montreal protocol
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Unit Outline
1. Introduction to Montreal Protocol
2. Categories of ODS
3. Phasing Out ODS
4. Conclusion
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The Montreal Protocol• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone
Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
• The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987, and entered into force on January 1, 1989, followed by a first meeting in Helsinki, May 1989. Since then, it has undergone seven revisions, in 1990 London, 1991 Nairobi, 1992 Copenhagen, 1993 Bangkok, 1995 Vienna, 1997 Montreal, and 1999 Beijing.
• It is believed that if the international agreement is adhered to, the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050.
• Developed and developing countries have different phase out schedules .
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Ratification Status
• Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer signed in 1985
• Montreal Protocol adopted in 1987
• 191 countries have signed the Montreal Protocol including all the CARIFORUM countries
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Ozone Layer
Ozone is a gas that is naturally present in the atmosphere.
The large amount of ozone in the part of the upper atmosphere known as the stratosphere is often referred to as the “ozone layer”
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Ozone Depletion• The ozone layer is destroyed by ozone-
depleting substances (ODS) when those chemicals are released into the atmosphere and then react with the ozone molecules.
• Elevated ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth as a result of ozone depletion can have major impacts on life and nature, including skin cancer and cataracts and weakened immune systems.
• It also can damage terrestrial plant life, including crops, and aquatic ecosystems.
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Ozone Depletion AffectedAreas on Earth
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What are Ozone depleting substances (ODS)
1. Chemicals that potentially deplete the ozone layer
2. Contain chlorine or bromine atoms3. Have long atmospheric life
Examples:Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) e.g. CFC-12 (aka R-
12 or F-12) Halons (Bromochlorofluorocarbons) e.g. Halon
1301Carbon tetrachlorideMethyl chloroformHydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) e.g. HCFC-
22 (aka R-22 or F-22)Hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs)BromochloromethaneMethyl bromide
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Main uses of ODS
Refrigerants (gases)Fire extinguishersFumigants, pesticidesFoam-blowing agentsCleaning solventsAerosol propellantsAir-conditioning systems (and components)
Refrigerators/freezersCompressorsVehicles (mobile air-conditioning systems)Insulating boards/pipe coversMetered-dose inhalers (medical inhalers
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Some Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
Human HealthDamages DNA which suppresses immune system resulting in increase in infectious diseases eg Skin Cancer; Eye Cataracts
Plants & TreesReduces crop production, damage to seedsReduces quality of crops
Aquatic OrganismsDamage to plankton, aquatic plants, fish larvae, shrimp, crabsAffects marine food chain
Materialsdegrades paints, rubber, wood, & plastics, especially in tropical regions
Ground Level Smog Increase in the formation of Ground level ozone as a pollutant Climate Change Global Warming
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Phasing out ODSParties to the Montreal Protocol must freeze, reduce and phase out their production and consumption of ODS according to a specific step-wise schedule.- Approaches:
Production Control Consumption Control Trade, Import, export and reimport control Adaptation to Ozone Friendly technology Training and Capacity Building
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Phase-out Mandates of the Montreal Protocol
Ozone depleting Substance Consumption = Imports + production – Exports
developed Country (Article 2 Parties) (this schedule will be applicable for USA CANADA
Article 5 Parties developing Country (Mexico)
CFCs 100% phase out Jan. 1st, 1996
Base level: 1995-97Freeze in Consumption: Jan 1st, 199950% Cut-200585% Cut-2007Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010
Halons 100% phase out Jan. 1st, 1994
Base level: 1995-97Freeze in Consumption: Jan 1st, 199950% Cut-2005Phase out: Jan. 1st 2010
Methyl Bromide Phase out 2005 Base level: 1995-98Freeze in Consumption: Jan 1st, 200120% Cut-2005Phase out: Jan. 1st 2015
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HCFCs Consumption Reduction ScheduleFor Article 2(Developed),Article 5(Developing)Countries
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Phase-out Schedule for INDIAas per Montreal Protocol
Ozone-depletingsubstance
Total Phase-out by
CFCs 2010
Halons 2010
HBFCs 1996
CTC 2010
Methyl Chloroform 2015
Methyl Bromide 2015
HCFCs 2040
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MonitoringMost developing countries do not produce ODS and are completely dependent on ODS imports.
Consequently, monitoring the legal trade and preventing the illegal trade of these chemical is crucial to achieving the gradual phase-out of ODS and conversion to non-ODS alternatives.
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Results to date • The Montreal Protocol is working.
There is clear evidence of a decrease in the atmospheric burden of ozone-depleting substances in the lower atmosphere and in the stratosphere;
• Some early signs of the expected stratospheric ozone recovery are also evident.
• Furthermore, if the Parties were to eliminate all emissions of ozone depleting substances soon after 2006, it would advance by about 15 years (from around 2050 to 2035) the global ozone layer recovery to pre-1980 levels
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Without the Montreal Protocol by 2030
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Bibliographywww.unep.org
www.moef.nic.in
www.google.co.in/images
en.wikipedia.org