monitoring airborne levels of outdoor and in-vehicle secondhand tobacco smoke
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Monitoring Airborne Levels of Outdoor and In-Vehicle Secondhand Tobacco Smoke. Neil E. Klepeis, Ph.D. Human Exposure Research Associate Stanford University, Stanford, CA http://klepeis.net, http://exposurescience.org. Why Monitor Secondhand Smoke?. Judge severity of exposure - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Monitoring Airborne Levels of Outdoor and In-Vehicle Secondhand Tobacco Smoke
Neil E. Klepeis, Ph.D.Human Exposure Research Associate
Stanford University, Stanford, CAhttp://klepeis.net, http://exposurescience.org
Why Monitor Secondhand Smoke?
● Judge severity of exposure● Communicate risks● Encourage smoking restrictions and bans● Identify exposure reduction measures● Establish disease association (epidemiology)
Why Monitor Outdoors andin Cars?
● Last frontiers for smoking bans● Very few studies available● How high can outdoor levels really be?● Practical Questions
What if I open my car window or use the ventilation during smoking?
What if I smoke near my child outdoors?
Environmental Health CycleExposure Science
Epidemiology
Toxicology
Public Health
Education/Outreach
Policy
Engineering
Direct Link to Tobacco ControlExposure Science
Epidemiology
Toxicology
Public Health
Education/Outreach
Policy
Engineering
What's in this Talk?
● Introduce Air Monitoring Instruments
● New Outdoor SHS Surveys and Experiments
● New In-Vehicle SHS Experiments
● Predictive Modeling of SHS Exposure and Risk
Portable Airborne Particle Monitoring Instruments
A. Laser Counter; B. SidePak Laser Photometer; C PC/DC Monitor;D. Condensation Nucleii Counter
A. Nephelometer; B. Piezobalance;C PAH Analyzer; D. Laser Particle Counter; E. CO Sensor
Outdoor Secondhand Smoke
Monitoring in Sidewalks Cafes, Parks, Pubs, Restaurants
Visits to Sidewalk Cafes & Restaurants
● 10 Locations
● 2000 minutes of continuous measurements
● Natural Human Smokers
● Controlled Smoking
Experiments with a Real Smoker
SidePak Monitor
Air Speed Monitor
Air Speed Monitor
Elevated Levels Near the Smoker
0.5 m 252 g/m3
0.5 m 233 g/m3
0.5 m 222 g/m3
0.8 m 127 g/m3
2.0 m 41 g/m3
2.0 m 14 g/m3
3.7 m 14 g/m3
3.7 m 5 g/m3
Burning Cigarette Experiments
Elevated Downwind Levels from a Smoker
0.3 m 582 g/m3
0.6 m 130 g/m3
0.9 m 127 g/m3
0.6 m 2 g/m3
1.2 m 41 g/m3
2.7 m 13 g/m3
Controlled Patio Experiments
Air Monitor Assemblies on Either Side of a Burning Cigarette
The Proximity Effect
Summary of Outdoor Results● Being downwind from a smoker is the critical
factor● Levels drop off dramatically beyond 2 meters
from a smoker – although levels can still be detected as far away as 9 meters or more.
● Being close to and downwind from an active smoker can lead to very high transient levels
● Short-term outdoor levels can exceed secondhand smoke levels measured inside smoking cars and houses
In-Vehicle Secondhand Smoke
Monitoring in Passenger Cars and SUV's
Vehicle Air Exchange Rates● 85 Air Changes● Five Vehicles● Tracer Gas Releases
● Five Driving Speeds ● Window Positions● Ventilation Settings
Air Exchange as a Function of Car Speed
Experiments In Cars with Smokers● 3 Rented Vehicles● 2 Smokers● 14 Cigarettes● Particle/CO monitoring
● Five Speeds● Window Positions● Ventilation Settings
Levels Inside a Car with a Smoker
A. Ford Taurus, 20 mph
B. Ford Taurus, 60 mph
AA
BB
Predicting In-Vehicle Levels
Levels are well predicted using a mathematical mass balance model.
Simulation of Levels in a Car
Rapid Feedback and Flexible Educational Tool
Summary of In-Vehicle Results● Opening windows increases the air exchange
rate by a factor of 10● Air exchange rate of car increases with speed● Smoking in a closed car results in extremely
high levels that are about 10 times higher than those measured in smoking homes
● Short-term levels with windows open or active ventilation can still approach levels found in smoking homes
● Levels in cars can be characterized using mathematical models
Practical Modeling of Daily (24-h) Exposure and Risk: Fine Particles
68 g/m3
106 g/m3
65 g/m3
41 g/m3
AmbientAmbient OutdoorsOutdoors CarCar USEPAUSEPAUnhealthy 17 Cigarettes 2 Cigarettes PM-2.5Unhealthy 17 Cigarettes 2 Cigarettes PM-2.5
Sens. People Downwind Closed/Moving StandardSens. People Downwind Closed/Moving Standard
ResourcesExposureScience.OrgExposureScience.Org
Downloadable Reports, Articles, and Software Related to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Cars, Homes, and the Outdoors
SimSmoke.OrgSimSmoke.Org
On-line Simulation of Secondhand Smoke Exposures in Indoor and Outdoor Settings
Acknowledgments
● Wayne Ott, Stanford University (Co-Investigator)● Paul Switzer, Stanford University (Principle
Investigator)● Grant from the Flight Attendant Medical
Research Institute (FAMRI)● Grant from California Proposition 99● Past Grant from Tobacco-Related Disease
Research Program (TRDRP)