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Washington State University Extension Energy Program—2003

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A Regulatory Guide to Geothermal Direct Use Development Prepared by Kim Lyons of the Washington State University Extension Energy Program.

MONTANA

Introduction

Geothermal resource temperatures range from low temperatures of 50 to 80 degrees F (10 to 27 0 C), to temperatures exceeding 650 degrees F (3430 C). Although power can be generated economically from resources as low as 218 degrees F (103o C), power generation projects typically favor resource temperatures above 300 degrees F (149o C). High temperature resources (>300 degrees F, 149o C) can also be used for direct-use applications. However, lower temperature resources (< 212o F, 100o C) are often better suited for these projects. Low temperature, direct-use projects cover a variety of applications. Projects may include traditional space heating applications, as well as greenhouse heating, spas and swimming pools, aquaculture, crop drying, industrial processing and other activities requiring lower temperatures. Because these projects are primarily water use applications, they often fall under a different regulatory process than high temperature, power generation projects. Typically this process is shaped by water and wastewater laws and regulations, and administered by their respective state, and in some cases, federal water and wastewater resource agencies. The intent of this document is to help guide developers of direct use geothermal projects through the regulatory process of drilling, using and disposing of low temperature geothermal fluids in Montana. This guide will provide background on the state regulatory process and identify contact information necessary for completing the various applications and permits. This guide; however, cannot substitute for direct communication with the regulatory agencies. These agencies need to be contacted early in the process so that any regulatory hurdles are identified upfront and in time. Projects that are located on federal lands are regulated according to the national Geothermal Steam Act and related federal regulations. Regulatory Process for Direct Use Applications Despite the abundance of geothermal resources, the State of Montana has not enacted a Geothermal Resources Act, such as can be found in many other western states. In Montana, specific statutes regarding geothermal resources are contained in Title 77- State Lands, Chapter 4-Geothermal and Hydroelectric Resources, Montana Code Annotated. These statutes primarily address the leasing of state or school lands for geothermal resource development. They also define “geothermal resources” as “the natural heat energy of the earth, including the energy, in whatever form, which may be found in any position and at any depth below the surface of the earth, either present in, resulting from,


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created by, or which may be extracted from such natural heat and all minerals in solution or other products obtained from the material medium of any geothermal resource”.

Montana further characterizes geothermal resources as sui generis (77-4-104,MCA), “being neither a mineral resource nor a water resource, but closely related to and possibly affecting and affected by water resources in many instances”. Title 77, Chapter 4, section 108 additionally states: “If any geothermal development located on state land requires the utilization of water, the lessee may, at any time prior to 1 year before the expiration of his lease, make application to the board for permission to secure a water right to the land under his lease. Such application shall be in writing, show the permanency of the water supply, and the estimated cost of utilizing such water resources. If the proposed plan meets with the approval of the board, permission shall be granted to the lessee to secure the desired water right for the land. Such right shall be secured in accordance with Title 85, chapter 2, and shall be filed in the name of the state. Existing water rights purchased by the geothermal lessee shall be the property of the lessee”.

What these statutes imply, is that, geothermal resources are to be regulated as water. As a result, low temperature, direct use geothermal projects, including but not limited to greenhouse heating, warm water aquaculture, space heating, irrigation swimming pools and spas, are regulated in accordance with the rules and statutes governing groundwater appropriation and well drilling regulations. A developer must acquire the resource by means of an application, permit and license procedure. The regulations governing low temperature, direct use geothermal projects differ from conventional water development projects in that direct use projects also need to dispose of the water once it has been used for its design application. Disposal is typically accomplished through direct injection of the geothermal water via an injection well, or through surface disposal to the ground or to surface waters if injection is not an option. The Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (DNRC), is the lead agency in charge of administering and enforcing the various rules and regulations governing water use in the State of Montana. DNRC is responsible for issuing water rights and well construction permits. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8, oversees the administration of underground fluid injection wells in Montana. The Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), is responsible for administering surface disposal of wastewater, including geothermal fluids. In addition to state and federal agencies, local and county agencies may also play a role in issuing local zoning and construction permits, and should be contacted early on in the development of a direct use, geothermal project. The regulatory process for developing a low temperature, direct use geothermal project consists of the following steps:

• Gain access to lands either through lease or direct ownership. • Contact local and/or county agencies to ensure compliance with local land use

laws including building permits and zoning restrictions.


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• Secure water right. (DNRC) • Obtain well construction permit/develop production well. (DNRC) • Determine fluid disposal plan and obtain permits for either underground injection

or surface disposal. (EPA, DEQ) • Contact state fish and wildlife agency if developing an aquaculture project.

Water Rights Background The constitution and statutes of the State of Montana guarantee the right to appropriate the public waters of the State of Montana. The Montana Water Use Act (Title 85, Chapter 2, MCA) codifies the states water right laws. The Department of Natural Resources and Conservation (DNRC) is the lead state agency that regulates the appropriation and distribution of water in the State of Montana. When a private right to the use of public waters is established by appropriation, a water right is established that is a real property right, much like property rights in land. Water rights are granted through the principal known as the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation. This means that those who first made beneficial use of water are entitled to continued use in preference to those who came later. The date the water right was established is called a priority date and determines who gets water when there is a shortage. If there is not enough water available to satisfy all of the water rights, then the persons with the oldest (or senior) water rights get their water rights satisfied first and so on, in order, until there is no water left. It is the persons with the new (or junior) water rights who do not get water when there is not enough to satisfy all the water rights.

Water rights must also meet the definition of beneficial use. In Montana, beneficial uses include domestic use, irrigation, lawn and garden, stock-watering, manufacturing, mining, hydropower, municipal use, agricultural spraying, recreation, fish and wildlife, among others.

Water Rights Permit Process

In Montana, any person planning a new or additional development for a beneficial use of water from groundwater must obtain a Permit to Appropriate Water or file a Notice of Completion of Groundwater Development to get a Certificate of Water Right. The DNRC has put together a useful guide on water rights entitled “Water Rights in Montana”, that can be accessed by clicking here. A permit is not needed to develop a well or a groundwater spring with an anticipated use of 35 gallons per minute or less (2.2 liters/second), not to exceed 10 acre-feet per year (12,330 cubic meters). In this case, the first step is to drill the well or develop the spring. A Well Log Report, form 603, is completed by the driller and sent to DNRC within 60 days. A copy is also given to the well owner. Within 60 days after the development is put


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to use, the owner submits a Notice of Completion of Groundwater Development, form 602, along with a filing fee of $25 to DNRC. The priority date of the water right is the date DNRC receives the completed Form 602. The applicant must have property interests where the water right is put to a beneficial use, or written notification 30 days prior to the intent to appropriate groundwater. Also, a person must have exclusive property rights in the groundwater development works or written consent from the person with the property rights. A Certificate of Water Right will then be issued to the owner for the specified use. An applicant anticipating to use more than 35 gallons per minute (2.2 l/sec)or 10 acre-feet per year of groundwater is required to obtain a Permit to Appropriate Water before any development begins or water is used. The first step in obtaining a permit is to complete an Application for Beneficial Water Use Permit, form 600. This form requests information describing the intended use, place of use, source of supply, amount of water to be used, and other particulars of the proposed appropriation. In addition, the applicant must provide evidence that the criteria for issuance of a permit are met. These criteria are outlined on the application form. An application fee of $200 must be submitted with the application. Forms and instructions are available on-line at the DNRC website, or from any county clerk or water resources regional office as shown in Appendix A. The date DNRC receives the original permit application will be the priority date assigned to the appropriation. DNRC will review and process the application, taking as much as 210 days to complete. If an application is not correct and complete, DNRC will notify the applicant of any defects in the application. During the process period, an environmental review is also made to determine whether the proposed project will have significant environmental impacts and whether an environmental impact statement is needed. If there is potential for adverse effect, DNRC will publish notice of the application once in a local newspaper. DNRC will also mail notification of the application to existing water users listed in the DNRC records indicating those areas which might be affected by the supply source. At this point, local water users have an opportunity to file an Objection to Application. If objections are filed, DNRC must hold a public hearing, at which point the hearing examiner issues or denies a permit. If no objections are received and the applicant proves the criteria, the permit is issued. Upon receiving the permit, the applicant's next step is to construct the project, and put the water to the intended use as outlined in the permit. When this is finished, the permittee must provide DNRC with a certified statement describing how the appropriation has been completed. This includes submitting a Project Completion Notice for Permitted Water Development, form 617, to DNRC. In turn, DNRC will review the project completion notice and determine whether the project was completed in substantial accordance with the permit. DNRC will then issue a Certificate of Water Right.

Well Construction

The Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation Water Resources Division (DNRC) is the lead agency responsible for regulating all water wells in the State


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of Montana. The regulations governing well construction are described in TITLE 37, CHAPTER 43 Montana Codes Annotated-Board of Water Well Contractors. Administrative rules for well drilling are presented in TITLE 36, CHAPTER 21 Administrative Rules of Montana-Board of Water Well Contractors. The State of Montana has also produced a guidebook for water well construction entitled “Water Well Drilling for the Prospective Well Owner”.

A developer interested in low temperature geothermal resources may want to review data from other wells in the area. The DNRC and the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology (BMMG) maintains a database of well logs which can provide information about existing wells including the well depths, aquifers size, and the chemical quality of the water. Individuals can either contact DNRC directly, or can access a database of wells maintained by BMMG. Click here for on-line access to this database. The Geo-Heat Center, located in Klamath Falls, Oregon also maintains an extensive database covering wells and springs greater than 50 0 C (122 0F) for 16 western states. Information on the database can be found at http://geoheat.oit.edu/databse.htm.

The construction of a low temperature, geothermal resource wells follow the standards and guidelines for the construction and abandonment of cold water wells. The first step is to hire a licensed water well contractor. State law requires drillers to be bonded and licensed by the state Board of Water Well Contractors. A list of licensed well drillers is maintained by county health departments and by DNRC regional offices. The Board can also verify a well drillers license. The Board contact information is presented in Appendix A.

Prior to drilling, an owner must have a valid water rights permit, unless the withdrawal meets the minimum use exemption as described in the water rights section. The owner of the well may also want to set up a written contract with the water well contractor to establish various conditions and cost for drilling. In Montana, a drilling permit is not required. However, Montana Administrative Rule 36.21.639 requires that a licensed Montana water well contractor/driller prepare a well log report form for each well drilled. The contractor/driller must also supply a copy of the well log report to the water well owner and DNRC as required by section 85-2-516 and 85-2-517, MCA.

The Board of Water Well Contractors has adopted mandatory water well construction standards. These minimum standards are contained in Title 36, chapter 21, sub-chapter 6 and must be followed by all water contractors and drillers. Copies of the standards can be purchased from the Board of Water Well Contractors or downloaded from the DNRC website. The standards are in place to protect groundwater from contamination; to help ensure supply and to provide an accurate record of well construction procedures.

Disposal of Geothermal Fluids

The regulations governing the disposal of low temperature geothermal fluids will depend on the type of application. Non contact geothermal projects, where the geothermal fluids are kept in a closed system and do not come in contact with outside contaminants, will


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typically have an easier compliance path then projects where contact with potential contaminants is made. When contact is made and water quality is potentially degraded, regulatory requirements may become more stringent to ensure that water quality is maintained.

There are basically three disposal options available to a developer of a direct use geothermal project: underground injection; disposal to surface waters; and/or, disposal to the ground or land application. In some cases, the regulatory agency(s) will specify the preferred disposal method. For example, in critical groundwater areas, reinjection may be required to ensure that the aquifer is maintained. However, in most cases, it will be up to the project developer to determine the best disposal method based on regulatory requirements and the cost of compliance.

Underground Injection Control

The Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program was established in 1982 when Congress passed the Safe Drinking Water Act. This program regulates, to one degree or the other, every "injection" of "fluid" into the subsurface. An "injection" is the emplacement of "fluids" regardless of whether the injection requires the application of pressure or not, and a fluid is defined as any liquid, gas or semisolid which can be made to flow. The intent of the program is to preserve and protect underground water from becoming polluted.

From a resource perspective, the preferred method of disposing of geothermal fluids is to return them to the ground by way of injection wells. Injection wells are wells that are used as an entry point for some type of fluid (such as geothermal fluid), which is injected underground for temporary or permanent disposal or storage. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 has regulatory oversight of all underground injection wells in the State of Montana with the exception of Class II, oil and gas wells.

The Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program, created under the authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), is a preventative program aimed at protecting existing and future underground sources of drinking water (USDWs). Shallow wells or disposal systems that direct fluids into the subsurface are known as Class V wells and can be authorized to inject by rule or permit. Class V wells that have the potential for ground water contamination or degradation are usually permitted. Low temperature, direct use injection wells fall under the definition of Class V wells. Those that do not have a potential to contribute to contamination or degradation of ground water are usually rule authorized, once inventory information has been submitted according to the requirements of 40 CFR 144.26. Rule authorized means that a well meets the category definition and does not need to go through individual permitting. In addition to the inventory requirements, EPA may require the owner or operator of any well authorized by rule to submit additional information to determine if a well may be endangering a USDW.

The following information is needed to evaluate the impact a shallow injection well/disposal system will have on the local hydrogeologic system, potential for USDW


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contamination, and whether a permit for its operation should be required. An applicant should be prepared to submit this information to EPA Region 8 prior to constructing a well. Contacts are presented in Appendix x. In general, injection wells for direct use geothermal projects do not require a permit and are rule authorized as long as they are closed loops. Open loops system may require a permit depending on the operational parameters and exposure of the fluid to potential contaminants.

• Property owner and/or operator of facility, including address and phone number. • Responsible party for the operation, maintenance, and closure of the injection

system, including address and phone number. • Name, address, phone number of contact at any State Agency associated with the

project. • Site map including extraction and injection well locations and pertinent

hydrogeologic features. • Description and operation of the injection well, including depth, construction

information, injection rate and pressure. • Description of well construction features ensuring that overlying aquifers will be

isolated from injected and extracted geothermal brine. • Analysis or description of the geothermal fluids being extracted/injected. • Describe any impact to extracted water before re-injection. • Review of current users of geothermal source and potential impacts on other

vested water rights. • Drinking water wells tapping overlying formations within ¼ mile of injection

location. Once an applicant receives EPA authorization to proceed, they still must work with DNRC and follow the appropriate rules regarding well construction in the state.

Surface Disposal of Geothermal Fluids

The Montana Water Quality Act (MCA 75-5-101) and the accompanying administrative rules ARM 17.30.101 through 2006 set forth the statutes and administrative rules governing water quality in the state of Montana. Discharges to water of the State (surface and groundwater) and discharges to municipal wastewater treatment plants are covered under these laws and regulations which are administered by the Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ).

Typically, surface disposal of geothermal fluids to ground is preferable to discharging into surface waters. Discharging to ground minimizes the chance of degrading existing water quality. Disposal to the ground surface or land application also keeps the water within the same geographic resource area.

Montana Ground Water Pollution Control System (MGWPCS) Permitting Process

Any discharge or source of pollutants that may discharge to ground water are required to obtain a permit under the Montana Ground Water Pollutant Control System (MGWPCS) and comply with


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Montana ground water standards. As a result, some direct use geothermal projects discharging to the ground may require a MGWPCS permit. However, thermal discharges from closed loop, geothermal systems typically do not require a permit. Statutory details of the MGWPCS permit process are contained in MCA 75-5-401, while administrative rules are presented in ARM 17.30.1301, 1341 and 17.30.1023. The Montana Department of Environmental Quality has also posted a website that describes the MGWPCS process. This site can be accessed by clicking here.

The MGWPCS permit program is carried out in three basic steps: 1) permit application review, 2) environmental assessment and public comment, and 3) permit compliance monitoring. The two-page permit application form must be submitted 180 days prior to the operation of a point source. The submittal is then reviewed for completeness and technical validity, at which time the applicant may be contacted for additional information. Upon final review, a draft environmental assessment (EA) is written. Based on the finding of the environmental assessment, the decision is made to issue the permit as submitted, issue the permit with modifications, or deny the permit. With a decision to issue or issue with modifications, a tentative permit is drafted. The tentative permit and draft EA are then made available for a 30-day public comment period. Based on the number of comments and the degree of controversy, the permitting process may require a public meeting. Comments are incorporated into a final EA and a final, issued permit.

The permit is a ten to twelve page document consisting of a cover page and subsequent pages describing permit stipulations. The cover page gives the permittee's name and address, briefly describes the permitted facility or process, gives the legal location, and gives the issuance and expiration dates. Permits are usually issued for a period of five years. All permits contain operating stipulations.

Permit stipulations place conditions on how a discharge source is operated or managed in order to prevent the placement of wastes where they would likely cause degradation of state waters. Degradation is defined as any worsening of water quality that results from the permitted discharge.

Permits typically contain a monitoring schedule of sampling and analysis to record changes in the discharge and in ground water quality over time. Permit stipulations may also require the monitoring of media other than water. Permit stipulations also commonly require the permitee to record the volume and chemical content of process wastes or effluent. Each permit also specifies a reporting schedule (quarterly, semiannual, annual)..

The third step, compliance monitoring, is accomplished by DEQ, which reviews and analyzes monitoring reports and conducts compliance inspections. Annual permit inspections may also be carried out to verify that permitted facilities are in proper working order and that discharge stipulations are being carried out.

Permit forms can be downloaded by clicking here. A permittee will be assessed both an application fee and an annual fee. A schedule of fees is posted on-line and can be accessed by clicking here. There is no specific category for direct use geothermal project fees. All MGWPCS permits are issued for a fixed term, not to exceed 10 years.


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Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (MPDES)

The goal of the Montana Pollutant Discharge Elimination system (MPDES) program is to control point source discharges of wastewater to ensure that the water quality of the receiving streams is protected. Levels of water quality that are required to maintain the various beneficial uses of the receiving streams are set forth in the Montana Water Quality Act (MCA 75-5-101 et seq.) The Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is the lead agency authorized to regulate the discharge of pollutants into state waters. The administrative rules for the MPDES program are presented in ARM 17.30.1301 through 1426 and can be viewed by clicking here.

All point sources of wastewater discharge are required to obtain and comply with MPDES permits. This includes any direct use geothermal project. The effluent limitations and other conditions contained in MPDES permits are based upon preservation of the water quality standard (WQS), with certain categories of wastewaters being required to be treated to a federally-specified minimum level (technology-based treatment) in addition to WQS requirements.

The Nondegradation Rules are a part of the WQS that apply to new or increased sources of pollution. These rules prohibit increases in discharge of toxic and deleterious materials to state waters, unless it is affirmatively demonstrated to the DEQ that a change is justifiable as a result of necessary economic or social development and will not preclude present and anticipated use of these waters. Some common pollutants that are limited under Nondegradation are nutrients, heavy metals, and toxic organic pollutants. These same pollutants could also be limited under the WQS in existing dischargers’ permits.

Each MPDES permit issued is designed to protect the receiving stream quality at the point of discharge. In addition, MPDES permits also address stream reach or basin wide pollution problems. A calculation process called total maximum daily load (TMDL) is used to apportion allowable pollutant discharge levels among the various dischargers. If reductions of a given pollutant in a stream reach or basin are found necessary to meet WQS, the TMDL process is used to apportion the reductions among the dischargers in that reach or basin.

In obtaining a permit, a project developer must first complete Form 1, which provides general project information. Non-contact, direct use geothermal project would then likely use EPA form 2E for nonprocess wastewater discharges. However, DEQ may require an applicant to complete Form 2D, which covers process wastewater discharges, if the direct use application is an open system with exposure to potential pollutants. Currently DEQ must issue an individual permit for most direct use geothermal discharges; as they have not yet developed a general permit. Fees and forms are posted at the DEQ website and can be downloaded by clicking here, or you can contact DEQ staff, listed in Appendix A, for copies. All MPDES permits are issued for a fixed term, not to exceed 5 years. The timeline for obtaining an individual permit is:


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• Submit initial application- DEQ review w/in 60 days, 30 additional days for deficiency response.

• DEQ completes application • DEQ issues tentative permit/public notice 30 days for comments • Request for public hearing-20 days • Public hearing- receive/respond to comments • DEQ issues final permit-20 days • Appeal- 20 days • Board of Environmental Review hearing-20 days • Final permit issued by Board.

Although not currently available in Montana, some states may offer the option to proceed with a general permit versus an individual permit. A general permit covers a set of like facilities, such as a coal facility or a fish farm. Here, a set of conditions are already developed which meet the general operating conditions of these similar facilities. In these cases, a developer would complete Form 1 to see if they qualify under the general permit. If eligible the developer would also need to submit a Notice of Intent form or equivalent, which provides additional information needed by the resources agency administering the NPDES program. The advantage of the general form is that the resource agency can issue the permit as soon as all information needs are satisfied. For individual permits, there is an additional 30 day public notice process, as well as the potential for intervention on the terms and conditions of the permit.

Aquaculture Projects

A permit is required from the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (DFWP) to operate a fish farm as per statute MCA 87-4-603. The DFWP will designate the species of fish that may be grown and facility operating conditions. A license holder must also furnish a corporate surety bond to the state for $500.Commercial licenses require an annual report and expire on January 31st of each year. Licensing of commercial fish farms is handled regionally by the regional fisheries manager.


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Appendix A

State Contact Information

Water Right Contacts Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation Water Resources Division Water Rights Bureau 48 North Last Chance Gulch P.O. Box 201601 Helena, Montana 59620-1601 406-444-6610 Fax: 406-444-0533 wwwdnrc.state.mt.us/wrd/home.htm Water Resources Regional Offices

BILLINGS 1371 Rimtop Drive Billings, MT 59105-1978 Phone: 406-247-4415 Fax: 406-247-4416 Serving: Big Horn, Carbon, Carter, Custer, Fallon, Powder River, Prairie, Rosebud, Stillwater, Sweet Grass, Treasure, and Yellowstone Counties BOZEMAN 151 Evergreen Drive, Suite C Bozeman, MT 59715 Phone: 406-586-3136 Fax: 406-587-9726 Serving: Gallatin, Madison, and Park Counties GLASGOW 222 Sixth Street South PO. Box 1269 Glasgow, MT 59230-1269 Phone: 406-228-2561 Fax: 406-228-8706 Serving: Daniels, Dawson, Garfield, McCone, Phillips, Richland, Roosevelt, Sheridan, Valley, and Wibaux Counties HAVRE 210 Sixth Avenue PO. Box 1828 Havre, MT 59501-1828 Phone: 406-265-5516 Fax: 406-265-2225 Serving: Blaine, Chouteau, Glacier, Hill, Liberty, Pondera, Teton, and Toole Counties HELENA 21 North Last Chance Gulch PO. Box 201601Helena, MT 59620-1601 Phone: 406-449-0944 Fax: 406-442-9315


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Serving: Beaverhead, Broadwater, Deer Lodge, Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, Powell, and Silver Bow Counties KALISPELL 109 Cooperative Way, Suite 110 Kalispell, MT 59901-2387 Phone: 406-752-2288 Fax: 406-752-2843 Serving: Flathead, Lake, Lincoln, and Sanders Counties LEWISTOWN 613 NE Main Street, Suite E Lewistown, MT 59457-2020 Phone: 406-538-7459 Fax: 406-538-7089 Serving: Cascade, Fergus, Golden Valley, Judith Basin, Meagher, Musselshell, Petroleum, and Wheatland Counties MISSOULA Town & Country Shopping Center 1610 S. 3rd St. West, Suite 103 PO. Box 5004 Missoula, MT 59806-5004 Phone: 406-721-4284 Fax: 406-542-1496 Serving: Granite, Mineral, Missoula, and Ravalli Counties Water Well Contacts Board of Water Well Contractors Department of Natural Resources and Conservation 48 North Last Chance Gulch Helena MT 59620-1601 (406) 444-6643 Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Montana Tech of the University of Montana 1300West Park Butte MT 59701-8997 (406) 496-4336 Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology 1300 North 27th Billings MT 59101 (406) 657-2939 Underground Injection Control Program

U.S Environmental Protection Agency Region 8 Contacts:

Valois Shea EPA Region 8 8P-W-GW-UIC


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Denver, Colorado 80202-2466 Phone: (303)-312-6276 , 1(800)-227-8917 x6276 [email protected]

Chuck Tinsley 303-312-6266 E-mail: [email protected]

Douglas Minter 303-312-6079 E-mail: [email protected]

Montana Pollution Discharge Elimination System (MPDES) and Montana Ground Water Pollution Control System (MGWPCS)

Montana Department of Environmental Quality Metcalf Building Office (Main Office) 1520 E. Sixth Avenue P.O. Box 200901 Helena, MT 59620 406-444-2544 Staff Contact: Permitting/Compliance Division Water Protection Bureau Tom Reid (406) 444-5329 [email protected] Aquaculture/Fish Farms Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks 1420 East Sixth Avenue P.O. BOX 200701 Helena, MT 59620-0701 Phone: (406) 444-2535 Fax: (406) 444-4952 E-mail: [email protected]


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Appendix B Geothermal References and Contacts

References Bloomquist, R.G., Black, G. L., Parker, D. S., Sifford, A., Simpson, S. J., Street, L.V., 1985, Evaluation and Ranking of Geothermal Resources for Electrical Generation or Electrical Offset in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington: Bonneville Power Administration, US Department of Energy, pp. 1-504 Bloomquist, R. Gordon., Nimmons, John. T., Rafferty, Kevin, 1988,District Heating Development Guide, Legal, Institutional and Marketing Issues, Volume 1: for the Washington State Energy Office, funded by the US Department of Energy, pp. 1-268. Bloomquist, R. Gordon, 1991, Geothermal, A Regulatory Guide to Leasing, Permitting, and Licensing in Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington: Bonneville Power Administration, 1-277. Lund, John W., Lienau, Paul J., Lunis, Ben C., 1998, Geothermal Direct-Use Engineering and Design Guidebook: Geo-Heat Center Oregon Institute of Technology, sponsored by the US Department of Energy Idaho Operations Office, pp. 1-454. Rafferty, Kevin, 2000, Geothermal Power Generation, A Primer on Low-Temperature, Small-Scale Applications: Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1-11. Lund, John W., date, Pavement Snow Melting, Geo-Heat Center Oregon Institute of Technology, pp1-13. Rafferty, Kevin, 2001, An Information Survival Kit for the Prospective Geothermal Heat Pump Owner: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Grant No. DE-FG07-90ID 13040, pp. 1-23. Rafferty, Kevin, 2001, Small Geothermal Systems: A Guide For The Do-It Yourselfer: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Contract No. FG01-99-EE35098, pp. 1-30. Lund, John W., date, Balneological Use of Thermal Waters: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, pp. 1-10. Boyd, Tanya, Rafferty, Kevin, date, Aquaculture Information Package: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Contract No. DE-FG07-90ID 13040, pp. 1-60.


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Rafferty, Kevin, Boyd, Tonya, date, Geothermal Greenhouse Information Package: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Contract No. DE-FG07-90ID 13040, pp.1-80. Contacts Geo-Heat Center Website: www.oit.edu/-geoheat Geothermal Education Office Website: www.geothermal.marin.org Geothermal Resources Council Website: www.geothermal.org Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium Website: www.geoexchange.org International Ground-Source Heat Pump Association Website: www.igshpa.okstate.edu U.S. Department of Energy Website: www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal Washington State University Energy Program Website: http://www.energy.wsu.edu/projects/renewables/geothermal.cfm

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