Monday, March 16

• Welcome back! I hope you had an awesome last weekend before spring break!

• Please submit your paragraph on the Spanish-American War on the front table. Thank you!

• Bellringer:–How is imperialism like Manifest Destiny?

How are the two concepts different? • Reminder: Bellringers will be due on Friday!

Teddy Roosevelt and the world

• What was Teddy Roosevelt’s personality like?

• How do you think this personality might affect the way he led the United States in world affairs?

• His phrase: “Speak softly and carry a big stick!”

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt“Speak softly and

carry a big stick; you will go far.”

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt• “Great White Fleet”– 16 White battleships– Sent on world tour to “show the flag”– Encouraged Japan to build up own navy

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt• 1901 - becomes president when President

McKinley assassinated.

Teddy Roosevelt and the world

• T.R. the peacemaker– Japan won early victories against Russia in their

war in the early 1900s– But Japan couldn’t hold the gains, so they secretly

asked T.R. to mediate (referee) a settlement– The 1905 meeting took place in Portsmouth, N.H.– T.R. managed to get the two nations to agree to

end their war, accepting mutual concessions– He won the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize!

Teddy Roosevelt and the world

• The Panama Canal– What was travel and trade like between…• New York and San Francisco?• London and San Francisco?• Paris and San Francisco?

– How long did it take?– What route did you have to take?– What methods of transportation were available?

Teddy Roosevelt and the world

• The Panama Canal– U.S. and Britain agreed that a canal connecting the

Atlantic and Pacific was necessary– Hay-Pauncefort Treaty of 1901 gave the U.S.

exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America

– Nicaragua wouldn’t work; U.S. turned to Panama– U.S. had to buy France’s interest in the project– Panama also belonged to Colombia, so the U.S.

“encouraged” Panama to fight for independence

The Panama Canal• Colombia would not allow America to build a

canal in Panama• A French agent was sent into Panama to

encourage Panamanians to revolt against Colombia

• The U.S. sent military forces, including a naval battleship, to protect Panamanians and prevent Colombia from keeping Panama

• Panama won its independence and felt like it “owed” America …

• Guess what the U.S. wanted?

Teddy Roosevelt and the world

• The Panama Canal– U.S. agreed to pay Panama $10 million plus annual

rent of $250,000 for the Canal Zone– Construction was a amazing engineering marvel• 43,400 workers on site at the height of construction• The project cost $380 million … $8,007,758,976 today

– with many dangerous obstacles:• Diseases like malaria and yellow fever were rampant• Accidents were common• 5,600 workers died from accidents or disease

Teddy Roosevelt and the world

• The Panama Canal– The canal opened on Aug. 14, 1914–But the U.S. had damaged relationships

with Latin American countries• They didn’t appreciate the way the U.S.

bulldozed its way into the canal arrangement

The Panama Canal

• Watch this cool time-lapse video of a passage through the canal!

• Or, this one, which is shot like a short film!• Want to see what’s going on at the canal

RIGHT NOW? Check out the live cams!• Did you realize that this year is the 100th

anniversary of the canal? Here is the link to its web site.

Why is geography important?

Quick review …

• What did the U.S. have to do with:– Alaska?– Hawaii?– The Midway Islands?– Cuba? – Puerto Rico?– The Philippines?– Panama?

Teddy Roosevelt and the world

• The Roosevelt Corollary– Remember the Monroe Doctrine? European

countries were told to stay out of Latin American countries’ affairs

– But, Roosevelt said, disorder in Latin America might “force the United States … to the exercise of an international police power”

– In other words, U.S. economic interests justified its military control of Latin America

– Is this a case of “Do as I say … not as I do”?

William Howard Taft and the world

• “Dollar diplomacy”– Nicaragua rebellion in 1911 left that country near

bankruptcy– Taft arranged for U.S. bankers to loan Nicaragua

government money to pay its debts– In return, U.S. banks would collect Nicaragua’s customs

duties (taxes) and control the railroads and bank– Nicaraguans revolted, but U.S. Marines responded– Dollar diplomacy: U.S. government guaranteed loans

made to foreign countries by American businesspeople

Woodrow Wilson and the world

• “Missionary diplomacy”– Wilson’s belief that the U.S. had a moral

responsibility to refuse recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests

– The U.S. was passing judgment on other countries

Woodrow Wilson and the world

• “Missionary diplomacy”– Revolution in Mexico tested the policy– U.S.-friendly dictator was overthrown – Wilson refused to recognize the new dictator– Wilson retaliated when U.S. sailors were arrested,

though they quickly released– Wilson ordered U.S. Marines to occupy Veracruz– The region was close to war, until the new

government collapsed and was replaced by another led by Carranza

Woodrow Wilson and the world

• Rebellion in Mexico– Every movement needs a leader … • Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata led Mexican rebels

– But Wilson recognized Carranza’s government– Villa retaliated, killing Americans in Mexico and

across the border in the U.S.– Wilson sent Brig. Gen. John J. Pershing to get Villa• 15,000 U.S. soldiers invaded Mexico, looking for Villa• 150,000 National Guardsmen were posted on the

border• They never found him, and Wilson ended up

withdrawing his troops empty-handed

BIG IDEA ALERT!

• During the early 20th century, the U.S.:– Expanded its access to foreign markets to ensure

the continued growth of the domestic (home) economy

– Built a modern navy to protect its interests abroad– Exercised (used) its international police power to

ensure dominance in Latin America

So! … in foreign policy …