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Monitoring Ecological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs Rusty Brainard1, C Young2, M Timmers2, R Feely3, S Alin3, A Sutton3, A Cohen4, T DeCarlo4, N Price5, J Smith5, T Martz5, A Andersson5, N Knowlton6, C Meyer6, D Manzello7, I Inochs7, G Paulay8, D Gledhill9, L Jewitt9, R Toonen10, F Rohwer11, S Khokiattiwong12, A Chavanich13, W Zhu14, J Jompa15, many others
1 NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu 2 Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Honolulu
3 NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle 4 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole
5 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Univ. California San Diego 6 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington
7 NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami 8 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainsville
9 NOAA Ocean Acidification Program, Silver Spring 10 UH-Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Kaneohe
11 San Diego State University, San Diego 12 Phuket Marine Biological Lab, Phuket,Thailand
13 Chulalongkorn Univ.Thailand 14 UNESCO IOC WESTPAC, Bangkok, Thailand
15 Hassanuddin Univ. Makassar, Indonesia
SIDS OA Workshop, Apia, Samoa, 28-29 Aug. 2014
2
Why Should We Care? Coral reefs
provide ecosystem services (food security, livelihoods, coastal protection, etc.) to many 100s of millions of people in the tropics worldwide, especially SIDS countries!
Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems
People Men and Women, Young and Old, Poor and Rich! Coral reef & coastal ecosystems provide many benefits for people!
Major
Gap
Coral calcification • 1765 Adequate • 2000 Marginal • 2100 Low
Problem: Ocean acidification is one of the largest threats to marine ecosystems
• Changes ocean chemistry • pH decreases • Reduction in the amount of
carbonate present in seawater
• Greater difficultly for marine organisms to deposit calcium carbonate; shells, skeletons, limestone
• May lead to large shifts in marine communities
• Why?
Ocean Acidification is not just a theory, it’s happening
now
Coral Reef Ecosystems
Reef-building corals & calcareous algae provide the foundational 3-dimensional habitat structures supporting this rich biodiversity
Coral reefs are declining worldwide due to multiple stressors, including warming, overfishing, pollution, disease, ocean acidification.
Caribbean: ~80% decline in cover over 30 years
From Gardner et al. (2003)
Great Barrier Reef – 50% decline in coral cover over the past 26 yrs.
De’ath et al. (2012)
Calcification/Recruitment Experiments/models have shown corals and reef-building crustose coralline algae are highly vulnerable to OA:
Reduced calcification/growth Reduced settlement/recruitment
From Langdon & Atkinson. (2005)
From Ricke, Orr, Schneider & Caldeira (2013)
Will this happen in nature? Or,, does nature provide more resilience? need long-term global observations
Pre-industrial
Now
550 ppm
900 ppm
CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN
Age (Ma)
From Signor (1990)
Number ofGenera
Biodiversity Loss
65 200 251 360 444
Era
Coral Reef Gap
Extinction rates have already increased ~100X Predicted to increase >100X over next century
Lost Resilience? lost function? lost ecosystem services?
We are now in the 6th Mass Extinction Event!
Who will be impacted?: Not all species
respond the same to reduced seawater pH
• Species that are fleshy and CO2 limited may thrive
• Species that currently live in highly variable environments may be best adapted
• Species that calcify, are sessile, and are taxonomically ‘simple’ may not survive
Coral loss
• 10 % of coral reef fishes are coral dependent, so directly
affected by coral loss
• But, 75% of fish species declined following coral decline
• 50% of fish species declined by >50%
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
Δ f
ish
/ Δ
coral
cover
Coral-dwelling species Corallivores Herbivores
Wilson et al. 2006 Global Change Biology 12, 2220-2234 Slide courtesy Phil Munday
Pro
port
ional change
Time after mass bleaching (years)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
Coral reef fishes
Macroalgae
Coral cover
Habitat
complexity
Slide courtesy Phil Munday
0-4 nm district managed 4-12 province managed 12-200 nation managed
Example: Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) or EAFM
EAFM and EBM need to take into account ocean acidification (and climate change) because it will effect all
aspects of the marine ecosytems.
Ve
rtic
al In
tegr
atio
n
Rusty Brainard - NOAA
Monitoring Ecological Impacts of OA Pacific RAMP
Kimbe Bay,
PNG
Indonesia
Philippines
Establishing baseline observations to monitor long-term changes of:
Carbonate chemistry DIC, TA, S pH, Ω
Calcification rates (Coring, CAUs)
Bioerosion rates (BMUs)
Crytobiota diversity (ARMS)
Benthic & Fish diversity & abundance
Microbial diversity (environmental water sampling)
Benthic rugosity
Spatially distributed, consistent, repeatable, long-term observations of key indicators to robustly document changes in natural coral reefs attributable to OA
Want ‘Keeling Curve’ of: 1. Carbonate chemistry: 2. Key ecological indicators:
Pacific Reef Assessment & Monitoring Program (Pacific RAMP)
Philippines
Indonesia
Timor Leste
Papua New Guinea
Level 3 – MApCO2/Other
Level 2 – Partial
Level 1 – Partial
Broad spatial coverage (wide-but-thin) stratified random design
Observing across gradients
of environmental
conditions, biodiversity,
human impacts
2013
2014
2015
pCO2 Ωarag
Island-scale Survey Design
Upstream
DIC/TA
sampling
Sampling for DIC, TA, T, S, Chl a, nutrients, microbes.
Surface & Reef
Onshore-offshore
3-year sampling
Derive pH, Ω, NEC, NEP
Site-scale Sampling Design
Level 2 10 m x 5 m Photo Mosaic
Mean Reef pH
Chip Young et al. (in prep)
More
Acidic
More
Acidic
Less
Acidic
Less
Acidic
Less
Acidic
Equatorial &
Topographic
Upwelling
Subtropical
Front
from (GLODAP)
Coral Calcification Rates
With Anne Cohen’s Lab WHOI
Palmyra
Kingman Jarvis
GBR Rose
Red Sea Palau
Palau
Palau
Panama
Jarvis
Kingman Palmyra
Calcification rates of massive reef-building corals not a function only of saturation state.
Also a function of food supply provided by upwelling.
Coral Bioerosion is Higher at Low Saturation State & High Nutrients
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.50
24
68
10
12
WAragonite
Bio
ero
sio
n %
Vo
lum
e
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.50
24
68
10
12
WAragonite
Bio
ero
sio
n %
Vo
lum
e
High−Nutrient Reefs
Low−Nutrient Reefs
Individual cores
Reef means
DeCarlo et al. (in review) Nature Climate Change surface slab 3D
ΩAragonite
A core of skeleton is removed from a live coral (above) and CT scanned (below)
Cohen Lab, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Calcification Accretion Units (CAUs) Bioerosion Monitoring Units (BMUs)
Habitat
Forereef Lagoon
Leeward
Windward
*
b
Archipelago
AM SAM PRIA
Ne
t c
alc
ific
ati
on
(g
cm
-2 y
r-1
)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Fore Reef
Lagoon
a
*
*
American Samoa (AM SAM)
Rose Tutuila Tau Ofu Swains Jarvis Baker Howland Palmyra Kingman
Leeward
Windward
c
Pacific Remote Island Areas (PRIAs) Topography
Atoll High island
*
d
Reef Habitat Type
Forereef Lagoon
Kingman
Rose
e
*
*
**
*
Autonomous Reef Monitoring Structures (ARMS) are a systematic tool to assess and monitor changes in indices of biodiversity. On-going development of both taxonomic and genetic analytical approaches to robustly detect biodiversity shifts.
Biodiversity Shifts: ARMS
Conclusions
Urge SIDS countries to collaborate and join GOA-ON to obtain standardized observations!
Ocean Acidification will increasingly impact marine ecosystems, coral reefs, fisheries, coastal protection & communities in the SIDS countries!
Need simple, consistent/systematic, cost-effective time series observations of both physical/chemical & key ecological parameters of coastal & coral reef ecosystems to inform policy & resource management decisions.
[email protected] 808-725-5419