money supply and money demand - american university · money short run vs. long run money supply...
TRANSCRIPT
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Money Supply and Money DemandSlides for International Finance (KOM Chapter 15)
Alan G Isaac
American University
2012-09-21
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Preview
Defining money
Policy control of the money supply
Determinants of the demand for monetary assetsInterest rate determination
equilibrium in the money market
Exchange rate determination reduxLinking the money market and FX market
Long run effects of money supply changesprices interest rates and exchange rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money
Different groups of assets may be classified as money
Money assets that are commonly used as a means of paymentCurrency and checking accounts form a useful definition ofmoneyBank deposits in the foreign exchange market are excluded fromthis definition
M1 currency held by public + checkable depositshttpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2categories24
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
M1
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesM1SLcid=25
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
Monetary authority the institution authorized to set monetary policymost often a central bank
A monetary authority can fairly directly control
the high-powered money stock
the interbank lending rate (eg Fed funds rate)
These policy actions determine ldquothe supply of moneyrdquo (eg M1)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fed Funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
US the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the FederalReserve System (the seven members of the Board of Governorsof the Federal Reserve System plus five Fed bank presidents)
EU monetary policy defined by the Governing Council (like theFOMC includes the Executive Board of the ECB which isanalogous to the Fedrsquos Board of Governors)httpwwwecbintecborgadecisionsgovchtmlindexenhtml
JP the Policy Board of the Bank of Japanhttpwwwbojorjpenaboutorganizationpolicyboardindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Preview
Defining money
Policy control of the money supply
Determinants of the demand for monetary assetsInterest rate determination
equilibrium in the money market
Exchange rate determination reduxLinking the money market and FX market
Long run effects of money supply changesprices interest rates and exchange rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money
Different groups of assets may be classified as money
Money assets that are commonly used as a means of paymentCurrency and checking accounts form a useful definition ofmoneyBank deposits in the foreign exchange market are excluded fromthis definition
M1 currency held by public + checkable depositshttpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2categories24
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
M1
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesM1SLcid=25
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
Monetary authority the institution authorized to set monetary policymost often a central bank
A monetary authority can fairly directly control
the high-powered money stock
the interbank lending rate (eg Fed funds rate)
These policy actions determine ldquothe supply of moneyrdquo (eg M1)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fed Funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
US the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the FederalReserve System (the seven members of the Board of Governorsof the Federal Reserve System plus five Fed bank presidents)
EU monetary policy defined by the Governing Council (like theFOMC includes the Executive Board of the ECB which isanalogous to the Fedrsquos Board of Governors)httpwwwecbintecborgadecisionsgovchtmlindexenhtml
JP the Policy Board of the Bank of Japanhttpwwwbojorjpenaboutorganizationpolicyboardindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money
Different groups of assets may be classified as money
Money assets that are commonly used as a means of paymentCurrency and checking accounts form a useful definition ofmoneyBank deposits in the foreign exchange market are excluded fromthis definition
M1 currency held by public + checkable depositshttpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2categories24
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
M1
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesM1SLcid=25
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
Monetary authority the institution authorized to set monetary policymost often a central bank
A monetary authority can fairly directly control
the high-powered money stock
the interbank lending rate (eg Fed funds rate)
These policy actions determine ldquothe supply of moneyrdquo (eg M1)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fed Funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
US the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the FederalReserve System (the seven members of the Board of Governorsof the Federal Reserve System plus five Fed bank presidents)
EU monetary policy defined by the Governing Council (like theFOMC includes the Executive Board of the ECB which isanalogous to the Fedrsquos Board of Governors)httpwwwecbintecborgadecisionsgovchtmlindexenhtml
JP the Policy Board of the Bank of Japanhttpwwwbojorjpenaboutorganizationpolicyboardindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
M1
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesM1SLcid=25
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
Monetary authority the institution authorized to set monetary policymost often a central bank
A monetary authority can fairly directly control
the high-powered money stock
the interbank lending rate (eg Fed funds rate)
These policy actions determine ldquothe supply of moneyrdquo (eg M1)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fed Funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
US the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the FederalReserve System (the seven members of the Board of Governorsof the Federal Reserve System plus five Fed bank presidents)
EU monetary policy defined by the Governing Council (like theFOMC includes the Executive Board of the ECB which isanalogous to the Fedrsquos Board of Governors)httpwwwecbintecborgadecisionsgovchtmlindexenhtml
JP the Policy Board of the Bank of Japanhttpwwwbojorjpenaboutorganizationpolicyboardindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
Monetary authority the institution authorized to set monetary policymost often a central bank
A monetary authority can fairly directly control
the high-powered money stock
the interbank lending rate (eg Fed funds rate)
These policy actions determine ldquothe supply of moneyrdquo (eg M1)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fed Funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
US the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the FederalReserve System (the seven members of the Board of Governorsof the Federal Reserve System plus five Fed bank presidents)
EU monetary policy defined by the Governing Council (like theFOMC includes the Executive Board of the ECB which isanalogous to the Fedrsquos Board of Governors)httpwwwecbintecborgadecisionsgovchtmlindexenhtml
JP the Policy Board of the Bank of Japanhttpwwwbojorjpenaboutorganizationpolicyboardindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fed Funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
US the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the FederalReserve System (the seven members of the Board of Governorsof the Federal Reserve System plus five Fed bank presidents)
EU monetary policy defined by the Governing Council (like theFOMC includes the Executive Board of the ECB which isanalogous to the Fedrsquos Board of Governors)httpwwwecbintecborgadecisionsgovchtmlindexenhtml
JP the Policy Board of the Bank of Japanhttpwwwbojorjpenaboutorganizationpolicyboardindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
US the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the FederalReserve System (the seven members of the Board of Governorsof the Federal Reserve System plus five Fed bank presidents)
EU monetary policy defined by the Governing Council (like theFOMC includes the Executive Board of the ECB which isanalogous to the Fedrsquos Board of Governors)httpwwwecbintecborgadecisionsgovchtmlindexenhtml
JP the Policy Board of the Bank of Japanhttpwwwbojorjpenaboutorganizationpolicyboardindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Monetary Authority
US the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) of the FederalReserve System (the seven members of the Board of Governorsof the Federal Reserve System plus five Fed bank presidents)
EU monetary policy defined by the Governing Council (like theFOMC includes the Executive Board of the ECB which isanalogous to the Fedrsquos Board of Governors)httpwwwecbintecborgadecisionsgovchtmlindexenhtml
JP the Policy Board of the Bank of Japanhttpwwwbojorjpenaboutorganizationpolicyboardindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Ben Bernanke (14th Chair of the Fedrsquos BoG)
PhD from MIT 1979
Chair Princeton Econ Dpt1996 - 2002
Member Fed BoG 2002 - 2005
Chair CEA June 2005 - Jan2006
Chair BoG of Fed Feb 2006 -present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Masaaki Shirakawa (30th Governor Bank of Japan)
BA in Economics 1972 TheUniversity of Tokyo
MA in Economics 1977University of Chicago
Professor July 2006 KyotoUniversity School of Gov-ernment
Governor Bank of Japan Apr9 2008 - present
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of Japan
Established 1882 the Bank of Japan Act of 1882
Reorganized 1942 Bank of Japan Act of 1942
1949 Policy Board established one of several amendments afterWorld War IIPB = highest decision-making body
Reorganized 1998 Bank of Japan Act of 1997principles independence and transparency
The BoJ has an explicit price stability goal in its bylaws
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
European Central Bank (ECB)
Figure ECB Logo
Responsible for euro area monetary policy since 1 January 1999Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mario Draghi 3rd President of the ECB
PhD in Economics MIT 1976
University of FlorenceProfessor 1981 - 1991
World Bank Executive Director1984 - 1990
Italian Treasury Director Gen-eral 1991 - 2001
Goldman Sachs Vice-Presidentand Managing Director2002 - 2005
ECB President 2011 - present(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Jean-Claude Trichet 2nd President of the ECB
European Monetary CommitteeChair 1992-1993
Banque de France Governor1993 - 2003
ECB President 2003 - 2011(also Chair of 10 Gover-nors)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Governing Council
ECB Governing Council
six members of the Executive Board plusgovernors of the national central banks of the 16 euro areacountriesthe main decision-making body of the ECB
The ECB GC formulates monetary policy for the euro areaThe ECB Governing Council usually meets twice a month at theEurotower in Frankfurt am Main Germany
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
ECB Deposit Rate
httpsdwecbeuropaeureportsdonode=100000131
httpenwikipediaorgwikiEurozoneInterest_rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rates over Time
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Eurosystem
historical noveltysupranational monetary unionEuro launched 1 Jan 1999Physical euros since 1 Jan 2002
European Central Bank (ECB)led by Governing Council
National central banks (NCBs)EU member states that have adopted the Euro
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Supply
money supply (M) the quantity of money that circulates in aneconomyM = C + Dcurrency help by public plus checkable deposits
monetary base (MB) currency held by public + reserves of banksMB = C + Rinfluences broader measures of the money supply
eg checkable deposits (including debit card accounts)
The monetary authority can roughly control the money supply
US monetary authority is a central banking system FederalReserve System
The Fed can directly regulate the monetary base
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Money demand the amount of money individuals and businessesare willing to hold (instead of illiquid assets)
Real money demand (L) the amount of purchasing powerindividuals and businesses are willing to hold in the form ofmoney (instead of illiquid assets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Influences on the Demand for Money
1 Expected returns rates of returns on non-monetary assets(compared to monetary assets)monetary assets pay little or no interestthe interest rate on non-monetary assets is the opportunity costof holding monetary assets ^R _L
2 Riskthe risk of holding M is largely inflation risk which reduces thepurchasing power of moneybut other assets have this risk too so this risk is not veryimportant in defining the demand for monetary assets
3 LiquidityM is the most liquid asset it is the asset with the lowest cost ofturning it into other assets or commodities
4 Prices and income ^P - ^need for M ^Y - ^need for M
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Prices and Income
A higher level of average prices means a greater need for liquidityto buy the same amount of goods and services -gt highernominal demand for money
A higher real national income (GNP) means more goods andservices are being produced and bought in transactionsincreasing the need for liquidity -gt higher real demand for money
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand
Aggregate money demand
real L(RY)nominal P x L(RY)
where
P is the price levelY is real national incomeR is a measure of interest rates on non-monetary assets
Aggregate demand for real monetary assets is influenced by
transactions demand (national income)
opportunity cost (interest rates)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Demand and the Nominal Interest Rate
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
^ R _ L (move along schedule)Note compare KOM Figure 15-1
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Real Money Supply and the Nominal Interest Rate
QQ1
R
The real money supply does not respond to R
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Demand = Money Supply in Equilibrium
L(RY1)
QQ1
R
R1
MP = L in equilibriumNote compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
The money market markets for trading monetary (very liquid) assetswhich are loosely called ldquomoneyrdquoInterest rates on monetary assets are low compared to interestrates on less liquid assets (such as bonds loans and deposits ofcurrency in the foreign exchange markets)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
A Model of the Money Market
Money Market Equilibrium no shortages (excess demand) orsurpluses (excess supply) of monetary assets
In nominal terms M = P L(R Y)
In real terms MP = L(R Y)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Effect of Increase in Money Supply (given P)
L(RY1)
QQ1 Q2
R
R1
R2
^ M _ R (given P)Note compare KOM Figure 15-3
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in Income Shifts Money Demand Schedule
L(RY1)
L(RY2)
QQ2Q1
R
R1
^ income ^ L (at each R)Note compare KOM Figure 15-2
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Interest Rate Response to a Rise in Real Income
R
QQ1
L(RY1)
L(RY2)R1
R2
Given the price level an increase in Y raises L increasing theequilibrium interest rateNote compare KOM 9 Fig 15-5Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money MarketExchange Rate Linkages
Determines M(eg the Fed)
Domestic Central BankDetermines Mlowast
(eg the ECB)
Foreign Central Bank
Determines R(given M)
Domestic Money MarketDetermines Rlowast
(given Mlowast)
Foreign Money Market
Determines E(given R and Rlowast)
Foreign Exchange Market
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-7
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Simultaneous Equilibrium (Money Market and FX Market)
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-6Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Domestic Money Supply
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+ EeminusEE
R2
Q2
E2
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-8Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Increase in the Foreign Money Supply (_ R)
1 ^ M _ R reducing the expected rate of return on eurodeposits
2 As FX mkt participants flee the EUR for the USD the EURdepreciates (Ie the USD appreciates)
How far Until expected rates of return are again equal3 Since the US sets its interest rate independently there is no
change in the US money market
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Expansionary Monetary Policy Abroad (_R)
E2
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast2 +
EeminusEE
Rlowast1 +
EeminusEE
E1
E
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-9
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Impact Effect of ^ E^e
E1
Q
L(RY1)
Q1
R10 returns
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
E2
E
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short Run vs Long Run
What is the long run Long enough for a change in the moneysupply to produce its full effect on the economy
Long-run neutrality of money In the long run a change in Mproduces a proportional change in all nominal stock variables(eg P E etc)In the long run a change in M does not change any real variables(eg MP EPP etc)
Long run monetary policy influences prices
Short run monetary policy influences interest rates
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Source httpresearchstlouisfedorgfred2seriesEXUSEUcid=95
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run and Short Run
Up to now have have considered short-run analysisIn the long run prices of factors of production and of output havesufficient time to adjust to market conditions
Short Run
prices do not have enough time to adjust to marketconditions
Long Run
Wages adjust to equate the demand for and supply of laborReal output (income) is determined by the economyrsquosproductive capacitymdashfactor supplies (eg the supply oflabor) and technology (Not by the quantity of money)Real interest rates depend on the supply of saved funds anddemand for these funds
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Long-run prediction for ^M
no change in Yno change in (real) interest rateno change in L(RY) the aggregate demand for realmonetary assets L(RY)proportional ^P
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long Run (cont)
Equilibrium condition MP = L(RY)
now predicts that P adjusts proportionally when M changes
In the long run there is a direct relationship between the inflation rateand changes in the money supply
MP = L(RY )
P = ML(RY )
∆PP = ∆MM minus∆LL
The inflation rate is predicted to equal the growth rate in money supplyminus the growth rate in money demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Inflation in Zaire
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1e+006
1e+007
1e+008
1e+009
0190 0191 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196
Mon
ey P
rice
s a
nd E
xcha
nge
Rat
es 0
190
= 1
Exchange RateCPI
Currency
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run
How does a change in the money supply cause prices of output andinputs to change
Excess demand for goods and services a higher quantity ofmoney supplied implies that people have more funds available topay for goods and services
To meet high demand producers hire more workers creating astrong demand for labor services or make existing employeeswork harderWages rise to attract more workers or to compensate workers forovertimePrices of output will eventually rise to compensate for higher costsAlternatively for a fixed amount of output and inputs producerscan charge higher prices and still sell all of their output due to thehigh demand
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money and Prices in the Long Run (cont)
2 Inflationary expectations
If workers expect future prices to rise due to anexpected money supply increase they will want to becompensatedAnd if producers expect the same they are more willingto raise wagesProducers will be able to match higher costs if theyexpect to raise pricesResult expectations about inflation caused by anexpected increase in the money supply causes actualinflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-10 Average Money Growth and Inflation in WesternHemisphere Developing Countries by Year 1987ndash2007
Source IMF World Economic Outlook various issues Regionalaggregates are weighted by shares of dollar GDP in total regionaldollar GDP
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Money Growth and Inflation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Bank of England
Governor and Company of the Bank of England
1694 established as a private institution granted a royal charter byWilliam III
1734 moved to Thread-needle Street
1931 policy making subordinated to the Treasury
1946 nationalized
1997 granted operational independence formalized in 1998 Bank ofEngland Act
Source httpwwwbankofenglandcoukabouthistoryindexhtm
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
BoE Monetary Policy
Court of Directors Governor 2 Deputy Governors 9 Non-ExecutiveDirectors
Monetary Policy Committee chaired by BoE governor setsmonetary policy
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Mervyn King
1948 born
1969 MA in Economics Cam-bridge
1984- LSE Professor ofEconomics
1991-1998 BoE Chief Economistand Executive Director
1998-2003 BoE Deputy Gover-nor
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in the USMoney Supply
Combine two previous experiments
^ M (given Ee) drives down R producing a depreciation
^ Ee (given M) At each E the expected return on euro deposits risesbecause of Ee rises producing additional depreciation
Ee changes because the change in M is permanentNote Y remains exogenously fixed
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Short-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEE
Rlowast+Ee
1 minusEE
E1
R1
Q1
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Long-Run Effects of a Permanent Increase in M
ESR
Q
L(RY1)
Q2
R20 returns
Rlowast+Ee
2 minusEEELR
RLR
QLR
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-12Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Overshooting
Permanent ^M a proportional ^E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial depreciation and then asmaller subsequent appreciation
Permanent _M a proportional _E in LRBUT the dynamics involve a large iniitial appreciation and then asmaller subsequent depreciation
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Rudiger Dornbusch (1942ndash2002)
1971 PhD from U of C
1975ndash2002 MITrsquos econ dpt
1976 ldquoExpectations and Ex-change Rate Dynamicsrdquo(JPE)
1999 ldquoThis expansion will runforeverrdquo (re the 1991ndash2001expansion)
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Permanent Increase in M Changes Over Time
t t
t
t0 t0
t0 t0
M
P E
R
t
Note compare KOM 9 Fig 15-13
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Exchange Rate Overshooting
We say that the exchange rate overshoots when its SR response to achange is greater than its LR response
Our model predicts exchange rate overshooting because M hasan immediate effect on R but not on P (nor expected inflation)
This overshooting prediction helps explain why exchange ratesare so volatile
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand
MoneyShort Run vs Long Run
Introductory Concepts
Fig 15-11 Month-to-Month Variability of the DollarYenExchange Rate and of the USJapan Price Level Ratio1974ndash2007
Source KOM Figure 15-11
Alan G Isaac Money Supply and Money Demand