding Understanding

AnatomyAnatomy Sports NutritionSports Nutrition BiomechanicsBiomechanics Motor LearningMotor Learning Sport PsychologySport Psychology Exercise PhysiologyExercise Physiology

So, let’s begin our study of exercise and sport So, let’s begin our study of exercise and sport physiology. physiology.

According to our definition of exercise physiology,According to our definition of exercise physiology,

(the study of how the bodies’ structures and (the study of how the bodies’ structures and functions are altered by exposure to acute and functions are altered by exposure to acute and

chronic bouts of exercise,)chronic bouts of exercise,)

we must examine both the we must examine both the acute and chronicacute and chronic responses to exercise.responses to exercise.

Acute v. Chronic Acute v. Chronic ResponsesResponses

Acute responseAcute response – how the body responds – how the body responds to a to a single bout single bout of exercise/physical activityof exercise/physical activity

Chronic adaptationsChronic adaptations – how the body – how the body responds to repeated bouts of responds to repeated bouts of exercise/physical activity; exercise/physical activity; effects of training effects of training

There are important differences!There are important differences!

Acute Responses to Acute Responses to ExerciseExercise

Important variables to consider when Important variables to consider when assessing assessing immediate (acute) immediate (acute) physiological physiological responses to exercise:responses to exercise: TemperatureTemperature HumidityHumidity AltitudeAltitude NoiseNoise Amount of sleepAmount of sleep Time of day (diurnal variation)Time of day (diurnal variation) Amount of lightAmount of light Time and size of last meal (eating patterns)Time and size of last meal (eating patterns) Psychological reasonsPsychological reasons

Chronic Adaptations to Chronic Adaptations to Training Training

Training causes the body’s systems to Training causes the body’s systems to adapt adapt over time (chronic)over time (chronic) and is influenced by the and is influenced by the following:following: Principle of Individuality (heredity)Principle of Individuality (heredity) Principle of Disuse (use it or lose it)Principle of Disuse (use it or lose it) Principle of Progressive Overload (do Principle of Progressive Overload (do

more)more) Principle of Hard/Easy (work/recovery)Principle of Hard/Easy (work/recovery) Principle of Periodization (training cycles)Principle of Periodization (training cycles)

Marked difference between the Marked difference between the short-term and long-term effects of short-term and long-term effects of walking across campus and those walking across campus and those of running a marathon.of running a marathon.

Walk = Walk = Physical activityPhysical activity

Marathon = Marathon = ExerciseExercise

Running a marathon requires being Running a marathon requires being “physically fit”. “physically fit”.

What about walking across campus?What about walking across campus?

What is the difference between:What is the difference between:Exercise?Exercise?

Physical activity?Physical activity?Physical fitness?Physical fitness?

Physical activityPhysical activity – any bodily – any bodily movement that results in an movement that results in an increase in energy use.increase in energy use.

Wednesday 8/19/2015Wednesday 8/19/20151.1. What is the difference between a What is the difference between a

cross-sectional study and a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal research study?longitudinal research study?

2.2. What is a control group and what is What is a control group and what is a placebo group?a placebo group?

3.3. What are 4 ( though there are more) What are 4 ( though there are more) important items that should be important items that should be included when constructing a included when constructing a graph?graph?

Kerry Strug

ExerciseExercise – Structured, – Structured, repetitive, and planned physical repetitive, and planned physical activity that is carried out for activity that is carried out for the specific purpose of the specific purpose of improvingimproving or or maintainingmaintaining one or one or more of the components of more of the components of physical fitness or health.physical fitness or health.

Physical fitnessPhysical fitness – a set of physical – a set of physical attributes that enable one to attributes that enable one to perform physical activities of perform physical activities of daily living, recreational pursuits daily living, recreational pursuits or competitive events.or competitive events.

Components of physical fitnessComponents of physical fitness Cardiorespiratory fitness (Aerobic Cardiorespiratory fitness (Aerobic

fitness)fitness) Muscular strengthMuscular strength Muscular enduranceMuscular endurance FlexibilityFlexibility Body composition Body composition

Measuring & Testing Measuring & Testing the Components the Components

of of Physical FitnessPhysical Fitness

Research & Testing Research & Testing ErgometersErgometers

ErgometersErgometers are used to are used to measure physical work in measure physical work in standardized conditionsstandardized conditions An apparatus that measures work

or energy expended during a period of physical exercise.

Treadmills and cycle Treadmills and cycle ergometers are most commonly ergometers are most commonly usedused

Specificity of training/activity Specificity of training/activity is an important considerationis an important consideration

Treadmill ergometer

TreadmillsTreadmills

AdvantagesAdvantages

Ergometer of choiceErgometer of choice

Familiar, natural activityFamiliar, natural activity

Achieve peak Achieve peak physiological valuesphysiological values

Requires balance Requires balance (elderly)(elderly)

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

More expensiveMore expensive

Bulky, not portableBulky, not portable

Requires electrical Requires electrical power sourcepower source

Difficult to measure BPDifficult to measure BP

Cycle ErgometersCycle Ergometers

AdvantagesAdvantages Accurate measurement Accurate measurement

of BPof BP

Easier blood samplingEasier blood sampling

More portableMore portable

No balance requiredNo balance required

Physiological responses Physiological responses unaffected by weightunaffected by weight

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Leg muscle fatigueLeg muscle fatigue

Peak physiological Peak physiological values typically lower values typically lower than treadmillthan treadmill

Other ErgometersOther Ergometers

Metabolic Measurement Metabolic Measurement SystemSystem

Metabolic equivalents Metabolic equivalents (METS)(METS)

Maximal oxygen uptake Maximal oxygen uptake (V02)(V02)

Minute ventilation (VE)Minute ventilation (VE) Ventilatory equivalents Ventilatory equivalents

(VE/V02 VE/VC02)(VE/V02 VE/VC02) Respiratory gas Respiratory gas

exchange ration (RER)exchange ration (RER) Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide

production (VC02)production (VC02)

DynamometerDynamometer

Measures torque Measures torque (force) produced (force) produced by specific body by specific body segmentssegments

Electromyograph (EMG)Electromyograph (EMG) Electrodes are placed on Electrodes are placed on

the skinthe skin

Electrodes pick up the Electrodes pick up the electrical signals from electrical signals from the contracting muscle the contracting muscle underneath the underneath the electrodeselectrodes

Electrical signal is Electrical signal is interpreted to determine interpreted to determine the activity of the the activity of the muscle(s) involvedmuscle(s) involved

Electrocardiograph Electrocardiograph (ECG)(ECG)

Electrodes are placed on Electrodes are placed on the skinthe skin

Electrodes pick up the Electrodes pick up the electrical signals from electrical signals from the contracting muscle the contracting muscle (heart) underneath the (heart) underneath the electrodeselectrodes

Electrical signal is Electrical signal is interpreted to determine interpreted to determine the activity of the heartthe activity of the heart

Research DesignsResearch Designs

Longitudinal research tests the same Longitudinal research tests the same subjects and compares results over subjects and compares results over time.time.

Cross-sectional research collects data Cross-sectional research collects data from a diverse population and from a diverse population and compares groups in that population.compares groups in that population.

Longitudinal studies are often more Longitudinal studies are often more accurate than cross-sectional studies, accurate than cross-sectional studies, but are time-consuming and expensive.but are time-consuming and expensive.

Dose-Response Dose-Response Relationships:Relationships:

Cross-Sectional StudyCross-Sectional Study

Dose-Response Dose-Response Relationships:Relationships:

Longitudinal StudyLongitudinal Study

Table 0.1Table 0.1

Table 0.2Table 0.2

Research: Tables and Research: Tables and GraphsGraphs

The title will identify what information The title will identify what information is being presented.is being presented.

Units for each variable should be Units for each variable should be clearly presented.clearly presented.

Graphs better illustrateGraphs better illustrate Trends in dataTrends in data Response patternsResponse patterns Comparisons of data between subject Comparisons of data between subject

groupsgroups

Research: Interpreting Research: Interpreting GraphsGraphs

The x-axis is the independent The x-axis is the independent variable or factor that is controlled variable or factor that is controlled by the study design.by the study design.

The y-axis is the dependent variable The y-axis is the dependent variable that will change depending on how that will change depending on how the independent variable is the independent variable is manipulated.manipulated.

Figure 0.9Figure 0.9

Figure 0.10Figure 0.10