Welcome to Mongolia

My friend

General information

General information

• Country name: Mongolia

• Country status: Democratic, Independent

• Population: 2.8 million

• Area: 1,566,500 sq. km.

• Land boundaries: 8,158 km, with Russia

• 3,485 km and with China 4,673 km

• The second biggest landlocked, 17th biggest country in the world.

History

Prehistory

Mongolia has been inhabitated for over 800,000 years.

Mongolia only became politically important after iron weaponsentered the area in the 3rd century BC.

History

Chingis khan (1162-1227)

• Chingis was born 1165

• Temujin’s father is murdered 1174

• Borte, Temujin’s wife, is kidnapped 1183

• Temujin emerges as local strongman 1200

• Temujin is enthroned as Chingis Khan

1206

• Chingis wages his first foreign campaign

1209

• Chingis destroys Zhongdu (Beijing) 1215

• Insults draws Chingis westward 1218

• Chingis takes Samarkand and Bukhara

1220

• Chingis searches for immortality 1222

• Chingis wages his last campaign 1226

• Chingis Khan dies 1227

History

• 1264: Capital city of the Mongol Empire transferd to Beijing by Kublai Khaan

• 1368: A rebellion of the Red Turban Rebellion began in China. Yuan Dynasty fell. Ming troops oust the Mongols from Dadu - present-day Beijing.

• 1372-1422: Ming Dynasty began aggressions against Mongolia. Ming armies invaded Mongolia but were expelled each time in 1373, 1380, 1381, 1392, 1409, 1410, 1422 and 1414 .

• 1480: The Russians stop paying tribute to the remnants of the Mongol rulers of Russia.

• 1502: The Russian Tsar, Ivan Vasilevitch (the third), finally declared full and unlimited Russian independence from the Mongols, and the last and most enduring part of the Mongol Empire ceases to exist.

History

• 1636 : The Manchu (Qing) empire conquers the southern Mongols, creating Inner Mongolia.

• 1691: The Qing empire offers protection to the northern Mongols, creating Outer Mongoli

• 1727: The Treaty of Kyakhta fixes the western border between the Russian and Manchu empires, confirming Qing dominion over Mongolia and Tuva.

• 1911:- The Qing dynasty falls and Outer Mongolia declares its independence. Russia and the Republic of China recognise its autonomy.

• 1919: The Chinese army occupies Outer Mongolia.

• 1920: Mongolian revolutionaries found the Mongolian People's Party and open contact with Bolsheviks in Siberia.

Mongolian modern history

• 1921.07.11:- With Russian Army support, Mongolian revolutionariesdrive out Chinese and Tsarist forces and install the Mongolian"people's government".

• 1924: The People's Party chooses Lenin's "road to socialismbypassing capitalism" and renames itself the Mongolian People'sRevolutionary Party (MPRP). The Mongolian People's Republic isproclaimed.

• 1928-32: "Rightists" who want private enterprise are ousted."Leftists" who want communes are ousted. A "counter-revolutionaryuprising" against the confiscation of monastery property issuppressed.

• 1937: Mongolian Prime Minister Genden is arrested in the USSR andshot for spying for Japan. The Minister of War Marshal Demid ispoisoned aboard a Trans-Siberian train. Monasteries are destroyedand lamas murdered.

Mongolian modern history

• 1939: Mongolian and Soviet troops commanded by General Zhukov defeat an invasion by Japanese and Manchukuo forces in the Battle of Halhyn Gol (Nomonhan).

• 1939: "Mongolia's Stalin", interior minister and new Minister of War Choybalsan, is appointed prime minister.

• 1945-46: Yalta conference agrees to preserve the status quo - Soviet control - in Mongolia. Mongolians vote for independence in a UN plebiscite. Mongolia is recognised by the Republic of China.

• 1949-55 - Relations established with the People's Republic of China. Railway built across Mongolia linking Russia and China.

• 1952 - Choybalsan dies, and is replaced as prime minister by Tsedenbal, the MPRP general secretary since 1940.

• 1961-63 - UN Security Council approves Mongolia's UN membership. Diplomatic relations established with the UK.

Mongolian modern history

• 1966-1986: Mongolia was Soviet buffer against China.

• 1990: Demonstrations force resignation of the MPRP Politburo. Political system changed. Political parties are legalized.

• 1992: Mongolia's new constitution gives first place to human rights and freedoms.

• 1993 - The first direct presidential elections are won by Ochirbat, nominated by the National and Social Democrats.

• 2002 November - Dalai Lama visits. China denounces trip and warns Mongolian leaders not to meet the Tibetan spiritual leader.

• 2004 January - Russia writes off all but $300 million of Mongolia's debts.

• 2005 November - President George W Bush becomes the first serving US leader to visit Mongolia.

Flag, Soyombo

Flame The three branches of the flamestand for the past, present and futureFire is seen as a symbol of prosperity andto succeed a person.Sun and Moon: These two ancientsymbols of Mongolia represent the sky.The two triangles: a spear and arrow.

They are both pointed down tosymbolize the defeat of the enemy.The two "laying" rectangles: honest andright feelings and forceThe round form : two fishes. Fishes aresupposed to never closetheir eyes so they can always be watchful.The two upright rectangles. Their imagerepresents firmness and strength.

Symbol

The outer rim features a tumen nusan,symbolizing eternity, surrounding a circularblue field, symbolizing the sky. On the centre ofthe field is a combination of the soyombo andthe wind horse (treasured steed), symbolizingMongolia's independence, sovereignty, andspirit. Above the field is a chandmani, theBuddhist Three Jewels symbol, which inMongolian folklore grants wishes, andsymbolizes past, present, and future. Below thecentral emblem is a green mountain range, withthe wheel of destiny at the center. On thebottom of the mountain range and wheel is akhadag, a ceremonial scarf.Base flower is lotus.

Political system

Political system: Parliamentary . In 1991 Mongolia has moved into democratic system, it means multiple party systems.Parliament: The State hural (parliament) the highest organ of state power Members: 76Election term: 4 yearsThe Sessions take place every 6 months Mongolia has named “autumn, spring”

President: Mongolian President is symbol of head embodiment of the unity of the people. Minimum requirement: at least 45 years old, an indigenous citizen of Mongolia and permanently resided as a minimum for the last5 years in the native land. Election term: 4 years

Provinces-Aimag

18 province & town, 3 big city

The biggest province is Umnugovi. 161000 sq. km

Population

• 3 million population (2011)

• 1 million people live in rural areas

• one person per 1.6 square km

• 68% of the total populations are young people under the age of 35

• The average life expectancy is just over 65 year

• The present urban population is above 1 million

• In Ulaanbaatar having 1000,000 inhabitants-one third of the total population of Mongolia

• Khalkha Mongols(86%), Kazaks(6%), other Mongolian ethnicgroups

• In addition, there are some 3.5 million Mongols in China (InnerMongolia , Qinghai , Xingjian), and about 500,000 in Russia ,mainly Buryat from Siberia , but also some Kalmuk.

Foreign relation

• Mongolia joined UNO in 1961.

• 144 countries with diplomatic missions Russia1921.11.05

India1955.12.24

Afghanistan1962.02.01

Sri lanka1962.02.01

Iraq1962.02.05

Laos 1962.09.12

Egypt 1963.04.02

Ghana1965.12.07

Sudan1970.07.07

Bungladesh1972.06.28

Costa Rica1977.06.06

Belarus1992.01.24

Uzbekstan1992.01.25

Tajikistan1992.04.24

Peru1997.05.30

El Salvador 1999.07.14

Lesotho1985.07.02

Mongolian Language

• Official language is Mongolian

• Kazakh population speaks a dialect of Turkish

• The Mongolian language belongs to the Ural –Altaic language family. This included Kazakh, Turkish, Korean and Finnish. Today more than 10 million people speak Mongolian. They live in Mongolia , Buriat republic of Russian federation , Inner Mongolia in China , Shingjan and Gansu regions of China , Tibet and a few people living in the State of New Jersey State in the USA .

• Cyrillic Script, 35 letters

National culture

Contortionists

Festivals and eventsNaadam festival-11 July

WrestlingGreatest fame wrestlersgrant choose opponent2 days512 wrestlers,9 round

5th round winners “falcon”6th round winners “hawk”7th round winners “elephant”8th round winners “gard”9th round winners “lion”Two time lions “champion”

Festivals and eventsNaadam festival-11 July

Horse racing

6 age class horse12-30 kmTop 5 horses earn title, gold, silver, bronze medals. Hors rising master owns title.Jockeys children 5-13 age

Festivals and eventsNaadam festival-11 July

Archery

36 arrowsMen - 75mWomen - 65mWinners granted “National marksman”, “National markswoman”

Festivals and eventsNew Year-White month

Prepare plenty of gifts and food, in other words to have one's hand's full.

Sheep back with the tail is boiled and served on the table for the entire holiday.

The oldest family member is greeted first. They are seated at the north side of the ger –the most respected side of the ger. The next oldest family member is the first to greet. This member carries the hadag- a beautiful piece of blue silk – across their arms. The younger member has her or his palms facing upward and grasps the older one's elbows. The older member has palms faced down, and the arms are above the younger.

Nomad lifestyle

Mongolian nomadic people move into place to place 2-4 times a year as well as it is depending on livestock's pasture.

Mongolian five animals. Mongolia is the land of livestock.30 million livestock, including 13.8 million sheep, 10.2million goats, 3.1 million cattle, 2.6 million horses and 322.3thousand Bactrian camels.

Mongolian traditional foodMilk Beverages

AyragFermented mare's milk

TaragYoghurt

Isgelen TaragKefir

Mongol Arkhi- vodkaLight liquor made from Isgelen Tarag (or Ayrag).

Mongolian traditional food Butter and Cheese

Urum"White Butter": clotted cream

Khailmagcaramelized Urum

Aruuldried curds

ByaslagCheese of cows, yaks, goats or sheep. Eezgii

dried mass of cheese

Mongolian traditional food Soup, tea

Guriltai ShulNoodle soup with meat

BantanFlour soup with lumps

Suutei TsaiMongolian milk tea with salt

Banshtai TsaiRice tea with Bansh

Mongolian traditional food Meat Dishes

Chanasan MakhBoiled meat and boiled innards

UuzMutton Back

KhorkhogMutton cooked with hot stones in a container.

BoodogMarmot or goat, cooked with hot stones in the stomach.

Mongolian traditional food Pockets food

BuuzSmall filled pockets, steamed

KhuushuurLarge filled pockets, fried or deep fried.

BanshSmall filled pockets, boiled

Religion in Mongolia

Yellow headed Buddhism began to enterinto Mongolia from Tibet the second halfof the 16th century. Since that time mostlyMongolians believe Buddhism. ButMongolian Buddhism is different fromTibetan Buddhism. Mongolian Buddhismconnected with Mongolian traditionallifestyle. Before in 1930 40% of malepopulation was lamas (monks). Betweenthe communist purges 1930-1940 Russianand Mongolian soldiers destroyed about700 monasteries and temples. Until in 1990any religion closed in Mongolia. Afterdemocratic movement in 1990 all religionreopened. Now more than 110 Buddhistmonasteries and temples and about 70Christian churches in Mongolia .

Mongolian climate

Winter (Dec-Feb) –20c

Spring (Mar-May) The wind is 1.5-4.5m/s.

Summer (Jun-Aug)+20c

Autumn (Sep-Nov)The average rainfall 200-220 mm

250 sunny days “Blue Sky”

Terrian

Average altitude: 1,580 m above sea-levelThe highest point: Mount Huiten (4374m above the sea level)The lowest point: Huh nuur (560m above the sea level)Terrain: Vast semi-desert and desert plains, mountains in west and south-west,

Gobi Desert in south-east. Almost 90% of land area is pasture; 1% arable; 9%forested.

The largest vast steppe: Menengiin Tal (250,000 square km)

Natural zones of Mongolia

1. High Mountain Zone.West

2. Taiga forest zoneNorthern Mongolia

3. Mountain forest steppeTo the south, about 25% of Mongoliais a mix of forest and grassland

4. Steppe ZoneFurther south, the Steppe Zoneis a ‘sea grass' covers 20%

5. Desert Steppe ZoneSouth covers 20%

6. Gobi Desert ZoneSouth

Mongolia's Wetlands

7. Mongolia's Wetlandsglaciers, lakes, rivers, streams, marshes, oases

About 4000 rivers total length of 67,000kmStreams, fountains 7000Lakes about 3500

The biggest fresh water lake in the world - Baikal

The second biggest fresh water lake in the world – Hubsgul1646,3 м above the sea level, 2770 sq. km.136km length,37km max width,267,2 meter deepThe most deep lake in the Asia

The biggest lake – Uvs759 м above the sea level, 3350 sq. km.

The biggest river –Selenge447 sq. km

The longest river –Orkhon 1124 km

Mongolian flora and faun

Flowering Plants: 3000 species , 975 species medicinal plants

Mammals: 138 species, 32 species of rare very rare, 8 species of amphibians and mollusks

Mongolian birds and insects: 457 species ofbirds belonging to 200 genera, 60 families of19 orders registered 81 species birdspermanently others migrate. 12500 species ofinsects

Fish of Mongolia: 75 species, 33 species of fish for fishing tour and sport fishing

Developing sector Mining

Erdenet copper explore industry. The one of the Ore mining and Ore processing factory in Asia. Width 5 km, length 22 km 51% shares owned Mongolia, 49% shares owned Russia It started its operation in 1978. 6240 employers

Oyu TolgoiOne of the biggest copper resource area in the world.“Ivanhoe Mines” Canadian company hold lisence.

Developing sector Mining

Mounuments & Place

The biggest horseman Monument ofChingis khaan in the word. 60 kmaway from capital city,40 meter tallFundament 1, 2 floor have restaurant,museum.There is a lift in the tail of the horseand stairs along its neck leading tothe head where the surroundings areobserved.

Mounuments & Place

Oldest big temple of buddism- Erdene Zuu

Ulaanbaatar

Gandan temple

Budda garden

Chinggis khaan hotel

Government house Chinggis khaanmonument

Ulaanbaatar

Zaisan tolgoiMonument for Russian soliders Stone monument for songCopper monument

Stone monument forCapital city 360 age Monument for

National hero SukhbaatarMonument for

Mongolian Empire stamp

Archaeology remainder

tomb

Thank you for attention.

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