Monuments In India

Presentation By

Bharat Malhotra

Class:- X-ARoll No:-21

Abstract :

I. Indian monuments.

II. North Indian Monuments.

III. East Indian Monuments.

IV. South Indian Monuments.

Indian monuments.

Stands unique for its ancient cultures and traditions.

Helps in exploring the history & ancient civilizations of India.

Attracts tourist around the globe.

Monuments built in the center of big lakes, Himalayan valleys, large rivers, deserts, deep forest .

North Indian monuments.

I. Rajasthan.

1. Hawa Mahal2. City Palace (udaiPur/JaiPur)3. Jal Mahal. (udaiPur/JaiPur)4. Umaid Bhawan Palace

II Delhi :

1. Aksharadhama (Delhi)

III. Patna5. Nalanda university.

 "Palace of Winds" or “Palace of the Breeze”

Built 1799,by Maharaja Sawai Prathap singh. Design :

- Fusion of Hindu Rajput/Islamic Architecture(alike panch Mahal-Fatehpur Sikri).

-  Five-story pyramidal shaped . - Height of 50 feet. - Designed by Lal Chand Ustad  - form of the crown of Krishna/akin to

honey comb. - 953 small windows called jharokhas

(For Purdhas ). - Built of red and pink sandstone.

Hawa Mahal (JaiPur)

PRATHI

Sabah mahal

Mubarak Mahal :

Gangajelies (Silver Vessels)

• Two huge sterling silver vessels. (5.2 ft)

• Each with capacity of 4000 liters and weighing 340 kilograms

• were made from 14000 melted silver coins without soldering

- Recorded by the Guinness Book of World Recordsas the world's largest sterling silver vessels.

 Built by Maharana Udai Singh II, in 1559. Includes 11 small separate palaces Inside. Design :

Rajasthani, Mughal, Medieval,European and  Chinese Architecture) • Distinctly homogeneous and eye catching.•   Granite and marble.

City Palace (Udaipur)

Umaid Bhawan Palace

• located at Jodhpur in Rajasthan, 

India, is one of the world's largest private residences.

• Construction work was completed in 1943.

• Monument has 347 rooms. principal  residence of Jodhpur royal family.

• The present owner of the Palace is Maharaj Gaj Singh.

• known as Jag Niwas.• Located Udaipur, India.

• Is a luxury hotel, of 83 rooms• Marble walls,

• Located on a natural foundation of 4 acres (16,000 m2) rock on the Jag Niwas island 

• On the Lake Pichola, Udaipur.

• Hotel Taj (Trivia)

• Summer Resort for the Rulers of Udaipur.

• Facing East (Worship the sun).

Lake Palace Udaipur

• Located on the Man Sagar Lake,

Aravali hills Jaipur,(Maharaja Jai

Singh II of Amber)

• Built in the Rajput

and Mughal styles of architecture.

During 1596,sandstone

•  5 storied building, of which four

floors remain under water when the

lake is full and the top floor is

exposed.

Jal Mahal

Guinness world record :

* On 17 December 2007.The World’s Largest Comprehensive Hindu Temple.

* It measures 356 ft (109 m). long, 316 ft (96 m). * wide and 141 ft (43 m). high, * covering an area of 86,342 sq ft (8,021.4 m2). * The grand, ancient-style, ornately hand-carved stone temple * has been built without structural steel within five years * by 11,000 artisans and volunteers.

Bill Clinton : "Akshardham is not only a unique place in India but in the whole world. It is even more beautiful than what I had imagined. Taj Mahal is definitely beautiful, but this place, along with beauty, has a beautiful message.

Construction 8 November 2000 - 6 November 2005,

The main monument details Flora, fauna, dancers, musicians, and deities.

Design :

 1. Rajasthani pink sandstone and Italian Carrara marble, 2. No support from steel or concrete. 3. 234 ornately carved pillars, nine domes, and 4. 20,000 murtis 5. 148 scale sized elephants in total and weighs a total of 3000 tons.

Aksharadhama (Delhi)

Nālandā university

Nālandā: (ancient center of higher learning)

1. world's first residential universities.2. Most famous universities.3. Eight separate compounds .4. Ten temples.5. meditation halls and classrooms. 6. Library 9 Story Tall

Decline and end• In 1193, the Nalanda University was

sacked by the fanatic Bakhtiya Khilji, a Turk;

• Thousands of monks were burned alive and thousands beheaded as Khilji tried his best to uproot Buddhism and plant Islam

• The burning of the library continued for several months., 

South Indian monuments.Bahubali Gomateshwara

Shravanbelagola

• . A Jain monk.

• 60 feet (18 m)

• The saint is  (55 ft) high and is visible from a distance of 30 km.

• It was built in  It was created around 983 AD by Chavundaraya.

• This statue is regarded as one of the largest monolithic statues in the world

• Mahamastakabhisheka festival is held once in 12 years, ( bathed in milk, curds, ghee, saffron and gold coins.) 

Konark Sun Temple orissa

1. Orissan architecture of Ganga dynasty 

2. sandstone , built in the thirteenth century

3. Built the structure around 1238 to 1264 AD.

Design : • A gigantic chariot of the Sun

God, Surya • Twelve pairs ornamented wheels

pulled by seven horses.• One of the worlds best

architectural structures,• UNESCO currently declared The

Konark Temple as a World Heritage Site due to the intricate designs, sculptors. 

Natya mandir,konarkKonark Sun Temple

Causes for damage

The main causes of damage to monuments are: High relative humidity and damp affect monuments as internal wooden dowels and corroding

metal fixings will expand. Both lead to splits and, in the case of ferrous armatures, to the staining of the stone. Damp can also weaken joints made with plaster and organic adhesives and thus endanger the structural stability of the sculpture.

Alabaster dissolves if exposed to water, for example as a result of blocked guttering and leaking roofs, and Purbeck marble (commonly used to set monumental brasses) breaks down if subjected to damp.

Carpeting of floors where the carpet has an impermeable backing, such as rubber, causes damage to floor monuments underneath, including flaking to ledgerstones and corrosion to monumental brasses. Such carpeting also drives moisture into the walls, leading to damaging levels of moisture in wall monuments.

Outdoor sculpture can be damaged by erosion through wind and rain, the effects of pollutants, salt crystallization, deterioration due to the presence of lichens or moss, and the cycles of wetting and drying.

Monuments inside are generally less affected by destructive salt crystallization than outdoor sculpture. However, salts may enter the stone through contact with damp walls or or floors or by using inappropriate cleaning materials. This can lead to powdering of the surface and loss of sculpted detail. UV and daylight can accelerate the deterioration and discolouration of organic materials used for decoration, such as paint

Conservation of Monuments

History and National Importance of MonumentsThe Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958 supervises the legal formalities associated with the conservation of historical and archaeological monuments in India. This is "an Act to provide for the preservation of ancient and historical monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance, for the regulation of archaeological excavations and for the protection of sculptures, carvings and other like objects."

conservation Grouting by pressure and gravity Pointing, types of pointing Underpinning Rock bolting, filleting and edging Inlay work Stucco work Tile work Glass work/mirror work/stained glass work Monitoring of cracks (tell-tales and strain gauges) Plastering (walls and ceilings), lathing, packing with lime concrete and surface treatment, water tightening the tops, purity of water According to this Act, an "ancient monument" means any structure, erection or monument, or any tumulus or place of interment, or any cave, rock-sculpture, inscription or monolith which is of historical, archaeological or artistic interest and which has been in existence for not less than 100 years.

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), State/Central bodies protect monuments that are of national importance. These monuments are called "protected monuments", which mean ancient monuments that are declared to be of national importance by or under this Act. There are 3650 ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance, which are protected by ASI. Overall, there are around 8,000 monuments protected by the government, which include temples, mosques, tombs, churches, cemeteries, forts, palaces, step-wells, rock-cut caves, and secular architecture as well as ancient mounds and sites which represent the remains of ancient habitation.