monoclonal antibody therapeutics
TRANSCRIPT
Monoclonal antibody therapeutics
SLA Pharmaceutical & Health Tech. DivisionApril 2008
Janice Reichert, Ph.D.Senior Research FellowTufts CSDD, Tufts University
TopicsBrief overview of industry and benchmarkingMonoclonal antibody therapeutics
Structure and functionGlobal commercial development since 1980Therapeutic categories
Anti-cancer mAbsImmunological mAbsAnti-infective mAbs
Future trends
Challenges facing the industryChallenges facing the industryCompetitive markets
Industry globalization
Mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances
Scientific and technological advances
Dynamic regulatory environment
High R&D costs
Long clinical development and approval times
Low approval success rates
Number of new US approvals/year
05
101520253035404550
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
SMDs rDNA/mAbs
Benchmark metrics
Objective is to compare performance against a relative or absolute standard
Important to compare ‘like’ therapeuticsAllows assessment of efficiency and cost-
effectivenessImportant for strategic planningTufts CSDD focus is on clinical development
and approval
Input data
IND filing dateFirst administration to humans datePhase start dates (Phase 1, 2, 3) NDA or BLA submission dateFDA approval dateStatus at discontinuation (Phase 1, 2, 3)
What can be calculated?
Clinical development timePhase 1, 2, 3 timesApproval timeClinical phase transition probabilitiesApproval success rates
Important categories
Composition of matterSmall moleculeBiopharmaceutical (rDNA, mAb, etc.)
Therapeutic categoryFDA designations
OrphanPriority or standard reviewAccelerated approvalFast track
Global focus on mAb therapeutics
Acquisitions by major pharmaceutical firmsMerck acquisition of Abmaxis, GlycoFiGSK acquisition of DomantisEisai acquisition of MorphotekAstraZeneca acquisition of CAT, MedImmune
Development in AsiaFirst marketing approvals in China “Generic” mAbs in India and S. Korea
>US$ 1billion global markets*
Remicade $4.4 billionRituxan $3.9 billionHerceptin $3.1 billionAvastin $2.4 billionHumira $2.0 billionErbitux $1.1 billionSynagis $1.1 billion
*2006 sales, as reported in Med Ad News, July 2007
MAb therapeutics come of age
Established pathways to demonstrate safety, efficacy and quality
Innovative design of proteinsNew technology addressing issues
ImmunogenicityStabilityAffinitySpecificityProduction
AntibodiesFive classes based on type of heavy chain
IgAIgDIgEIgG – derived from B-cells, most abundant IgIgM
IgG has two primary functionsBind foreign antigensEliminate or inactivate antigen
Structural features of IgG
IgG are Y-shaped molecules
Composed of a total of 4 protein chains2 heavy chains with 1 variable and 3 constant domains2 light chains with 1 variable and 1 constant domain
Stem (Fc) of Y = 2x2 heavy chain constant domains
Each arm (Fab) of Y = 1 variable and 1 constant domain from heavy chain and 1 entire light chain.
Antibody structure
Functions of IgG
Cell-based targetTarget toxin or radiolabel to specific locationBlock targeted receptorInduce apoptosisAntibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (Fc dependent)Complement dependent cytotoxicity (Fc dependent)
Sequester soluble targetsLigand binding
New mAb therapeutics, 1980-2007
World-wide clinical development of protein therapeutics by commercial sponsors Total > 500 candidates >200 in clinical studies
Number approved21 approved in US and other countries 3 approved outside US
Monoclonal Abs entering clinical study
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-07
Ave. # of mAbs
Therapeutic proteins entering clinical study per year
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-2007
rDNAmAb
Mab sequence source over time
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1980-89 1990-99 2000-05
MurineChimericHumanizedHuman
Success rates for humanized mAbsHumanized mAbs, 1988-2006
N = 131US approval success rate = 17% (three in review)% completion = 49%
Humanized mAbs, 1988-1997N = 46US approval success rate = 27%% completion = 80%
Therapeutic categories under study
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1980-89 1990-99 2000-05
OncologyImmunol.Anti-infec.
Oncology mAb therapeutics
Number of oncology mAb therapeutics>270 as of March 2008 121 (44%) currently in clinical development
Number of oncology mAb approvals to date9 approved in US3 additional oncology mAbs approved in China
Oncology mAbs: first US approvalsRituxan 1997 Non-Hodgkin’s
lymphomaHerceptin 1998 Breast cancerMylotarg 2000 Acute myeloid leukemiaCampath 2001 CLLZevalin 2002 NHLBexxar 2003 NHLErbitux 2004 Colorectal cancerAvastin 2004 Colorectal cancerVectibix 2006 Colorectal cancer
Immunological mAb therapeutics
‘Immunological’ indications include rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease, allergy/asthma, transplant rejection, etc.
Immunological mAb therapeutics>120 as of March 2008 56 (46%) currently in clinical development
Number of immunological mAb approvals to date9 approved in US3 in FDA review
Immuno. mAbs: 1st US approvalsOrthoclone 1986 Transplant rejectionZenapax 1997 Transplant rejectionSimulect 1998 Transplant rejectionRemicade 1998 Crohn’s diseaseHumira 2002 Rheumatoid arthritisXolair 2003 Allergy-related asthmaRaptiva 2003 PsoriasisTysabri 2004 Multiple sclerosisSoliris 2007 Paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria
Anti-infective mAb therapeutics
Anti-infective mAb therapeutics50 as of March 2008 18 (36%) currently in clinical development
Number of anti-infective mAb approvals to date1 approved in US1 in FDA review
Anti-infective mAb: 1st US approval
Synagis 1998 Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection
Four mAbs in FDA review
Certolizumab pegol In review (3/07), Crohn’s diseaseTocilizumab In review (11/07), rheumatoid
arthritisUstekinumab In review (12/07), psoriasisMotavizumab In review (01/08), prevention of
respiratory syncytial virus infection
Human mAb therapeutics
Humira and Vectibix are human mAbsFewer issues associated with immunogenicityMultiple methods for candidate selection
Transgenic mouse Phage display
Commercial production from CHO cells
Next generation mAbs
Fragments, e.g. Fab, single chainsSmaller, easier/less costly to manufactureBut, shorter circulating half-life, no effector functionsApproved Fabs: Reopro (1994) and Lucentis (2006)
Modified versionsEnhance ADCC/CDC functions Modify pharmacokinetic properties – pegylation Modify affinity and specificity – glycosylation, Fc region
engineering
Future trends
Opportunities in major therapeutic categoriesAnticancer therapeutics Immunological agentsAnti-infective agents
Increase in marketing approvals if success rates are consistent with previous rates
Human mAbsDesigned protein scaffolds/domains
Attraction of mAbsAttraction of mAbs
Expansion of therapeutics pipeline
High(er) approval success rates
Established development and approval pathways
Established production methods
Competitive research and development times
Potentially large markets
Questions? Comments?
Janice Reichert, Ph.D.Editor-in-Chief, MAbs (Landes Bioscience, launch in January 2009)http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/mabs
Senior Research FellowTufts Center for the Study of Drug Development(617) [email protected]://csdd.tufts.edu