moodle chapters 18-20.pptx
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Fig. 17-UN1
Transcription unit
Promoter
RNA transcript
RNA polymerase
Template strandof DNA
5
5 5 3
3 3
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Fig. 18-6a
DNA
Signal
Gene
NUCLEUS
Chromatin modification
Chromatin
Gene availablefor transcription
Exon
Intron
Tail
RNA
Cap
RNA processing
Primary transcript
mRNA in nucleus
Transport to cytoplasm
CYTOPLASM
Transcription
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Fig. 18-6b
mRNA in cytoplasm
Translation
CYTOPLASM
Degradationof mRNA
Protein processing
Polypeptide
Active protein
Cellular function
Transport to cellulardestination
Degradationof protein
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Fig. 18-18
Antenna
MutantWild type
Eye
Leg
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Fig. 18-3a
Polypeptide subunits that make upenzymes for tryptophan synthesis
(a) Tryptophan absent, repressor inactive, operon on
DNA
mRNA 5
Protein Inactiverepressor
RNApolymerase
Regulatory
gene
Promoter Promoter
t rp operon
Genes of operon
Operator
Stop codonStart codonmRNA
t rpA
5
3
t rpR t rpE t rpD t rpC t rpB
ABCDE
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Fig. 18-3b-1
(b) Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off
Tryptophan(corepressor)
No RNA made
Activerepressor
mRNA
Protein
DNA
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Fig. 18-3b-2
(b) Tryptophan present, repressor active, operon off
Tryptophan(corepressor)
No RNA made
Activerepressor
mRNA
Protein
DNA
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Fig. 18-4a
(a) Lactose absent, repressor active, operon off
DNA
ProteinActiverepressor
RNApolymerase
Regulatorygene
Promoter
Operator
mRNA5
3
NoRNAmade
lac I lacZ
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Fig. 18-4b
(b) Lactose present, repressor inactive, operon on
mRNA
Protein
DNA
mRNA 5
Inactiverepressor
Allolactose(inducer)
5
3
RNApolymerase
Permease Transacetylase
lac operon
-Galactosidase
lacY lacZ lacAlac I
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Fig. 18-8-1
Enhancer(distal control elements)
Proximalcontrol elements
Poly-A signalsequence
Terminationregion
DownstreamPromoterUpstream
DNAExonExon ExonIntron Intron
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Fig. 18-8-2
Enhancer(distal control elements)
Proximalcontrol elements
Poly-A signalsequence
Terminationregion
DownstreamPromoterUpstream
DNA
Exon Exon ExonIntronIntronCleaved 3 endof primarytranscript
Primary RNAtranscript
Poly-Asignal
Transcription
5
ExonExon ExonIntron Intron
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Fig. 18-8-3
Enhancer(distal control elements)
Proximalcontrol elements
Poly-A signalsequence
Terminationregion
DownstreamPromoterUpstream
DNAExonExon ExonIntron Intron
Exon Exon ExonIntronIntronCleaved 3 endof primarytranscript
Primary RNAtranscript
Poly-Asignal
Transcription
5
RNA processing
Intron RNA
Coding segment
mRNA
5 Cap 5 UTRStart
codonStop
codon 3 UTR Poly-Atail
3
Fi 19 1
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Fig. 19-1
0.5 m
Fig 19 3
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Fig. 19-3
RNA
Capsomere
Capsomereof capsid
DNA
Glycoprotein 18 250 nm 70 90 nm (diameter)
Glycoproteins
80 200 nm (diameter) 80 225 nm
Membranousenvelope RNA
Capsid
Head DNA
Tailsheath
Tailfiber
50 nm 50 nm 50 nm 20 nm
(a) Tobacco mosaicvirus
(b) Adenoviruses (c) Influenza viruses (d) Bacteriophage T4
Fig 19 4
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Transcriptionand manufactureof capsid proteins
Self-assembly ofnew virus particlesand their exit from
the cell
Entry anduncoating
Fig. 19-4VIRUS 1
2
3
DNA
Capsid
4
Replication
HOST CELL
Viral DNA
mRNA
Capsidproteins
Viral DNA
Fig 19 6
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Fig. 19-6
PhageDNA
Phage
The phage injects its DNA.
Bacterialchromosome
Phage DNAcircularizes.
Daughter cellwith prophage
Occasionally, a prophageexits the bacterialchromosome,initiating a lytic cycle.
Cell divisionsproducepopulation ofbacteria infectedwith the prophage.
The cell lyses, releasing phages.
Lytic cycle
Lytic cycleis induced or
Lysogenic cycleis entered
Lysogenic cycle
Prophage
The bacterium reproduces,copying the prophage andtransmitting it to daughter cells.
Phage DNA integrates intothe bacterial chromosome,becoming a prophage.
New phage DNA and proteinsare synthesized andassembled into phages.
T bl 19 1
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Table 19-1a
T bl 19 1b
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Table 19-1b
Fig 19-7
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Fig. 19 7
Capsid
RNA
Envelope (withglycoproteins)
Capsid and viral genomeenter the cell
HOST CELL
Viral genome (RNA)
Template
mRNA
ER
Glyco-proteins
Capsidproteins Copy of
genome (RNA)
New virus
Fig. 19-8a
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Fig. 19 8aGlycoprotein
Reversetranscriptase HIV
RNA (twoidenticalstrands)
Capsid
Viral envelope
HOST CELL
Reversetranscriptase
Viral RNA
RNA-DNAhybrid
DNA
NUCLEUSProvirus
ChromosomalDNA
RNA genomefor thenext viralgeneration
mRNA
New virus
Fig. 19-8b
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Fig. 19 8b
HIVMembrane ofwhite blood cell
HIV entering a cell
0.25 m
New HIV leaving a cell
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Fig. 20-18
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TECHNIQUE
Mammarycell donor
RESULTS
Surrogatemother
Nucleus frommammary cell
Culturedmammary cells
Implanted
in uterusof a thirdsheep
Early embryo
Nucleusremoved
Egg celldonor
Embryonicdevelopment Lamb (Dolly)
genetically identical to
mammary cell donor
Egg cellfrom ovary
Cells fused
Grown inculture
1
33
4
5
6
2
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