monitoring the recreational take of species of relevance...

MonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharkspeciesofrelevancetoCommonwealthfisheriesKatherineCheshire,PeterWard,PhilSahlqvistandRupertSummerson

Research by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural

and Resource Economics and Sciences

ReporttoclientpreparedfortheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy

September 2013

MonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharksinCommonwealthfisheries ABARES

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©CommonwealthofAustraliaOwnershipofintellectualpropertyrightsUnlessotherwisenoted,copyright(andanyotherintellectualpropertyrights,ifany)inthispublicationisownedbytheCommonwealthofAustralia(referredtoastheCommonwealth).CreativeCommonslicenceAllmaterialinthispublicationislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0AustraliaLicence,saveforcontentsuppliedbythirdparties,logosandtheCommonwealthCoatofArms.

CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0AustraliaLicenceisastandardformlicenceagreementthatallowsyoutocopy,distribute,transmitandadaptthispublicationprovidedyouattributethework.Asummaryofthelicencetermsisavailablefromcreativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en.Thefulllicencetermsareavailablefromcreativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode.Thispublication(andanymaterialsourcedfromit)shouldbeattributedas:CheshireK,WardP,SahlqvistPandSummersonR,2013,MonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharkspeciesofrelevancetoCommonwealthfisheries,ABARESreporttoclientpreparedfortheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy,DepartmentofAgriculture,Canberra,September.CCBY3.0.CataloguingdataCheshireK,WardP,SahlqvistPandSummersonR,2013,MonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharkspeciesofrelevancetoCommonwealthfisheries,ABARESreporttoclientpreparedfortheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy,DepartmentofAgriculture,Canberra,September.ABARESproject:43224InternetMonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharkspeciesofrelevancetoCommonwealthfisheriesisavailableat:daff.gov.au/abares/publications.DepartmentofAgricultureAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomicsandSciences(ABARES)PostaladdressGPOBox1563CanberraACT2601Switchboard+61262722010|[email protected]/abaresInquiriesregardingthelicenceandanyuseofthisdocumentshouldbesentto:copyright@daff.gov.au.TheAustralianGovernmentactingthroughtheDepartmentofAgriculturerepresentedbytheAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomicsandSciences,hasexercisedduecareandskillinpreparingandcompilingtheinformationanddatainthispublication.Notwithstanding,theDepartmentofAgriculture,ABARES,itsemployeesandadvisersdisclaimallliability,includingliabilityfornegligence,foranyloss,damage,injury,expenseorcostincurredbyanypersonasaresultofaccessing,usingorrelyinguponanyoftheinformationordatainthispublicationtothemaximumextentpermittedbylaw.


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AcknowledgementsThisstudywasfundedbytheDepartmentofAgricultureaspartoftheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy(RFIDS).BillSawynockprovidedcommentsonthedraftfundingapplication.JulianPepperell(PepperellResearch)andKevinMcLoughlin(ABARES)revieweddraftsofthisreportandprovidedadvice.TheauthorsacknowledgethecontributionsofNewSouthWalesDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries(NSWDPI),GameFishingAssociationofAustralia(GFAA),NorthernTerritoryDepartmentofResources,Fisheries(FisheriesDoRNT),QueenslandDepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,Fisheries(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI),InfoFish,SillagoResearchPtyLtd,SouthAustralianResearchandDevelopmentInstitute(SARDI),FlindersUniversity,CommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganisation(CSIRO)MarineandAtmosphericResearch,InstituteforMarineandAntarcticStudies,UniversityofTasmania(IMAS),DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,Fisheries,Victoria(DPIVictoria),TheVictorianRecreationalFishingPeakBody(VRFISH),theVictorianGameFishingAssociation(VictorianGFA)andWesternAustralianDepartmentofFisheries(WADoF)incontributinginformationtothestudyandreport.Variousexpertsprovidedinformationthroughdiscussionsaboutrecreationalfishingandreviewingthestatelistingsinthecatalogue:NewSouthWales,AldoSteffeandDanielleGoshn(NSWDPI),GrahameWilliams(GFAA);NorthernTerritory,KaneDysartandTriciaBeatty(FisheriesDoRNT);Queensland,SteveTaylor(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)andBillSawynock(InfoFish);SouthAustralia,KeithJones(SillagoResearch),MalcolmKnight,AnnieVainickis(SARDI),PaulRogers,CharlieHuveneersandMatthewHeard(SARDI/FlindersUniversity);Tasmania,BarryBruce(CSIROMarineandAtmosphericResearch),JeremyLyle(IMAS);Victoria,SimonConron(DPIVic),ChristopherCollins(VRFISH)andGeoffFisher(VicGFA);andWesternAustralia,KarinaRyan(WADoF).


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Contents

Summary................................................................................................................................................................v 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................1

Objectives...................................................................................................................................................2

2 Definingkeysharkspecies.......................................................................................................................3 Recreationaltargetspecies................................................................................................................3

Interactionswithcommercialfisheries........................................................................................9

Rankingofsharkspecies..................................................................................................................13

3 Recreationalfishingactivities.............................................................................................................16 4 Datacatalogue............................................................................................................................................18 5 Conclusions..................................................................................................................................................43

Informationgaps.................................................................................................................................43

Futuredirections.................................................................................................................................45

Glossaryandacronyms................................................................................................................................47 Personalcommunications...........................................................................................................................48 References..........................................................................................................................................................49

Tables

Table1Recreationaltargetspecieslistedbyscientificname(inalphabeticalorder)........4 Table2CriteriausedforallocatingrecreationallyimportantspeciescaughtinaCommonwealthfisherytoaninteractioncategory....................................................................10

Table3Fisheryabbreviations...................................................................................................................10 Table4ThenumberofeachrecreationallyimportantsharkspeciesreportedinCommonwealthfisheries(2000–10),includinganindicationofinteractionlevelsineachfishery.............................................................................................................................................11

Table5Overallrankingofrecreationallyimportantsharkspecies.........................................14 Table6SummaryofAustralianrecreationalfisheriesdatabasesthatreferencesharkcatches...........................................................................................................................................................19

Maps

Map1Distributionofreleasesformakosharks,whalersharks,hammerheadsharksandblueshark...............................................................................................................................................6

Map2Distributionofreleasesforgummyshark,tigershark,blacktipsharkandsoutherneagleray.......................................................................................................................................7

Map3DistributionofreleasesforOceanicwhitetipshark,PortJacksonshark,threshersharksandschoolshark............................................................................................................................8


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Summary TheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy(RFIDS)commissionedtheAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomicsandSciences(ABARES)toassessinformationonrecreationalsharkfishingthatwasrelevanttotheAustralianGovernment.RFIDSrecognisedtheneedforgovernmentstodeveloppolicyandtorespondtotheneedformanagementandconservationofsharks.Asasteptowardsbetterunderstandingtheimpactsofrecreationalfishingonsharks,theobjectivesofthepresentstudywereto:(1)determinethenatureandextentofdataavailableonrecreationalinteractionswithsharkspeciesofinterest(includingrecreationaltargetspecies,listedspeciesorspeciesnominatedforlisting,andspeciesthatinteractwithCommonwealthfisheries)and(2)identifykeygapsininformationonrecreationalcatchesofsharkspeciestoinformtheapplicationofexistingandfuturemanagementarrangementsforspeciesnominatedforlisting.

ThisstudyidentifiedsharkspeciesofinteresttotheAustralianGovernmentusinginformationfromseveralsources.Recreationalsharkfishingactivitieswereidentifiedfromliteraturesearches,databasesanddiscussionswithfisheryscientists,managersandrecreationalanglers.Acatalogueof35databaseswascompiledfromliteraturesearchesandmetadataondatabases.ThecataloguecompiledbythisstudyprovidesthefirstcentralsourceofinformationondatapertainingspecificallytoAustralianrecreationalcatchesofsharks.Thedatabasesaredescribedandevaluatedintermsoftheirspatialandtemporalresolution,datacollectionmethods,dataelementsanduncertainties.Thisprovidesaguidetolocatingdata,determiningthesuitabilityofthosedataforfurtheranalysisandkeyinformationgaps.

Therearetwomaincategoriesofrecreationalfishingactivitiesthatinteractwithsharks;inshorefishingandgamefishing.Gamefishingmostlyoccursintheopenoceanandincludestournaments,commercialcharterboatactivitiesandrecreationalgamefishing.Anglerattitudestowardssharkfishingvaryconsiderablyamongjurisdictions.SharksarerarelytargetedinQueenslandandtheNorthernTerritory,whereastheyaremorepopulartargetsinthesouthernstatesofAustralia.Therearesomerecreationalanglersinthesouthernstatesthattargetsharkforconsumption,mostfrequentlyretainingelephantfish,gummy,schoolandsmallmakosharks.

Fewrecreationalfishingsurveyshavefocusedongatheringinformationspecificallyonsharks.AustralianstatesandtheNorthernTerritoryhaveseparateprogramsformonitoringrecreationalfishingcatches.Theycollectdataonvarioussharkgroups,althoughthenatureofdatacollectionandlevelofidentificationofsharkswithintaxonomicgroupsvaries.Assessmentofvoluntarytag‐and‐releasedatafromtheNewSouthWalesDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries(NSWDPI)GameFishTaggingProgramindicatedthatthemostcommonlytaggedspeciesweremako,whaler,hammerheadandbluesharks.Thetopfourrecreationalsharkspeciesidentifiedinthisstudywereshortfinmako,tiger,scallopedhammerheadandgummysharks.

Evaluationofthecataloguecompiledbythepresentstudyanddiscussionswithstatefisheryagencies,recreationalfishingrepresentativesandotherrecreationalfishingexpertshighlightedseveralinformationgaps.Intermsofcurrentpolicyandrecentconservationinitiatives,keyknowledgegapsincludespeciesidentification,survivalratesofreleasedsharksandinformationoncatchlevelsanddistribution.Thesurvivalofreleasedsharksrequiresfurtherresearchasitwillinfluencedecisionsonwhetherreleasebyanglerscanbeeffectiveinreducingsharkmortality.Theresultsofsuchresearchmayalsoprovideanglerswithguidanceonhowtoreducetheirimpactsonsharkpopulations.Reliablespeciesidentificationiscrucialtomonitoringofcatchtrendsandtheassessmentofpopulationstatus.Theconsiderationofspeciesnominated


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forconservationlistingalsorequiresreliablespeciesidentificationandinformationofpopulationstatusandcatchlevels.

Researchanddatacollectionprioritiesneedtoreflectmanagementissuesandpolicydirections.Althoughoutsidethescopeofthisstudy,arisk‐basedapproachoffersacost‐effectivewaytoidentifyvulnerablesharkspeciesandalsotoprioritiseresearchanddatacollection.Suchapproachesrequireestimatesofcatchlevels,catchattributes(includingspeciescompositionandbody‐size)andbiologicalattributes(suchasageandgrowth).Considerationofmanagementoptionswillrequiremoredetaileddataontheseasonalandgeographicaldistributionofrecreationalfishingactivitiesandsharkcatches.

Thisstudyidentifiedfuturedirectionstoaddresstheseknowledgegapsandtoimprovemonitoringofrecreationalinteractionswithsharks.Traditionalapproachesinvolvingnationalsurveysofrecreationalsharkfishingactivitiesareunlikelytobeaffordable.Thegovernmentscouldconsidercontributingtobroader,routinesurveysofrecreationalanglersandensuringthatthosesurveyscollectrepresentativedatathatincludesthereliableidentificationandreportingofsharkspecies.TheNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgramisanotherusefulsourceofinformationonthedistributionandrelativelevelsofsharkcatches,althoughcareisrequiredininterpretingthosedata.Governmentsmightconsiderimprovingtheusefulnessofthosedatabysupportingprogramstoenhancethereliabilityofspeciesidentificationandtodeterminetheproportionofsharksthataretagged‐and‐releasedcomparedtotheproportionthatarereleasedbutnottagged.


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1 Introduction Oftheestimated1200chondricthyianspecies(sharks,skates,raysandchimaeras)thatoccurworldwide,aboutone‐quarter(322species)occurinAustralianwaters.Thirty‐ninepercentofsharksand69percentofraysareendemictoAustralia(LastandStevens2009).Characteristicscommontomanysharksandrays(collectivelyreferredtoas'sharks'inthisreport)arelonglifespans,slowgrowthrates,latematurationandlowfecundity,leavingthemvulnerabletoover‐exploitationandslowtorecover,iftheyarenotcarefullymanaged(Stevensetal.2000).

AseriesofsharkassessmentshasbeenproducedaspartofAustralia’scommitmenttoimplementtheInternationalPlanofActionfortheConservationandManagementofSharks(1999).ThefirstconsolidatedreportonthebiologyandfisheriesforsharksinAustraliawasproducedin2001;theAustralianSharkAssessmentReportfortheAustralianNationalPlanofActionfortheConservationandManagementofSharks(SAR2001).Subsequently,Australia’sNationalPlanofActionfortheConservationandManagementofSharks(NPOA‐Sharks)wasreleasedin2004,toprovideadviceandguidancetofisheriesandconservationmanagersandthepubliconsustainablemanagementofsharkpopulations.The2009SharkAssessmentReportfortheAustralianNationalPlanofActionfortheConservationandManagementofSharks(SAR2009)wasproducedaspartofthatreview.OutcomesfromtheseassessmentshavehighlightedthatwhiletherecreationalcatchofsharkinAustraliaismanagedatthestateorterritorylevelthereisnoconsolidatedsourceofdataonrecreationalsharkcatchesinCommonwealthwaters.Itisinherentlydifficulttomonitorandquantifytherecreationalcatchofsharks.OneofthekeyrecommendationsofSAR2009wasthatassessmentsoftheriskthatnon‐commercialfisheriesposetosharksshouldbeconducted.

SharksarecaughtinmostsectorsofAustraliancommercialfisheriesandarecommonlycaughtbyrecreationalanglers.Therearetwomaincategoriesofrecreationalfishingthatinteractwithsharks;inshorefishingandgamefishing(commonlybeyondthecontinentalshelfinoceanicwaters).Insomeregionstherecreationalcatchofsharkscanbeconsiderable,althoughmostarereleased(HenryandLyle2003,McLoughlin&Eliason2008).Althoughgamefishersoftentargetlargebillfishandtuna,sharksareoftentargetedduringtournamentsandforrecreation(McLoughlin&Eliason2008)orconsumption(Rose2001).

ThereisarequirementundertheEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct1999(EPBCAct)thatsharkslistedonAppendixIorIIoftheConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpeciesofWildAnimals(alsoknownasCMSorBonnConvention),towhichAustraliaisaParty,alsobelistedasmigratoryspeciesundertheEPBCAct(EPBC1999).UndertheEPBCActitisanoffencetokill,injure,take,trade,keepormovelistedmigratoryspeciesinCommonwealthareas(EPBC1999).ThelistingofsharkspeciesunderinternationalconventionsandagreementsthereforehasthepotentialtoaffectrecreationalfishinginAustralia.Forexample,porbeagle(Lamnanasus),shortfinmako(Isurusoxyrinchus)andlongfinmako(Isuruspaucus)sharkswereincludedonAppendixIIoftheCMSin2008,duetointernationalconcernsregardingtheirconservationstatus.Accordingly,thesespecieswerelistedundertheEPBCActinJanuary2010,withsignificantimplicationsforrecreationalfishing.Makosharksareahighlyprizedgamefish,whileporbeaglesharksareoccasionallytakenbyrecreationalanglers.InJune2010theAustralianGovernmentintroducedtheEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAmendment(RecreationalFishingforMakoandPorbeagleSharks)Act2010.Thisamendmentprovidesanexceptiontotheoffenceprovisionsandallowsfortargetedrecreationalfishingofmakoandporbeaglesharkstocontinue.


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ThelistingofsharkspeciesundertheinternationalConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES),whichwasestablishedtoensurethatinternationaltradedoesnotthreatenthesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants,isalsorelevanttothemanagementofsharksinAustralia.In2013,forexample,fivecommerciallyvaluablesharkspecieswerelistedunderCITESAppendixII:oceanicwhitetip(Carcharhinuslongimanus),scallopedhammerhead(Sphyrnalewini),greathammerhead(Sphyrnamokarran),smoothhammerhead(Sphyrnazigaena)andporbeaglesharks.SpecieslistedunderAppendixIImustbetradedwithCITESpermits,whichrequireevidencethattheyareharvestedsustainablyandlegally.

ThereisnocentralsourceofinformationonAustralianrecreationalcatchesofsharks.Whiletherearevariousstateandterritory‐basedrecreationalmonitoringprogramsandsurveys,theircoverageoftherecreationalcatchesofsharkspeciesispatchy,particularlyforthespeciesthatinteractwithCommonwealthfisheries.Monitoringsharkcatchesandinteractionspresentssignificantdifficulties.DataarecollectedbytheAustraliangamefishingsectorthroughcompetitions,tournamentsandtagandreleaseprograms.Thestate‐basedassessmentsoccurindependentlywithineachjurisdictionandprimarilyconsistofacombinationoflogbookreporting,offsitesurveys(sometimesassociatedwithvoluntaryfishingdiaries)andonsitesurveys.TheonlynationalsurveyofrecreationalcatchestodatewastheNationalRecreationalandIndigenousFishingSurveyconductedfortheperiod1999‐2001(HenryandLyle2003).

ObjectivesThisstudywasdevelopedthroughdiscussionswithDepartmentofAgriculturestaffabouttheinformationneedsfordevelopingpolicyandrespondingtoconservationrequirementsforsharks.Theinformationcollectedbythisstudyisrequiredto:

determinethenatureandextentofdataavailableonrecreationalinteractionswithsharkspeciesofinterest(includingrecreationaltargetspecies,listedspeciesorspeciesnominatedforlisting,andspeciesthatinteractwithCommonwealthfisheries)

identifykeygapsininformationonrecreationalcatchesofsharkspeciesthatinteractwithCommonwealthfisheriestoinformtheapplicationofexistingandpossiblefuturemanagementarrangementsforspeciesnominatedforlisting.


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2 Defining key shark species Recreationallyimportantsharkspecieswereidentifiedusingacombinationofcriteria:recreationaltargetspecies,speciesofinterest(listedspeciesorspeciesnominatedforlisting),andinteractionswithCommonwealthfisheries.Availabledatasetsandreportswereexaminedtoallocatescoresbasedonvariouscriteria,andtherebyassignanoverallrankingoftheimportancetoCommonwealthfisherymanagementofsharksthatinteractwithrecreationalfisheries.

RecreationaltargetspeciesTheprocessofidentifyingrecreationallyimportantsharkspeciesinvolvedthreemaininformationsources:

1) therecreationalrankingofGriffithsandPepperell(2006)

2) whetherthespecieswasan‘eligible’speciesfortaggingandcapturebytheGameFishingAssociationofAustralia(GFAA)andtheAustralianNationalSportfishingAssociation(ANSA)

3) thenumberofanimalstaggedundertheNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgram(Table1).

GriffithsandPepperell(2006)assignedaqualitativerankingtoeachrecreationalsharkspeciesthatwasbasedonitsrelativeoccurrenceinrecreationalcatches,its‘iconic’orprestigestatus,personalobservationsandtheopinionsoftherecreationalfishersthattheycontacted.Basedonthecriterialistedabove,themosthighlyranked(greaterthan3)recreationallyimportantsharkspecieswere:

shortfinmakoshark(I.oxyrinchus)

tigershark(Galeocerdocuvier)

gummyshark(Mustelusantarcticus)

elephantfish(Callorhincusmilii).

Otherspeciesofrecreationalimportance(rank2;Table1)included:

whalersharks(F.Carcharhindae,Carcharhinusspp);notincludingBlacktip(CarcharhinuslimbatusandCarcharhinustilstoni)orOceanicwhitetip(Carcharhinuslongimanus)sharks

schoolshark(Galeorhinusgaleus)

PortJacksonshark(Heterodontusportusjacksoni)

southerneagleray(Myliobatisaustralis)

blueshark(Prionaceglauca)

hammerheadsharks(Sphyrnaspp.).


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Table 1 Recreational target species listed by scientific name (in alphabetical order)

Scientificname Commonname Listedstatus1 RecreationaltargetcriteriaANSAeligible

GFAA Rank3eligible Tags2

F.Alopiidae Threshersharks* y^ y^ 72 n.a.

Alopiaspelagicus Pelagicthresher IUCN(VU) y^ y^ n.a.

A.superciliosus Big‐eyethresher IUCN(VU) y^ y^ n.a.

A.vulpinus Commonthreshershark

IUCN(VU) y^ y^ 1

Callorhinchusmilii Elephantfish n n 3

F.Carcharhindae(Carcharhinusspp.)

Whalersharks* y^ y^ 7769 n.a.

Carcharhinusbrachyurus Bronzewhaler y^ y^ 3090 2

C.falciformis Silkywhaler y^ y^ 2

C.longimanus Oceanicwhitetip IUCN(VU) y^ y^ 118 2

C.obscurus Duskywhaler IUCN(VU) y^ y^ 2

Carcharhinusspp. Blacktipsharks* y^ y^ 675 2

C.limbatus Blacktipshark y^ y^ n.a.

C.tilstoni Australianblacktipshark

y^ y^ n.a.

Furgaleusmacki Whiskeryshark n n 1

Galeocerdocuvier Tigershark y y 864 4

Galeorhinusgaleus Schoolshark EPBC(CD),IUCN(VU)

y y 414 2

Heterodontusportusjacksoni PortJackson n n 135 2

Carcharadoncarcharias Greatwhiteshark EPBC(VU)(M),CITES(I/II)CMS(I/II),IUCN(VU)

n n n.a.

Isurusspp. Makosharks* CMS(II) y y 5798 n.a.

Isurusoxyrinchus Shortfinmako CMS(II),EPBC(PL)

y^ y^ 4

I.paucus Longfinmako CMS(II),EPBC(PL)

y^ y^ n.a.

Lamnanasus Porbeagle CMS(II)IUCN(VU),CITES(PL)

n y 0

Mustelusantarcticus Gummyshark y y 334 3

Myliobatisaustralis Southerneagleray Y Y 348 2

Notorhynchuscepedianus Sevengillshark y n n.a.

F.Orectolobidae Wobbegong NotakeinNSW,EPBC(PL)

n n n.a.

Prionaceglauca Blueshark y y 3787 2

F.Pristiophoridae. Sawsharks* y n 1

Pristiophoruscirratus Commonsawshark y n 1

P.nudipinnis Southernsawshark y n 1

F.Sphyrnidae Hammerheadsharks*

y^ y^ 4542 2


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Scientificname Commonname Listedstatus1 RecreationaltargetcriteriaANSAeligible

GFAA Rank3eligible Tags2

Sphyrnalewini Scallopedhammerhead

IUCN(EN) y^ y^ 2

S.zygaena Smoothhammerhead

IUCN(VU) y^ y^ 2

Data Sources: 1 IUCN ‐ International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List (IUCN 2011), EPBC ‐ Environmental Protection and

Biodiversity Act List (EPBC 1999), CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES 2011), CMS‐ Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) (PL = nominated for listing under EPBC, CD = conservation

dependent, VU = vulnerable, EN = endangered, I = Appendix 1, II = Appendix 2). 2 NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010). 3 Griffiths and Pepperell (2006).

Notes:

* Common name often includes more than one species of this family.

^ Indicates listing as species complex.

Recreational ranking: n.a. = not available, 1 = low importance, 5 = high importance.

TheNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgramprovidesacontinuousandcomprehensivedatabaseoftagreleaseofsharks(Table3andTable4).Importantsharkspeciesidentifiedfromthisdatabaseinclude:

Common(morethan1000tags;Map1):

makosharks

whalersharks(notincludingblacktiporoceanicwhitetipsharks)

hammerheadsharks

blueshark.

Less common (300–1000 tags; Map 2 and Note: Data were aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid

and the centroids of some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).

Map3):

tigershark

blacktipsharks

schoolshark

gummyshark

southerneagleray.

MonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharksinCom

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ealthfisheriesABARES

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Map 1 Distribution of releases for mako sharks, whaler sharks, hammerhead sharks and blue shark

Note: Data were aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid and the centroids of some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).


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Map 2 Distribution of releases for gummy shark, tiger shark, blacktip sharks and southern eagle ray

Note: Data were aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid and the centroids of some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).


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Map 3 Distribution of releases for oceanic whitetip shark, Port Jackson shark, thresher sharks and school shark

Note: Data points occur in lines and may occur on land, this due to the nature of the mapping method, where data points have been aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid and the centroids of some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).


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Rare (fewer than 300 tags; Note: Data were aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid and the centroids of

some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).

Map3):

oceanicwhitetipshark

PortJacksonshark

threshersharks(Alopiasspp.).

Thetaggingdatabase,whileprovidingacomprehensiverecordofrecreationaltaggingofsharks,needstobeevaluatedforaccuracyintermsofspeciesidentificationandtagginglocality.Forexample,therearesomereportsofspeciesbeingtaggedoutsideoftheirknowngeographicaldistribution(i.e.schoolandgummysharksinnorthernwaters).Thisdatabasedoesnotrepresentsharksthatwerecaughtbutnottagged.

InteractionswithcommercialfisheriesInteractionsbetweenrecreationallyimportantspeciesandCommonwealthfisheries(Table3)havepreviouslybeenreviewedbyGriffithsandPepperell(2006).InteractionswithCommonwealthfisheriesweredefinedaseither‘significant’,‘moderate’or‘insignificant’basedonacombinationofaverageannualcatchorpercentageofallcatch(Table2;GriffithsandPepperell2006).

RecreationallyimportantspecieswithsignificantinteractionswithCommonwealthfisheries:

shortfinmakoshark

tigershark

elephantfish

gummyshark

RecreationallyimportantspecieswithmoderateinteractionswithCommonwealthfisheries:

scallopedhammerheadshark

bronzewhalershark

whalersharks;notincludingblacktiporoceanicwhitetipsharks

blacktipsharks

commonthreshershark

blueshark

schoolshark.


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RecreationallyimportantspecieswithrareinteractionswithCommonwealthfisheries:

whiskeryshark(Furgaleusmacki)

silkywhaler(Carcharhinusfalcimformis)

PortJacksonshark

porbeagleshark

smoothhammerhead

sawsharks.

Table 2 Criteria used for allocating recreationally important species caught in a Commonwealth fishery to an interaction category

Recreationalimportancerank

Averageannualcommercialcatch(2001–05)<100kgORComprises<5%ofannualfisherycatch

Averageannualcommercialcatch(2001–05)100–1000kgORComprises5–20%ofannualfisherycatch

Averageannualcommercialcatch(2001–05)>1000kgORComprises>20%ofannualfisherycatch

3–5 Moderate Moderate Significant

1–2 Insignificant Moderate Moderate

0 Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant

Source: Griffiths and Pepperell (2006), where commercial catch levels are based on logbook estimates

Table 3 Fishery abbreviations

Code Fullname

CSF CoralSeaFishery

ECD EastCoastDeepwaterTrawlETBF EasternTunaandBillfish

GAB GreatAustralianBightTrawl

GHT SouthernandEasternScalefishandSharkFishery,Gillnet,hookandTrap

HSN HighSeasNon‐trawlHSS HighSeas

NFO NorfolkIslandOffshore

SEN South‐EastNon‐trawlSET South‐EastTrawl

SQJ SouthernSquidJig

SSF SouthernSharkFishery

STR SouthTasmanRiseTrawlWTBF WesternTunaandBillfish

WDW WesternDeepwaterTrawl


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Table 4 The number of each recreationally important shark species reported in Commonwealth fisheries (2000–10), including an indication of interaction levels in each fishery

Scientificname Commonname Totalnumber

reported

Levelofinteraction*

CSF

ECD

ETBF

GAB

GHT

HSN

HSS

NFO

NPF

SET

STR

SQJ

WDW

WTBF

F.Alopiidae Threshersharks 3352

Alopiaspelagicus Pelagicthresher

A.superciliosus Big‐eyethresher

A.vulpinus Commonthreshershark I M I M M I I

Callorhinchusmilii Elephantfish 340220 S S S M

F.Carcharhindae(Carcharhinusspp.) Whalersharks 541

Carcharhinusbrachyurus Bronzewhaler 37437 I M M M I M I I

C.falcimformis Silkywhaler 227 I I

C.longimanus Oceanicwhitetip 3349 M I M

C.obscurus Duskywhaler 1139 I M I

C.limbatus Blacktipshark –

C.tilstoni Australianblacktipshark –

Carcharhinusspp. Blacktipsharks 9234 M M I I I I

Furgaleusmacki Whiskeryshark 50119 I I M I I

Galeocerdocuvier Tigershark 2461 S S M M

Galeorhinusgaleus Schoolshark 362641 I I M M I I I M I

Heterodontusportusjacksoni PortJackson 1821 I I


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Scientificname Commonname Totalnumber

reported

Levelofinteraction*

CSF

ECD

ETBF

GAB

GHT

HSN

HSS

NFO

NPF

SET

STR

SQJ

WDW

WTBF

F.Lamnidae

Carcharadoncarcharias Whiteshark 1

Isurusoxyrinchus Shortfinmako 22706 M M S M M M M S S

I.paucus Longfinmako 24

Lamnanasus Porbeagle 355 I I I I I

Mustelusantarcticus Gummyshark 4925593 S S M M S M

Myliobatisaustralis Eagleray 801 I M M

Notorhynchuscepedianus Sevengillshark 4802

F.Orectolobidae Wobbegong 1720

Prionaceglauca Blueshark 11300 I M I M I I I I

F.Pristiophoridae. Sawsharks 182 I M I M

Pristiophoruscirratus Commonsawshark 578830 I M I

P.nudipinnis Southernsawshark 336050 M

F.Sphyrnidae Hammerheadsharks 637 I

Sphyrnalewini Scallopedhammerhead 2737 M M I I I M

S.zygaena Smoothhammerhead 14542 I I I M I I

Source: Griffiths and Pepperell (2006)

Notes:

Significant (S), moderate (M) or insignificant (I) (from Griffiths and Pepperell 2006).

^ indicates listing as species complex.

Table 3 provides fishery names and abbreviations.


13

RankingofsharkspeciesThreecriteriawereusedtoassignanoverallrankingoftheimportancetoCommonwealthfisherymanagementofsharksthatarecaughtbyrecreationalanglers:

1) Recreationaltarget(Table1):

1.1RecreationalrankingfromGriffithsandPepperell(2006):

highimportance=3–5

lowimportance=1–2

notavailable=0

1.2FrequencyofanimalstaggedinNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgram(Table1):

commonly=3

lesscommonly=2

rarely=1

noteligible=0

2) Listedstatus(Table1):

IUCN(Endangered)orCITES(AppendixI/II)orCMS(I/II)=2

IUCN(Vulnerable)orEPBCActorstatelisted=1

notlisted=0

3) Interactionswithcommercialfisheries(Table2,Table3,Table4)

significant=3

moderate=2

insignificant=1

Basedontheaboverankings,themostimportantrecreationalsharkspecies(totalrankofeightandabove)were:

1) shortfinmakoshark

2) tigershark

3) scallopedhammerheadshark

4) gummyshark


14

Table 5 Overall ranking of recreationally important shark species

Scientificname Commonname Listedrank1

Recreationaltargetrank

Comm.fisheryinter‐actionrank3

Over‐all

rankTag‐releaserank2

Recreationalrank3

F.Alopiidae Threshersharks 1 1 0 2 4

Alopiaspelagicus Pelagicthresher 1 1 0 0 2

A.superciliosus Big‐eyethresher 1 1 0 0 2

A.vulpinus Commonthreshershark 1 1 1 2 5

Callorhinchusmilii Elephantfish 0 0 3 3 6

F.Carcharhindae Whalersharks 0 2 2 2 6

Carcharhinusbrachyurus Bronzewhaler 0 2 2 2 6

C.falciformis Silkywhaler 0 2 2 1 5

C.longimanus Oceanicwhitetip 1 2 2 2 7

C.obscurus Duskywhaler 1 2 2 2 7

C.limbatus Blacktipshark 0 2 0 2 4

C.tilstoni Australianblacktipshark 0 2 0 2 4

Carcharhinusspp. Blacktipsharks 0 2 2 2 6

Furgaleusmacki Whiskeryshark 0 0 1 1 2

Galeocerdocuvier Tigershark 0 2 4 3 9

Galeorhinusgaleus Schoolshark 1 2 2 0 5

Heterodontusportusjacksoni PortJackson 0 0 2 1 3

Carcharadoncarcharias Greatwhiteshark 2 0 0 0 2

Isurusspp. Makosharks 2 3 0 3 8

Isurusoxyrinchus Shortfinmako 2 3 4 3 12

I.paucus Longfinmako 2 3 0 0 5

Lamnanasus Porbeagle 2 0 0 1 3

Mustelusantarcticus Gummyshark 0 2 3 3 8

Myliobatisaustralis EagleRay 0 2 2 2 6

Notorhynchuscepedianus Sevengillshark 0 0 0 0 0

F.Orectolobidae Wobbegong 1 0 0 0 1

Prionaceglauca Blueshark 0 3 2 2 7

F.Pristiophoridae. Sawsharks 0 0 1 1 2

Pristiophoruscirratus Commonsawshark 0 0 1 1 2

P.nudipinnis Southernsawshark 0 0 1 1 2

F.Sphyrnidae Hammerheadsharks 0 3 2 2 7

Sphyrnalewini Scallopedhammerhead 2 3 2 2 9

S.zygaena Smoothhammerhead 1 3 2 1 7

Data sources: 1 IUCN ‐ International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List (IUCN 2011), EPBC ‐ Environmental Protection and

Biodiversity Act List (EPBC 1999), CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES 2011), CMS‐ Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) (PL = nominated for listing under EPBC, CD = conservation

dependent, VU = vulnerable, EN = endangered, I = Appendix 1, II = Appendix 2). 2 NSW DPI NSW Game Fish Tagging Program data. 3 Griffiths and Pepperell (2006).


15

Otherrecreationallyimportantsharkspecies(totalrankofsixorseven)included:

smoothhammerhead

elephantfish

whalersharks(notincludingblacktiporoceanicwhitetipsharks)

bronzewhaler(Carcharhinusbrachyurus)

duskywhaler(Carcharhinusobscurus)

oceanicwhitetipshark

blacktipsharks

southerneagleray.


16

3 Recreational fishing activities InshoreanglingandoffshoregamefishingaretheprimerecreationalfishingactivitiesthatinteractwithsharksinAustralia.Charterboatfishingisasubcomponentofgamefishing,whichusuallytargetslargegamefishotherthansharks;althoughthereisacharterboatfisheryinVictoriawhichspecificallytargetssharks.

AnglerattitudestowardssharkfishingvaryconsiderablyacrossAustralia.SharkstendtobeamorepopulartargetinthesouthernstatescomparedtonorthernAustralia.Thisisapparentlyrelatedtotheavailabilityofcertainsharkspeciesinthesewatersandtheabsenceofgamefish,suchasmarlin.SharksaregenerallynotpopulartargetspeciesinQueenslandortheNorthernTerritory.InQueenslandasmallproportionofrecreationalanglerstargetsharkssuchaswhalers,spot‐tail,spinnerandblacktipsharksinspringandsummer,mostlyintheMoretonBayregion(S.Taylorpers.comm.).ThegamefishingsectorinQueenslandgenerallyonlytargetssharkswhenthereisaspecificinterest,forexample,significanttaggingofbullsharkshasoccurredintheBrisbaneRiver,drivenbyinterestfromcommunitygroups(B.Sawynockpers.comm.).Despitetherecentintroductionofbaglimits(onesharkorrayperday)andsizelimits(lessthan1.5m),sharksaregenerallynotapreferredcatchinQueensland,beingdescribedas‘notenjoyabletocatch’ora‘wasteoftime’(Lynchetal.2010).ThisattitudeisreflectedbyNorthernTerritoryanglers,wheresharksareconsideredtobeanuisance(T.Beattypers.comm.).SharksarerarelytheprimarytargetofgamefishersintheNorthernTerritory(T.Beattypers.comm.)andWesternAustralia(K.Ryanpers.comm.).

Thereisasubsetofinshoreanglersinthesouthernstatesthattargetsharkforconsumption,mostfrequentlyelephantfish,gummy,schoolandsmallmakosharks,whileothernontargetspeciessuchaswhalersmayalsoberetained(S.Conronpers.comm.).Mostsharkscaughtbytheinshorerecreationalanglersareabycatchofactivitydirectedatotherspecies.Recreationalbycatchgenerallyconsistsofthesmallersharkspecies(suchasPortJackson,draughtboard,dogfish,spurdogsharksandwobbegongs)orsmallerspecimensoflargerspecies(seven‐gilledandthreshersharks).InTasmania,thereispotentiallyasignificantbutundocumentedbycatchofsharksintherecreationalnetfishingsector(J.Lylepers.comm.).

Sharksareamorepopulartargetforgamefishinginthesouthernstates(NewSouthWales,Victoria,TasmaniaandSouthAustralia),althoughthepercentageofanglerstargetingsharksremainsrelativelylowinallstatesexceptVictoria(Park2007,Wardetal.2012).Largesharks,suchasmakoandtigersharks,aremostcommonlytargetedbutincidentalcatchesofhammerhead,whalerandbluesharksarerelativelycommon.NewSouthWaleshasthelargestgamefishinginterestinsharks,closelyfollowedbyVictoria,SouthAustraliaandTasmania(G.Williamspers.comm.).Intermsofrelativepriority,sharksaremostpopularinVictoria,wheresouthernbluefintunaistheonlyothercommongamefishspecies(C.Collinspers.comm.).Similarly,inSouthAustralia,bronzewhalersharks(likelyaspeciescomplex)andeagleraysarerelativelypopulartargetspecies.

Themotivationfortargetinglargesharksisreportedtobethechallengeandskillforsuccessfullylandinglargeanimals,competitionpointsandprestige(G.Williamspers.comm.).A2011surveyofgamefishers(mostlytournament)onthesoutheastcoastofAustraliareportedthatonly7percentofrespondentsweretargetingsharks;ofthese,mako,hammerhead,tigerandbluesharkswerethemostpopular(Wardetal.2012).Sharkswerepredominatelytargetedbygamefishtournamentparticipants(onlyonenon‐tournamentrespondentnominatedsharks


17

asatarget).Makosharkswerethemostfrequentlycaughtspecies,followedbytigerandhammerheadsharks(Wardetal.2012).

TheNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgramprovidesinformationonthescaleofrecreationalinteractionswithsharks.Parketal.(2007)reportedthat,between1993and2005,15percentofgamefisherssurveyedwerespecificallytargetingsharks.Gamefishinghasplayedaroleinprovidingspecimensanddataforresearch.Recreationalanglersandgamefishersalsoreportoccasionalinteractionswiththreatenedspecies,includinggreynurseandgreatwhitesharksinthesouthernstatesandthenorthernriversharkandspeartoothsharkintheNorthernTerritory.

Thereisbelievedtohavebeenasignificantshiftintheattitudesofgamefisherstosharkssincethelate1990s.Theproportionofthesharkstaggedandreleasedhasincreasedinthesouthernstates(G.Williamspers.comm.).Theproportionreleasedwillalsovarywithspecies;larger,morepopularcompetitionspeciessuchastigersharkstraditionallyhavethelowestproportionoftagging(29percentfortheperiod1993–2005)(Park2007).Theproportionoftigersharkstaggedandreleasedshowsignificantannualvariations.Duringtournamentsthemeanproportionoftigersharkstaggedandreleasedwas23percentin2007–2011comparedtoover45percentduring2009/10(Pepperell2011).Higherproportionsoftagandreleasewererecordedforblue(70percent),mako(72percent)andhammerheadsharks(88percent)between1993and2005(Park2007).Ithasbeensuggestedthatthefishingmethodmayinfluencethenumbersofsharkstagged,asasharkneedstobeinareasonableconditiontobereleased(Park2007).However,theNSWGameFishingAssociationhasalong‐standingminimumsizelimitonsharkscaughtonlineweightsduringtournaments(andclubpointscores).Theseare60kgforsharkscaughton10kglineclassorless,and80kgonlineclassesabove10kg.Thismeansthatthegreatmajorityofsharkscaughtthatarelessthantheseweightswouldhavebeenreleased,probablywithatag(J.Pepperellpers.comm.).


18

4 Data catalogue Acatalogueof35databaseswascompiledfromacombinationofrecreationaldatabasesprovidedinthe2008CatalogueofAustralianrecreationalfisherydatabases(Sahlqvist2008)andmorerecentdatabasesidentifiedbystatecontacts(Table6).EachstateandtheNorthernterritoryhasaprogramformonitoringrecreationalcatches,whichincludevarioussharkgroups,althoughthenatureofthereportinganddataconsistencyvaries.Importantly,thereareveryfewrecreationalsurveysthatspecificallyfocusongatheringinformationonsharks(althoughseeLynchetal.2010).Thereforethesuitabilityofthedatawilldependonthequestionsaskedandthedesignoftheindividualsurveys.

Therearethreemaintypesofdatacollectionmethods;logbooks,voluntarydiariesandsurveys(suchasoff‐siteoron‐sitesurveysataccesspointsandduringcompetitions).Thereisalsoasignificantamountofdataavailableingamefishingrecordsandannualreportsofclubsandassociations.Datasetformatsarenotconsistentbetweenstatesand,withtheexceptionoftheNationalRecreationandIndigenousFishingSurvey(2000‐01)andsubsequentstate‐widesurveysbasedonthesamemethodology,therearefewthatarespatiallyandtemporallycomparable.

Generally,sharksandraysarelistedeitheranasanentiregroup(forexample‘sharksandrays’,or‘sharks’or‘rays’),speciescomplexes(suchas‘whalersharks’)or,morerarely,individualspecies(Table6).Thegroupsthataremostfrequentlyreferredtointhedatacatalogueinclude:

makosharks

whalersharkandblacktipsharks

hammerheadsharks

gummyshark

tigershark

schoolshark

blueshark

threshersharks.

Lessfrequentlyreferredtosharksincluded:

wobbegong

PortJacksonshark

southerneagleray

elephantfish

whiskeryshark.


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Table 6 Summary of Australian recreational fisheries databases that reference shark catches

Datasettitleandcustodian

Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca

tch

Released

Effort

Datanotes Temporalresolution

Uncertainties Comments References

NationalRecreationalandIndigenousFishingSurvey(DeptAg.,FRDC,stateagencies)

Collectnationallyconsistentandcomparablestatisticsonfishcatch,fishingeffort,participation,demographics,andexpenditurebyrecreationalanglers.

Phonescreeningsurvey,diaryAllstates2000–01

SharksandraysRawdatahasfineridentificationsforonlysomesharksandnotforraysDemographicsexpenditure,attitudes

Fishingevent

Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.Onlynumbersofanimalswererecorded,sizeswereback‐trackedfromothersources.Validationsofdataentryandcalibrationexerciseswereconducted.Novalidationofdataaccuracy.

Providesdirectlycomparableinformationacrossstates.Rawdatainaformatthatwouldbedifficulttoaccess.Primarysurveydataaresubjecttoprivacyrestrictions.

HenryandLyle(2003),JonesandDoonan(2005),Coleman(2004),Lyle(2005).

GameFisherSocio‐economicSurvey(ABARES)

EstimatethevalueofgamefishingtoseveralkeyeastAustralianregionalcentres.

On‐sitesurveysoftournamentandnontournamentgamefishersEasternAustralia2011

MakoWhalerHammerheadTigerBlueSpeciestargetedandnumberscaught

Trip(mostlytournamentperiods)

Fisherreporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy,althoughcapturedatacouldbevalidatedthroughtournamentrecords,andtheNSWmonitoringprogram.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).

Primarysurveydataaresubjecttoprivacyrestrictions.

Wardetal.(2012).


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tch

Released

Effort



NSWGameFishTaggingProgram(NSWDPI)

Toobtaininformationonthebiologyofbillfish,tunas,sharksandsportfish,includingdistribution,movement,growthandexploitation.

TagcardsubmissionNational,W.Pacific,Indian1973–ongoing

BlueHammerheadMakoTigerThresherWhalerPortJacksonWhitetipSchoolGummyBlacktipEaglerayTagandrecapturelocation,date,andfishsize

Dateandlocationofreleaseandrecapture

Levelofsharkidentificationvaries:'group'–specieslevel.Charterboatoperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Limitedcapacitytoverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).Spatialdatawillbebiasedtowardspopularfishingregionsandpopulartagginglocations.

Temporalandspatialdistributions.Visualestimatesoflength,lowlevelofaccuracy.Visualestimatesofweight,higherlevelofaccuracy.Dataisavailableforannualreports,researchprojects,andstockassessments.

Various,includingannualreportsandscientificpapers.Chan(2001)http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/recreational/saltwater/gamefish‐tagging

GameFisherClubAnnualReports(NSWDPI)

Recordhistoricrecordsofgamefishcapturesreportedinannualgamefishclubreports.

CompileinformationfromannualreportsincentraldatabaseNational1937–ongoing

BlueHammerheadMakoTigerThresherWhalerPortJacksonWhitetipSchoolGummyBlacktipEaglerayAccurateweightsofeachsharkrecorded

Dateandlocationofcapture

Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Althoughcompetitionfishmustbeweighedbyaweighmasteroncalibratedscales.Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Onlyinformationongamefishersavailable.

Dataonsharkshavenotyetbeencompiledsince2000.

Inprogress.Pepperell(1992)Chan(2001)


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Released

Effort



Austag,Suntag(ANSA)

Coordinatethecollectionoftagging,catchandeffortandhookinglocationdatabyANSAmembers.ProvidetheframeworkandstandardsforthemanagementandoperationofseparateprogramsineachState.

TagcardsubmissionNational19951986–ongoing

GummyBlueBlacktipBullElephantfishMostsharkseligible,althoughnotmanyaretargetedLownumbersofrecords–expectincaseswheresharksspecificallytargeted,e.g.bullsharksintheBrisbaneRiver

Dateofreleaseandrecapture

Specieslevelidentificationofsharksoftenpoor.Angler‐reporteddata.Limitedcapacitytoverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).

Temporalandspatialdistributions.Movementandgrowthdataavailableforrecaptures.

Various,includingannualreportsandscientificpapers.MostrecentannualreportcanbefoundonInfofishwebsite:http://www.info‐fish.net/documents.asp?section=austag


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Effort



NSWGameFishTournamentMonitoring(NSWDPI)

Estimationofcatchandeffortfromclub–basedgamefishinginNewSouthWalesinsupportoftheassessmentofbillfish,tunaandsharks.

Radioscheds,post‐fishinginterviews.NSWStatewide1993–ongoing

MakoWhalerHammerheadTigerBlue‘other’SizecompositionFrequencyofanglerstargetingsharksChangesincatchrates

Tournamentperiod

Notrepresentativeofthewholecoastorallseasons.Butsomeconsistencyinthemonitoringanditdoesprovideaseriesofsnap‐shotsthatcangiveanindicationoftherelativequalityofgamefishangling.Providedetailedcatchandeffortinformation.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness),althoughradioscheddoesgetaroundthisbias.Tournamentsheldwhen‘fishingisatitsbest’.Numberofparticipantsvarieswithevent.

Commentsmadeoncatchcomposition,trendsincatchratesovertimeandzoneandthesizecompositionofthepopulations,peaksinjuvenilecatches.Combinedwithpost‐fishinginterviewdataallowsfortotalharvesttobeestimatedfortournaments.Predominatelycatchandrelease.

Park(2007).Murphyetal.(2002).PepperellandHenry(1997).


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Released

Effort



BiologicalmonitoringatNSWgamefishingtournaments(NSWDPIandPepperellResearch)

Toorganise,coordinateandreportonbiologicalresearchandsamplingatmajorgamefishtournamentsinNSW.Toestablishabaselinemonitoringprogramforrecordingbiologicaldataofweighedfish,andtoarchivesamplestaken.

BiologicalinformationiscollectedfromfishreturnedforweighingattournamentsNSWStatewide1998–ongoing

MakoWhalerHammerheadTigerBlueAllfishmeasured,weighed,andsexed,andbiologicalsamplestakenResearchersfrommanyagenciesattendandgainaccesstospecimensfortheirstudies

Tournamentperiod

Predominantlydatafromfishretainedforweighing.

Trainedstaffidentifiesspeciesandrecordbiologicalmeasurements.Standardizedsetsofequipmentformeasuringandsamplingdistributedtosamplers.Commentsmadeoncatchcomposition,trendsincatchratesovertimeandzoneandthesizecompositionofthepopulations,peaksinjuvenilecatches.

Chan(2001)Pepperell(2008,2010)RefertoNSWDPIwebsiteScientificpapersderivedfromvariousresearcherse.g.makosharkgenetics.


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tch

Released

Effort



NSWSaltwatertournament–anglingdata(NSWDPI)

Estimationofcatchandeffort,sizecompositionandspeciescompositionforNSWrecreationalfishingtournament–basedangling.

Voluntarycatchcard.NSWStatewide2001–09

Measured,weighed,andsexed,andbiologicalsamples

Tournamentperiod

Listssharksnotspecies.Cannotestimatestate‐widerecreational‐basedfishharvestasthesamplingframeisnotcomplete.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).Noaccountforthisintheanalysis–majorramificationforcatchrateindices.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Angler‐reporteddata.Lengthdatainaccuracy,orabsent,unwantedfishnotrecorded.

Validationisneededtoensureusefulnessofdataforresourceassessmentpurposes,suggestpost‐fishingsurvey.Discontinuedduetolevelofbias,lackofvalidationandunrepresentativecoverage.

WilliamsandScandol(2008).

NSWCharterLogbook(Estuarine,GameFishers,NearOffshore)(NSWDPI)

Estimationofcatch,effort,byspeciesandfishingmethods,usedforresourcemanagement,resourceallocation,stockassessment,compliance.

CompulsorylogbookNSWStatewide2000–ongoing

Species,groupsencounteredInteractions’withthreatenedspecies

Daily

Charteroperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Releaserecordedonformsbutuncertainlevelofcompliance.

Dataisconsideredhighlyunreliablenotwidelyused.

Noneavailable


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tch

Released

Effort



NSWMarineTrailerBoatStudy(NSWDPI)

Obtainstate‐wideandregionalestimatesoftotalfishingeffort,harvestandharvestratesofrecreationalanglersthatfishintheoffshorewatersofNSW.Onstate‐wideandregionalscales,relatetheestimatesoftotalharvestobtainedfortherecreationalfishingpopulationtotheallocationofresourcesbetweenrecreationalandcommercialusers.

Seriesofon‐sitesurveys,visualboatcountsNSWStatewide1993–1995

SchoolGummyWhalerHarvestestimatesinclude:numberofanimals,weightsSizecompositionforspecieswithgoodlengthweightrelationshipsAnglerdemographics(genderandpostcode)

Daily,weekdayvs.weekend,season,annual

On‐sitesurveymethodsminimiserecallerrors,allowtrainedstafftoexamine,identifyandmeasurethecatchretainedbyrecreationalanglers.Potentialforunderestimateifappliedstate‐wideasdatarepresentsdaytimecatch(nonight)andlargeaccesspoints(nobeach,smalllaunchpointsincluded).Aviditybiasisaccountedforintheestimates.

Summariesofaggregateddataareavailableinthereport.Somedataisconfidential.

Steffeetal.(1996).


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tch

Released

Effort



RecreationalfishingsurveysintheGreaterSydneyregion(NSW)(NSWDPI)

Tocollectsitespecific,baselinedataonrecreationalfishingeffortandcatchwithintheGreaterSydneyregion.

Tocollectinformationonthesizestructureoffishretainedbyrecreationalanglerswiththeregion.

SeriesofonsitesurveysGreaterSydneyRegion2007–09

WhalerHammerheadGummyWobbegongShortfinmakoPortJacksonBlindGulperSizecompositionforspecieswithgoodlengthweightrelationships

Daily,weekdayvweekend,season,annual

On‐sitesurveymethodsminimiserecallerrors,allowtrainedstafftoexamine,identifyandmeasurethecatchretainedbyrecreationalanglers.Excellentinformationatthesitelevel.Limitedlengthfrequencyinformationavailableforsomesharkspecies.PotentialforunderestimateifappliedgreaterSydneyregionasdatarepresentsdaytimecatch(nonight)andlargeaccesspoints(nobeach,smalllaunchpointsincluded).

Significantamountofsurveysconducted.Summariesofaggregateddataareavailableinthereport.Somedataareconfidential.Reportincludesinformationonthecatchkeptbyrecreationalanglersbutexcludesinformationonthereleasedcomponentofthecatch.Reportonlyprovidesinformationofthenumbersofsharksbutlengthfrequencydataisalsoavailablesharks.

SteffeandMurphy(2011).


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tch

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Effort



Vicon‐siterecreationalfisheriessurveys(DPIVic)

Undertakeon–sitesurveysforthecollectionoftimeseriesofcatchandeffortinformationandsizeandagecompositiondataforfisheryandstockassessmentpurposes.

On‐sitesurveySelectedVictorianbaysandinletsPortPhillipBay1995/962002–ongoingWesternPort1998–ongoingSouth‐westVictoria–2011GippslandLakes1995–0ngoing

Species,groupsGummySchoolBlueMakoElephantfishTargetingCatchratesSizecomposition,awarenessofrulesNotessharksarenotcommonlytargetedandcaughtinmostbaysandinlets(c.f.snapperandwhiting)

Dateandtimeoftrips

On‐sitesurveymethodsallowtrainedstafftoexamine,identifyandmeasurethecatchretainedbyrecreationalanglers.Indicatorsproducedincludedtimeseriesoftargetedcatchratesandsizecompositionofkeyspeciesbyavid(experienced)anglers.Estimateofrecreationalcatchofelephantfishover1yearinWesternPort.

Contributestoestimatesonannualrecreationalharvestinstatusreports.

Stockassessmentandfisheriesassessmentreports.

VicAnglerFishingDiaryProgram(DPIVic)

Undertakeanglerdiaryprogramsforthecollectionoftimeseriesofcatchandeffortinformationandsizeandagecompositiondataforthepurposesofstockassessment.

VoluntarydiarySelectedVictorianestuaries1998–ongoing

GummySchoolSizecomposition,demographics

Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).

Contributestoassessmentofstatusoffishstocks.

Stockassessmentandfisheriesassessmentreports.


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Effort



QldRecreationalfishingvolunteerdiaryRFISH(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)

Estimationofparticipation,catchandeffortonastate‐widebasisandbystatisticaldivisionofresidenceforfisheriesmanagementandstockassessmentpurposes.Someexpenditureandsocioeconomicdataarecollected.

Diary/phonesurveyQldState‐wide1996–2005

SharksGear,reasonforrelease,economicdata,targetspecies

Annualestimatesforsharks(96–01)andsharksandraysin2005Rawdata=catchofsharksfromeachfishingevent

Listssharksnotspeciesinthereport(finerdetailintherawdata)butcannotverifyspeciesidentifications.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.

Mayprovidesomeindicatorsofchangingfishingpatternsovertime.AvailabilityofdataissubjecttoaDataAgreementwithFisheriesQueensland,confidentialitycriteriaapply.

McInnes(2006,2008).Higgsetal.(2007).State‐wideestimatesavailableinChriswebhttp://chrisweb.dpi.qld.gov.au/chris

GreatBarrierReefElasmobranchRecreationalFishersSurvey2007(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)

Betterunderstandingofcatch,harvest,releaseofelasmobranchsintheGBRMP.Understandingofrecreationalanglershandlingandreleasetechniquestocontributetodevelopmentofappropriatetechniques.Understandingofanglerattitudes.

Onsitesurveys,questionnaire(shoreandboatbased).CoastlineTownsvilletoCardwell.(GBRcoastline)2007

SharksandRaysBullHammerheadSchool*TigerThresherBronzewhaler*WhitetipBlacktipMilk#Sharpnose#Anglerattitudestocatchingsharks,informationonhandlingandreleasepracticesLocationandfishingmethod

12weeksperiodbeginningSeptember

Retainedelasmobranchsidentifiedbyscientificstaff,anglersreportedonreleasedcomponent.*Angleridentificationsincludedspeciesnotknowntooccurinthearea.#Scientificstaffidentifiedsharksthatwerenotreportedbyanglers.

n.a. Lynchetal.(2010)


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Effort



2010State‐wideRecreationalFishingSurvey(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)

Collectconsistentandcomparablestatisticsonfishcatch,fishingeffort,participation,demographics,andexpenditurebyrecreationalanglerstocomparewithNRIFS.

Diarymemory‐jogger(sameapproachasthe2000–01NRIFS)QueenslandState‐wide2010–11

WhalersHammerheads‘Othersharks’StingraysShovelnoserays.ExpandedcatchestimatesCatchreportedforthestateandfor19fishingregionsReasonforrelease,noeconomicdata

AnnualweightedestimatesRawdata=fishingeventwhere>0elasmobranchscaught

Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy,buttelephoneinterviewerspromptforidentifyingfeatures.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).

Mayprovidesomeindicatorsofchangingfishingpatternsovertimeandtheimpactofnewinpossessionlimitsandmaxsizelimitof1.5mTLforsharks.AvailabilityofdataissubjecttoaDataAgreementwithFisheriesQueensland,confidentialitycriteriaapply.CatchestimateswillbeavailableinDataOcean(updatedversionofChrisweb)inlate2011.

Reportexpected2012.


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tch

Released

Effort



Recreationalfishingboatrampsurveys(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)

Estimationofregionalcatchandeffortfromboatbasedanglers,primarilyfocussedonrockyreefspeciessuchassnapper,pearlperch,teraglinandyellowtailkingfish.

Onsitesurvey(busroutemethod)atmarineboatrampsinsoutheasternQueenslandQueenslandSEcoast2007

SharksSizecomposition,fishinglocation

Daily Listssharksnotspecies,morespecificspeciesdatawererecordedbutbecausetheoverwhelmingmajorityofsharkswerereleasedbyanglers,theywerenotidbyfieldagentsandself‐reportingerrorcouldbeanissue.Oftenonlyrepresentdaytimecatch‐potentialforunderestimate.

Minimalnumbersofsharks.Notmuchinfoonsharks.DataavailabilityissubjecttocompletionofaDataAgreementwiththeDPI&F.

Webleyetal.(2009)

Queenslandcommercialfishingtourlogbooks(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)

Tomonitorchartercatchofindividualspeciesusingtotalcatchorsomeformofeffortsuchasnumberofdaysfished,numberofboatsaccessingthefisheryorcatchperuniteffort.

CompulsorylogbookQueenslandOffshoreareas1993

Limiteddataonthespeciescompositionofsharkscaught.NofieldheadingonthelogbookforsharksSizecomposition,fishinglocation

Daily Releasesareonforms,notsureofcompliancelevels.PrestigeBias’charteroperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.

AvailabilityofdataissubjecttoaDataAgreementwiththeDepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesandFisheries,confidentialitycriteriaapply.TheseassessmentsareusedinreportssuchasAnnualStatusReports,EPBCreportsorPerformanceMeasureSystems.Thisinformationisalsousedinmanagementdecisions.

Sumptonetal.(2005).andstockassessments


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CapReef(CapricornReefMonitoringProgram)(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)

Tocollectinformationontheeffectsofmanagementchangesonfishandanglers.Objectives:

ImprovecommunityknowledgeoftheGreatBarrierReef(intheCapricornregion).

ImprovecommunityinvolvementinmanagementoftheGreatBarrierReef.

Surveysandtrailercounts.FishtaggingtomonitorgrowthandmovementGreatBarrierReef(CapricornRegion)2004–ongoing(10yrcommitment)

SharksRelativeabundanceandsizestructureofkeyfishspecies.Changesinanglerparticipationorfishingpatterns.Movementofkeyfishspeciesfromextendedmarinenationalparkandconservationzones.

Fishingtrip Specieslevelidentificationofsharksoftenpoor.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Thequalityoffishingtripreportdataislikelytobevariableintermsofspeciesidentification,especiallydataprovidedbytelephone.However,comparisonoffishlengthscollectedatboatrampswiththosereporteddirectlybyanglersshowedclosecorrelation.

FormalqualityassuranceprocessesinplacefortheSuntagprogram—thedataarestoredonthesamedatabaseandsimilarerrorcheckingprotocolsareused.UncleartowhatextentvolunteertrainingisactivelyundertakenaspartoftheCapReefprogram.

Plattenetal.(2007,2008)


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SARecreationalFishingSurvey2007/08(PIRSA/SARDI)

DetermineharvestlevelsandfishingeffortofkeymanagedspeciesbySArecreationalanglersinSouthAustraliain2007/08.Providestatisticallyrobustdataonaregionalbasisbyfishingplatform.Determinelevelsandreasonsforreleaseofkeyspecies.CompareestimateswiththoseobtainedfromtheNRIFS2000/01surveywhichusedthesamemethodology.

Phonescreeningsurvey/diary/logbook/on‐sitesurveysSAState‐wide2007/08

MakoWhalerHammerheadGummySchoolWobbegongPtJackson‘Interactions’withwhitesharksSizecompositionofharvestedkeyspecies,anddemographicsofanglers.Attitudinaldataonanglers

Fishingevent

Temporallylimited,SpatiallyrestrictedtoSA(andtoSAresidentsonly).Somesharksreportedrarelythereforereducingconfidenceinestimates.Angler‐reporteddata.Catchcannotbedirectlyvalidated.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Surveysandlogbookdatacollectionnotspecificallydesignedtoestimatecatchandeffort.

RepeatsmethodsusedinNRIFS2000/01allowsfordirectcomparisonofestimates.Comparisonsoffishingeffort.PIRSAholdsdatabases.

Jones(2009)


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SAcharterboatfisherycatchandeffort–updatedin2007(PIRSA/SARDI)

Tocollecttripcatch(retainedandreleasednumbersoffish)andfishingeffortinformationonallrecreationalcharterboatlicenceholders.TocollectinformationandreportoninteractionsbetweenmarinewildlifeandcharterboatfishingoperationsinSAToprovideanannualstatusreportoncatchandeffortintheSAcharterboatfishery.

CompulsorylogbookSAState‐wide2005–ongoing

WhalerGummySchoolPtJacksonElephantWhiskeryInteractionswithwhitesharks/threatenedspeciesFishinglocation,wildlife.SizegradesandreleasednumbersonlyforKGwhitingandsnapper,since2007,andnotforsharks

Daily PrestigeBias’charterboatoperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Charterboatsfrequentlyoperatewhen‘fishingisatitsbest’forparticularspecieswithinaseasonalthoughday‐dayconditionsvary.

Reportsontimespenttargetingspecificspecies,catch,bycatch.Confidentialitymayapplytospecificspeciesorregionsiflessthan5licenceholdersfishingonafishingblock.

Knightetal.(2007).Knight(2009).


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KingstonSurfFishingCompetition1984–ongoing(KingstonFishingClub)

Recordcatchforcompetitionpoints.

Weigh‐inrecordsfromcompetitionorganisersCoorongBeach:Kingston–Ti‐treecrossing1984–ongoing

Sharks(allspeciescombined)Rays(allspeciescombined)Nodatakeptontotalcatch,norreleasednumbers.Numbersofparticipantsincompetition(asmanyas1200participantspercompetition)

Annual3daycompetition

(January)

Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Numbersandweightsofonlythosespeciesweighedin.Maynotberepresentativeofwholecatch.

Nocatchfiguresforindividualanglers.

Kingstonsurffishingcompetitionweb‐site.

PortMacDonnellOffshoreFishingClubrecords(SARDI)

CollectinformationonthedietinteractionsandreproductivebiologyofsharksoffSA.Facilitategreaterpublicandscientificunderstandingoftheecologicalrolesandsignificanceofpelagicsharks.

FishingClubRecords,andSARDIattendancetomonitorbiologyofoffshoresharks.SouthEasternstatesMay,annual2007–ongoing

IdentificationtoSpecieslevelwhenSARDIscientistinattendance.Short‐finnedmakoBlueGummySchoolLengthsandweightsrecordedbyscientistsClubprovidesdataonweighedinspecies

Annual(Mayfishingcompetition,fishingtrips)

Weighedinspecimensonly,maynotberepresentativeoftotalretainedcatch.Noreleaseinformation,althoughsometagandreleaseoccurs.CouldbesourcedfromNSWDPI.

n.a. RogersandHuveneers(2009)


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RecreationalFishingSurveyofMulloway(SANRMBoard,UniversityofAdelaideandSARDIpartnership)

ToprovideabetterunderstandingoftherecreationalfisheryforMullowayintheIPA,informmanagementofthekeyrecreationalfisheryrelatedissuesinthisisolatedregionandprovideoptionsforfurtherdevelopmentandimprovementoftheonsitesurveymethod.

On‐siteinterviewsurveysbytrainedaboriginalcommunity(Yalata)staff,throughoutmullowayseasonandvoluntaryresearchformsYalataBeach,FarWestCoastofSA(shorebasedfishingonly)Nov–March,2010

Mainfocusofsurveyonmulloway,however,recordsofsharkscaughtarecollected.Sharks(bycatch)identifiedtospecieslevelGummyBronzewhalersDuskywhalersSchoolsharksInformationonhomepostcodesoffishingparties,numbersinparty

TripRecordsbyfishingparties

Estimated35%ofrecreationalanglersvisitingtheareawereinterviewed.Voluntaryformsreturnedby8%ofvisitorstothearea.Unknownifthesummerseasonisrepresentativeofseasonalityofsharksinthisregion.

n.a. Rogersetal.(2010)


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TheFishCountSurvey:ASurveyofRecreationalFishingintheNT(FisheriesDoRNT)

Designedtocollect‘bigpicture’informationon:a)anglerparticipation,b)recreationalcatchandeffortdatafortargetspecies,c)economicassessmentofinvestmentandexpenditured)anglerawarenessandopinions

Phonescreeningsurvey/diaryNTstatewide1994–1996

Sharks/raysAnglerdemographics

Fishingevent/household

Recalland‘prestige’biaswereaccountedfor.

n.a. (Coleman1998)

NTRecreationalFishingSurvey(FisheriesDoRNT)

Phonescreeningsurvey/diary/logbook/on‐sitesurveys*RepeatofNRIFSmethodsNTState‐wide2009/10

Sharks n.a. Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.‘PrestigeBoas’Cannotvalidate.Validationandcalibrationexerciseswereconducted.

Currentlyunderway–datanotyetavailable.

n.a.


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NTFishingtouroperatorlogsheetdata(FisheriesDoRNT)

ProvideinformationformanagementoftheguidedfishingtourismindustryandrecreationalfisherieswithinNorthernTerritory.

CompulsorylogbookNTState‐wide1994–ongoing

SharksRegion,method

Daily Potentialprestigebiasincharterboatoperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Charterboatsfrequentlyoperatewhen‘fishingisatitsbest’forparticularspecieswithinaseasonalthoughday‐dayconditionsvary.

SummarystatisticsareavailablefromFisheriesNT.

AnnualNTfisherystatusreports.HallandDysart(2007)

KingAshBayBarramundiMonitoring(ANSA)

ToundertakeatwoyearbaselinesurveytogatherdatarelatingtothestatusofthebarramundifisherywithintheMcArthurRiver.Establishaneducationcentretopromotetheprojectandencouragegoodfishingpractices.EstablishinganinformationcentreadjacenttotheKingAshBayoffice.

Trailercountsandonsitesurveys(boatramp)McArthurRiverdownstreamfromKingAshBay,JohnsonRiver(CrookedCreek)andCarringtonChannel2010–11

SharksNotfocussedassharks,butsharksmayformbycatch

Fishingevent

Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.‘PrestigeBias’cannotvalidate.

n.a. Reportinprogress.Informationavailablehttp://www.info‐fish.net/kingashbay/


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WestCoastBoatSurvey(WADoF)

Estimationoftherecreationalboatbasedcatchandfishingeffortfromastratifiedrandomsampleoflicensedboats.

Diary/phonesurveyWAWestcoast2005/06*Beingrepeatedin2011*

Sharks n.a. Listssharksnotspecies.

Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.

Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.Oftenonlyrepresentdaytimecatch,'lengthofstaydiscrepancies'(?),overestimatesineffortoftenencountered.

Surveyreportinprogress.Beingrepeatedin2011.

Barthartha(2007).


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WAAnglerLogbook(WADoF)

Gathercomprehensivedataonregionalandseasonalcatchcomposition(species,sizes),includingdiscards,byallrecreationalmethods.Provideopportunityforrecreationalanglerstocontributetoresearchandmonitoring.

Cost–effective,state–widemonitoringofdistributionandabundanceofminorspecies.Gatherdataondistributionofeffortandanglerbehaviour.

WAState‐wide2004–ongoingDiary

SharksBronzewhalerHammerheadTigerGummyPtJackson

Sizedata

Daily Listssharksnotspecies(finerdetailmaybeavailableonrequest).

PrestigeBias.Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.

Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).

UselogbookCPUEasrelativeindexofabundanceforkeyspecies.

Smithetal.(2007).


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TasRecreationalrocklobsterandabalonesurveys(TAFI)

Estimateparticipation,catchandeffortforrocklobsterandabalonebyregionandmethod.Usedforresourcemanagement,includingevaluationagainstTARC(rocklobster)andstockassessment.

Diary/phonesurveyTASState‐wide2000–ongoing

Sharksmaybecaughtasabycatchinpotsthoughcurrentlynotrecorded.Region,method

n.a. n.a. NOTEcommercialcatchsamplingofpotsisbeingundertakentoidentifybycatch(includessomesharks–mainlydraughtboardandPortJackson).Interactionratescouldbeappliedtoestimaterecreationalbycatch.

n.a.

TasRecreationalSetlineSurvey(TAFI)

Identifypatternsofusageandspeciestargeted.Comparisonbetweendroplineandlongline.

Licensedanglerssurveyed/recallTasState‐wide2010–11

Skates/raysGummySharksSpeciestargeted,mainspeciescaughtandmainbycatchspecies

Setlinelicence‐holders

Nocatchestimates,qualitativeassessmentofimportanceofkeytarget,catchandbycatchspecies.

Dataisrestricted. Reportdueforcompletionend2011

TasRecreationalGillNettingSurvey(TAFI)

n.a. Diariesandtrackingsurveys,phoneinterviewTasState‐wide2010

Skates/RaysGummySharksProblemswithspecieslevelidentifications

Catchbyregion,fishingevent

Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).

Aggregationofsomeregionsandspecieshasbeennecessaryandnotalldataelementshavebeenreportedtothelowestfeasiblelevel.Thisisanimportantpointtoconsiderwheninterpretingsurveyfindings.Dataisrestricted.

Reportdueforcompletionend2011


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TasState‐widerecreationalfishingsurveys(TAFI)

Estimateparticipation,demographics,catchandeffortbyallmethods.

Phonescreeningsurvey/diaryTasState‐wide2007/08

Sharks/RaysAppendixlists:GummySchoolDogfishDraughtElephantfishSharksSkates/raysAnglerdemographics

Fishingevent

Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Estimatesofcatchandeffortmaybeimprecise(highrelativestandarderrors)andalternative,targetedsurveysarerecommendedtoprovideamorereliableassessmentoftheseactivities.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Comparativelyrareorhighlyspecialisedactivitiesmaynotbewellrepresented.Temporallylimited.

Aggregationofsomeregionsandspecieshasbeennecessaryandnotalldataelementshavebeenreportedtothelowestfeasiblelevel.Thisisanimportantpointtoconsiderwheninterpretingsurveyfindings.Dataisrestricted.

Lyleetal.(2009).


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TasSouthernBluefinTunaRecreationalCatchSurvey(TAFI)

EstimatecatchandeffortofSBTandothergamefishspecies,useforresourcemanagement.

Onsitesurvey/charterlogbooksSouthernTasmania2003and2008

MakoBlue

Trip Onlyminimallyreferstosharkcatch.Uncertaintiesinestimates,incompletespatialandtemporalcoverageoftheprivate‐boatfisheryandincompletecoverageofthechartersector.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness,recall).Angler‐reporteddata.Temporallylimited.

Dataisrestricted Forbesetal.(2009).

Source: Sahlqvist (2008)


43

5 Conclusions

InformationgapsThroughevaluationofthecatalogueanddiscussionswithfisheryscientists,managersandrecreationalfishingexperts,thisstudyidentifiedkeyknowledgegapsassociatedwithrecreationalfishingforsharksofinteresttotheAustralianGovernment.Theseinclude:

confidenceinspecieslevelidentificationandaccuracyofdata

understandingofspeciescompositionofsharkswithinaregion

thestockstructureofsharksandhowthisrelatestocurrentmanagementboundaries

catchratesofsharkspeciesthatinteractwithinshorerecreationalanglers

thefateofsharks,includingproportionsretainedandproportionsreleased,andpost‐releasemortality

thesocialimportanceandeconomicvalueofrecreationalfishingforsharks.

Themostsignificantknowledgegapistheavailabilityofaccurateandrepresentativespecies‐specificcatchinformationandtherefore,aquantitativeunderstandingoftheoverallimpactofrecreationalfishingactivitiesonsharkpopulations.TheNPOA(DAFF2004)identifiedtheneedforimprovedspeciesidentificationasfundamentaltoimprovingtheunderstandingofimpactsoffishingonsharks.Species‐specificcatchinformationfrominshorerecreationalanglingismorelimitedthanfromgamefishing.Specieslevelidentificationisaproblemforthelargegroupsthatincludespeciesthatcanbedifficulttodistinguish,includingthemanycarcharhinidspecies.Thishaspotentialtobeasignificantissuewhenanglersinteractwithprotectedspecies.Forexample,programsarebeingestablishedintheNorthernTerritoryforanglerstoreportinteractionswiththreatenedspecies,whichrequiresaccurateidentification.Identificationislessofanissueforcommonspeciessuchasgummyandschoolsharks,orinareaswhererecreationalanglersarefamiliarwithsharks.Forexample,Victoriananglersaremorelikelytocorrectlyidentifysharkspeciesthananglersinareaswheresharksarenotatargetspecies.Problemswithidentificationmeanthatspecies‐specificcatchratescannotbedescribedfromrecreationalfishingdatawithoutonsitevalidationbysuitablyqualifiedstaff.Whilesubstantialimprovementshavebeenmadeintheidentificationofsharkcatchesincommercialfisheriesthroughspeciesidentificationguidesandobserverprograms,speciesidentificationremainspoorinrecreationalfishingdatasets.

Monitoringrecreationalfishingactivitiesisoftensubjecttoavarietyofbiasesanduncertainties.Thesebiasesarepredominantlyassociatedwiththevoluntarynatureofmanyofthesurveys:non‐response,accuracyorcompleteness,decreasedparticipationovertimeandaninabilitytoverifytheaccuracyofangler‐reporteddata(Griffithsetal.2010).Thereisalsothepotentialtoeitherunderestimateoroverestimatecatchorfishingeffortthroughextrapolationacrossspatialortemporalscaleswhensamplingwasnotrepresentative.Thesamplingperiodsandmethodsemployedwilloftenbetargetedtowardsaspeciesorgroup,resultinginbiastowardspopularfishingregionsortemporallyskewedcatchasaresultofsurveyinginthe'best'locationsatthe'best'times.Furthermore,misreportingorunderestimationofinteractionswithsharksislikelytobesignificantinareaswheresharksareconsideredanuisance,suchasnorthernAustralia.


44

Fewsurveyshavespecificallyfocusedonrecreationalfishingforsharks(althoughseeLynchetal.2010).Akeyknowledgegapisthereforeaquantitativeunderstandingoftheoverallimpactofrecreationalfishingactivitiesonsharkpopulations,whichformanyjurisdictionswillbeexacerbatedbyapoorunderstandingofthespeciescompositionofsharkswithinamanagementarea.Thispresentsissuesfordevelopmentofpolicyonsharksastherecreationalinteractionwithsharkscannotbeplacedinthecontextofthespeciescompositionfortheregionbecauseofspecificattitudesorbiasamonganglersinparticularregionsortowardsparticularspecies.Anotherknowledgegapisassociatedwithinteractionsofinshoreanglerswithsharks,particularlythoseanglingfromtheshore.Thismayrepresentasignificantcomponentoftherecreationalfishinginteractionswithsharks;andinparticular,thisgroupofanglersislikelytorepresentthehighesttakeofsharksforconsumption.Consequently,thisgapmayresultinunder‐reportingofsharkinteractionsandinparticularthetakeofpopularspecies,suchasgummyandschoolsharks.

Thereislittledataonthefateofsharks,proportionsretainedandproportionsreleasedandtagged,inmostjurisdictions.Therearesomedataavailable(species,length,weight,sex)onsharkstakenbygamefishingthroughvariousprograms,butlittlefromthebroaderrecreationalanglerpopulation(Table6).Catch‐and‐releasefishingandtaggingprogramsundertakenbyrecreationalanglers,andparticularlygamefishers,assistinsharkresearchandmanagementastheyencourageanglerstoreleasesharksandcanpotentiallyidentifyregionsofhighabundanceforparticularsharkspecies.Taggingprograms,withasuitablesamplingregime,canprovidebasicbiologicalinformationonmigrationandbehaviour,aswellascomparativecatchratesbetweenregions(McLoughlin&Eliason2008).Theseprograms,however,onlycollectinformationfromaselectgroupofgamefishersoncertainspeciesofsharkandwillnotcoverallrecreationalactivitiesrelatingtosharks.

Thepotentialimpactofcrypticpost‐releasemortalityofsharkshasbeenhighlightedasbeingacrucialuncertaintyforrecreationalfishingactivities.Crypticmortalityreferstotheunobserveddeathofanimalsfollowingcaptureandrelease(McLoughlin&Eliason2008).Taggingorcapture‐and‐releasecanresultinmortalityofsomesharks,duetophysicalandphysiologicaltrauma.AreviewbyMcLoughlin&Eliason(2008)suggestedthatsurvivalratesofsharksreleasedbyrecreationalanglerswerelikelytobemorevariableandlowerthanestimates(90percentsurvival)providedinformalassessmentsoftaggingstudiesduetodifferencesinhandlingtechniques.Whilelandingsharkshasaknownimpactonthepopulations,thefateofreleased,lostanddiscardedanimalsrequiresfurtherresearchandevaluation.

Inregionswheresharksarenottargetedandarefrequentlydiscarded,theimpactofpost‐releasemortalityisasignificantknowledgegap.Thereareaseriesofguidelinesavailableforrecreationalanglersthatstepthroughtheprocessoftaggingandreleasing,orsimplyreleasing,sharksandraysfollowingbestpracticemethods,includingEPA(2007),Recfish(2008),NSWDPI(2011a,b)andRecFishingResearch(2011).AsurveyofrecreationalanglersinQueenslandindicatedthatdespitealackofinterestinlandingasharkmanyanglersbelieveditwasimportanttoreleasehookedanimalsingoodconditionandtoensuretheirsurvival(Lynchetal.2010).

Anotherknowledgegappertainstothepopulationstructureofsharksandhowthisinfluencesthescaleatwhichthemanagementofsharkstocksshouldoperate,forexamplelocal,regionalorglobal.TheConventiononMigratorySpecieslistingsofshortfinmako,longfinmakoandporbeaglesharksemanatedfromconcernsoverthestatusofMediterraneanstocks,butthesespecieswerelistedgloballyonAppendixII.TherelevanceofthislistingtoAustralianeedsfurtherevaluation.Furthermore,impactofrecreationalfishingactivitiesinAustralianwaterson


45

thesespeciesisnotknown.Anin‐depthdiscussionofthisisoutsideofthescopeofthecurrentstudy,butitisimportanttonoteforoverallcontext.

FuturedirectionsEstimatingthefrequencyofrecreationalinteractionswithsharkspeciesisanimportantstepinassessingspeciesnominatedforlistingandidentifyingspeciesthatrequirefurtherevaluation.Acost‐effectivewaytoinitiatethisprocessistouseavailabledata,despitethemanyknowledgegapsinthemajorityoftherecreationaldatasets.Thepresentreviewhasshowntheneedformoredetailedexaminationoftheavailabledatasets(listedinthecatalogue)todeterminesuitabilityforvariousanalysesofthespeciesofinterest.Themostsuitablesingledatasetforfurtheranalysisandinterpretationisthegamefishingandanglerclubreports.Thiscouldprovideinformationontrendsinannualrecreationalinteractionswithsharks.Undertakenincollaborationwithgamefishingandanglingclubs,thishaspotentialtoprovidealongtermcomparisonofannualcatchesofrecreationalsharkspecies.Thesuitabilityofthesedataforfillingknowledgegapsregardingproportionofsharkscaughtandreleased,orkeptshouldbefurtherinvestigated.Inallcasesitiscriticaltogroundtruthwhatspeciesarebeingcaught.Thisrequiresfieldvalidationofatleastasub‐sampleofrecreationalcatchesbytrainedstaff(asisoftenutilisedincreelandboatrampsurveys,likethosereportedbyPepperell2008,2010).

Otheroptionsincludeinitiatingmoredetailedrecreationalsurveystobuildoncurrentmonitoringprograms.Thisapproachwouldbebestservedbyongoingdiary‐stylesurveys.Thiswouldrequirethedevelopmentofasetofspecificquestionsforrecreationalsharkfishingthatcouldbeaddedtostateornationalsurveys.Developmentofthisapproachwouldneedtoconsiderallocationoffundingtosupportthecollectionandanalysisoftheadditionaldata.Thequestionsdevelopedwouldneedtobedesignedtoaddressknowledgegaps(suchastheland‐basedorinshorefishingcomponent)andthewordingofquestionswouldneedtoconsiderthebestapproachtocollectinformationonanationalscale.Forexample,inNorthernAustralianmanyanglersdonot'land'sharksandthereforeinteractionscouldbeunderestimatedifthewordingdoesnotcapturetheinteraction.

Futuresurveyswillrequirebetterspecies‐specificcatchinformation.Improvementsinspeciesidentificationbyrecreationalanglerscouldbeassistedbythedevelopmentanddistributionofregionalidentificationkitsduringsurveys.Manyidentificationguidesalreadyexistforsharkspecies,includingMcAuleyetal.(2002)andDEEDI(2009),buttheremaybeaneedforfurtherdevelopmentofaneasytouseandwidelydistributedguide,inconjunctionwithanincreasedawarenessoftheimportanceofaccuratereportingamongstanglers.

Thedevelopmentofadedicatedsurveyfocusedonnationalrecreationalsharkactivitiesisthenextlevelupfromthelow‐costoptions.Ingeneral,theconductofsuchspecialisedrecreationalsurveysistime‐consumingandexpensive.ARespondentDrivenSampling(RDS)recallsurveymaybeacost‐effectivemethod,andwouldneedtoberunoveraminimumof12‐monthstobesuitableforseasonallyvariablesharks.Thisismorereliantonvoluntaryresponse,andthereforehasmorepotentialforbias(Griffithsetal.2010).Stenekes&Sahlqvist(2011)reviewedcommunityinvolvementinthecollectionofdataonrecreationalfisheries.Theyhighlightedtheneedtoensurethequalityandcredibilityofdatathroughlong‐termfundingandprogramstorecruit,trainandmaintainvolunteers.Othercost‐effectivemethodsforcollectingdataonsharkcatchesfromanglersincludediarysurveys,whichallowforhighresolutioncatchandeffortdatatobecollectedand,ifwelldesigned,canreducebiasassociatedwithvoluntarysurveymethods(Griffithsetal.2010).Foradiarysurveytobeeffective,itwouldneedtobeimplementedinconjunctionwithasuitablescreeningsurveyappliedtothegeneralpopulation(forexample,


46

telephonesurveys)ortheanglingpopulation(forexample,bysamplingastate‐wideanglinglicenseregister,whereoneexistsandisaccessible),toprovidedatathatcanbeusedtodeterminetherepresentativenessofthesurvey’ssub‐sample.


47

Glossary and acronyms ABARES AustralianGovernmentbureau;theAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomics

andSciencesCOMS TheConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpecies(CMS)ofWildAnimals(alsoknownas

CMSorBonnConvention)aimstoconserveterrestrial,aquaticandavianmigratoryspeciesthroughouttheirrange.Itisanintergovernmentaltreaty,concludedundertheaegisoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,concernedwiththeconservationofwildlifeandhabitatsonaglobalscale.

DPIVic VictorianStateGovernmentdepartment;theDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,Fisheries,Victoria

EPBC TheAustralianGovernment’scentralpieceofenvironmentallegislation;TheEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct1999(theEPBCAct).

FisheriesDoRNT

NorthernTerritorygovernmentdepartment;DepartmentofResources,Fisheries

FisheriesQld,DEEDI

Queenslandstategovernmentdepartment;DepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,FisheriesQueensland

FRDC Australiangovernmentagency;TheFisheriesResearchandDevelopmentCorporation

GFAA Nationalgamefishingassociation;theGameFishingAssociationofAustralia.

IMAS ResearchbranchoftheUniversityofTasmania;InstituteforMarineandAntarcticStudies

IUCNRedList

TheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN)RedListisaninventoryoftheglobalconservationstatusofplantandanimalspecies.Itusesasetofcriteriatoevaluatetheextinctionriskofthousandsofspeciesandsubspecies.Thesecriteriaarerelevanttoallspeciesandallregionsoftheworld.

NSWDPI NewSouthWalesStateGovernmentdepartment;theDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries.

PIRSA SouthAustralianstategovernmentdepartment;theDepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesandRegionsSouthAustralia

SANRMBoard

SouthAustralianstategovernmentdepartment;theSouthAustralianNaturalResourceManagementBoard

SARDI SouthAustralianstategovernmentresearchinstitute;SouthAustralianResearchandDevelopmentInstitute

TAFI Tasmanianstategovernmentdepartment;TasmanianAquacultureandFisheriesInstitute

VicGFA Victoriangamefishingclub;theVictorianGameFishingAssociation

VRFish Victorianrecreationalfishingorganisation;TheVictorianRecreationalFishingPeakBody

WADoF WesternAustralianstategovernmentdepartment;theDepartmentofFisheries


48

Personal communications Person State Institution Date

AldoSteffe NSW NewSouthWalesDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries 13.10.2011

GrahameWilliams NSW GameFishingAssociationofAustralia 14.10.2011

KaneDysart NT NorthernTerritoryDepartmentofResources,Fisheries 14.10.2011

TriciaBeatty NT NorthernTerritoryDepartmentofResources,Fisheries 18.10.2011

BillSawynock Qld InfoFish 14.10.2011

JulianPepperell Qld PepperellResearch 30.01.2012

SteveTaylor Qld QueenslandDepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,Fisheries

10.10.2011

KeithJones SA SillagoResearchPtyLtd 24.10.2011

PaulRogers SA SouthAustralianResearchandDevelopmentInstituteandFlindersUniversity,SouthAustralia

23.10.2011

MattHeard SA SouthAustralianResearchandDevelopmentInstituteandFlindersUniversity,SouthAustralia

23.10.2011

BarryBruce Tas CSIROMarineandAtmosphericResearch 23.10.2011

JeremyLyle Tas UniversityofTasmania,InstituteforMarineandAntarcticStudies 14.10.2011

ChristopherCollins Vic VRFish 08.11.2011

GeoffFisher Vic VictorianGameFishingAssociation 09.11.2011

SimonConron Vic VictorianDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,Fisheries 19.10.2011

KarinaRyan WA WesternAustralianDepartmentofFisheries 21.10.2011


49

References BartharthaT(2007)CommunitySurvey2007,DepartmentofFisheries,FisheriesOccasionalPublicationNo.47,Perth.

ChanRWK(2001)BiologicalstudiesonsharkscaughtoffthecoastofNewSouthWales,Ph.Dthesis,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney.

CITES(2011)ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora.Availableat:http://cites.org/eng/resources/species.html

CMSConventionofMigratorySpeciesConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpeciesofWildAnimals‐(BonnConvention)Availableat:http://www.cms.int

ColemanAPM(1998)Thefishcountsurvey:AsurveyofrecreationalFishingintheNT,NorthernTerritoryDepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesandFisheriesandKewagamaResearch,FisheryReport43,Darwin.

ColemanAPM(2004)TheNationalRecreationalFishingSurvey:theNorthernTerritory,DepartmentofRegionalDevelopment,PrimaryIndustry,FisheriesandResources,FisheryReportNo.72,Darwin.

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